Welcome to a new episode about loneliness—one of the most profound and universal experiences we can have as human beings. Today, we’re diving deep into the psychology of loneliness: what it is, why it arises, and why so many of us can feel alone even when surrounded by people. Whether it’s because we wear a mask in social settings, struggle with anxiety and withdraw, or are forced into isolation by circumstances like a pandemic, the lack of genuine connection can have serious consequences for our mental and even physical health. Loneliness is something most of us have felt at some point, and for some, it’s like a dark cloud that never quite goes away. That’s why I keep returning to this topic—it’s something I don’t think we ever really finish exploring. So, let’s take a closer look at the many faces of loneliness, how it impacts us, and what we might do about it. I’m glad you’re here.
Existential philosophers have long said that, at our core, humans are afraid of three things: loneliness, meaninglessness, and death. For me, it’s the meaninglessness that feels most daunting. But loneliness and meaninglessness are like cousins—they lurk in the shadows, even at the happiest family gatherings. We can talk about a deep, existential loneliness, or a more everyday kind. Some people thrive on meeting new people all the time and have large networks, while others prefer a few close relationships. For some, a grandmother is the most important person in the world; for others, it’s a father, a best friend, or a neighbor they’ve known for fifty years. As our lives change, the center of gravity in our relationships shifts too. Having someone who shows interest in what you do, someone to share both big and small moments with—joys and sorrows—is a source of quality of life and security.
Social bonds aren’t just about private connections between individuals. They’re also about the threads that tie us all together—even those of us who don’t know each other. The strength of these bonds shapes how we meet one another and the trust we show. Most people have someone they can count on if they face major personal problems or need practical help. But even so, many of us still feel lonely. If you ask people to think back over the last two weeks, about sixteen percent say they’ve been troubled by loneliness.
Loneliness tends to hit young people more often than those in midlife. At the same time, people living alone after age forty-five are more likely to feel lonely than those under forty-five who live alone. It’s also more common among those with less education, the unemployed, people on disability, or those with low income—groups that often overlap. People in relationships are less likely to feel lonely than those who live alone. Single parents are less lonely than people living alone, but more so than those in couples. So, loneliness is a complex phenomenon, touching different groups in different ways.
Today, we’ll talk about the psychology of loneliness. I’ll discuss the different forms it can take, and three relational spheres where a lack of connection can lead to different kinds of loneliness. I’ll also touch on Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s theories about flow experiences—those moments when you’re so absorbed in an activity that time seems to stand still. Some believe that flow can act as a kind of medicine against loneliness, especially when you’re immersed in something meaningful with others.
When you’re truly engaged in an activity—especially with other people—something happens in your brain. There’s a neurochemical component that’s very beneficial for our health. But when we feel disconnected—when we lack relationships, motivation, or enthusiasm—there’s a whole host of health problems waiting around the corner. Often, these are psychological issues like depression and anxiety, but underneath it all is this basic fear of loneliness. We’re social creatures, wired for connection by evolution. When we sense that we’re missing that connection, our entire system goes into a kind of alarm mode. Our bodies start pumping out stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol. You might not be in a panic or fight-or-flight mode, but long-term loneliness creates a kind of chronic neurochemical climate that can be seriously damaging.
That’s where flow comes in. When you’re present and absorbed in what you’re doing—so much so that time almost stands still—your stress hormones drop, and hormones like dopamine and endorphins, which are linked to pleasure and vitality, take over. So, flow experiences can be a kind of antidote to loneliness. But to really address loneliness, we need to understand its different layers and develop strategies to prevent ourselves from sinking into that swamp of isolation, which can, over time, lead to a range of physical and mental health problems.
Every time I read about loneliness, I get these uncomfortable “aha” moments. It seems to be at the root of so many illnesses—physical and psychological. Loneliness is a pressing problem in our time, and it seems to be getting worse. The reason it’s so harmful is similar to how stress works. Evolutionarily, we have algorithms that code for togetherness—being part of a group is our niche. It’s how we’ve survived and thrived. In the Stone Age, being part of a tribe meant safety, food, and protection. If you were alone, you were vulnerable to predators. So, our collective history has left us with a tendency to react to a lack of belonging with alarm. Our stress hormones rise, not necessarily to panic levels, but enough to cause problems over time—digestive issues, all the negative health consequences we associate with chronic stress.
We associate being excluded from the group with danger, even death. In many ancient societies, exile—being banished—was the harshest punishment, essentially a death sentence. Studies show that the risk of premature death is fifty percent higher for those who are lonely. Psychologist Julianne Holt-Lunstad has said that loneliness is as harmful to your health as smoking fifteen cigarettes a day. If you feel lonely and you smoke, you’re really in trouble. Lonely people have a thirty-two percent higher risk of stroke, a twenty-nine percent higher risk of heart attack, and a sixty-four percent higher risk of developing dementia. There’s something about missing that sense of belonging that has serious health consequences.
But what kinds of relationships actually protect our health? For me, loneliness isn’t always a clear feeling. Sometimes it’s more like a vague discomfort—almost like nausea. Not a feeling, but the absence of feeling. It’s a kind of anti-feeling, a sense that something is missing. Vivek Murthy, who wrote the book “Together” and served as the U.S. Surgeon General, talks about three types of loneliness that can help us understand where these negative health effects come from.
First, there’s intimate loneliness—a lack of a close confidant in your innermost circle. Then there’s social loneliness, which is about friendships. And finally, there’s collective loneliness, where you don’t feel in sync with your culture, your city, or the larger community. You can be well connected in your inner circle but still feel collectively lonely—for example, if you’re an immigrant with a close family but don’t feel integrated into the broader society. Collective loneliness can also have negative health effects.
Of the three, I find collective loneliness the easiest to do something about. There are concrete steps you can take—like saying hello to the cashier, smiling at people you pass, or chatting with someone in line. These small gestures can create a surprising amount of endorphins. Even something as simple as a bus driver giving you a nod can activate our attachment systems and create a positive neurochemical response. I’ve noticed that when someone asks me to watch their belongings for a moment, I feel trusted, and it gives me a sense of belonging. These little moments matter.
But our society often works against these small connections. We’re encouraged to order groceries online, use self-checkout, and avoid human contact. Stores like Amazon Go are designed so you don’t have to interact with anyone at all. We’re losing those micro-interactions that turn out to be so important for our health.
Of course, small talk isn’t always easy for everyone. If you’re introverted or have social anxiety, it can be uncomfortable. But you don’t always need to engage in deep conversation. Even small acts of kindness—like letting someone merge in traffic—can give you a sense of connection. When someone acknowledges your gesture with a wave or a thumbs up, it feels great. These tiny moments remind us that we’re part of a larger whole, even if we don’t know each other personally.
Moving to a new city or country can make collective loneliness especially pronounced. It takes time to feel in sync with a new culture, and that can explain some of the loneliness we see around the world. Then there’s social loneliness—the loneliness of friendship. Friendships require continuity, positivity, and vulnerability. Many people have social relationships but miss out on the vulnerability part. We might try to be what we think others want us to be, rather than just being ourselves. When relationships become a game of trying to be liked, we’re not really connecting—we’re just using each other as props in our own self-esteem games. That kind of relationship doesn’t bring health benefits; in fact, it can make us feel even lonelier.
For me, social loneliness is the hardest. I’m quite introverted, so I don’t naturally prioritize friendships. Sometimes, having a partner or close family can make you deprioritize your social circle, focusing only on your “tribe.” But that can leave you missing out on the broader benefits of friendship. And it’s not always easy to make friends as an adult. Where do you even find them? Schools and clubs are structured to bring people together, but outside of those, it can be tough. Sometimes, the strongest sense of belonging comes from joining a group with a shared purpose—even if that purpose is misguided. That’s why extremist groups can offer such a powerful sense of community to people who feel isolated.
Society today, with its smartphones and digital distractions, seems to be making loneliness worse. Studies show that people who feel lonely are more likely to be drawn to groups that offer a strong sense of identity and belonging, even if those groups are harmful. The need to belong is so strong that it can override almost anything else.
But what about those who are naturally introverted or socially anxious? For some, maintaining friendships requires external structures—clubs, organizations, regular meetings—because self-discipline alone isn’t enough. One fascinating study looked at ultra-Orthodox Jews, a group that, on paper, should have poor health outcomes due to poverty and unhealthy diets. Yet, they live longer than their secular peers. The researchers concluded that their strong social bonds—praying together, helping each other, sharing resources—provide a powerful health benefit that outweighs other risk factors.
On the flip side, our culture often encourages narcissism and comparison. We’re bombarded by images of other people’s success, which can make us feel inadequate and drive us to seek attention rather than genuine connection. Relationships become transactional, and everyone is looking for a “hit” of approval from others. That kind of interaction is deeply lonely.
So what’s the cure? I believe the most healing thing is to find belonging in a group—or even better, in several groups. But our current approach to mental health often misses this. We bring people into an office for an hour every two weeks, then send them back to their lonely lives. Even outreach programs tend to focus on the individual, rather than bringing people together in groups. I’ve always thought it would be more effective to create spaces where people can meet regularly and build connections.
Our institutions aren’t helping much, either. Many public offices are only open for a couple of hours a week, and most communication happens by email. We’re losing those opportunities for face-to-face contact. And then there’s the smartphone. Not only does it eat up our time, but it also makes us socially rusty. We think we’re staying connected through social media, but it often comes at the expense of real, in-person interaction.
One study split a class of fifty children into two groups. Half went to a camp without their phones for a week; the other half stayed at school with their phones. When they returned, the kids who’d been without phones scored higher on emotional intelligence—they were better at reading facial expressions and connecting with others. It’s a hopeful sign that we can regain these skills, but only if we put our devices down and actually engage with each other.
Vivek Murthy tells the story of a patient who developed diabetes and heart problems after winning the lottery. He quit his job as a baker, lost his daily contact with colleagues, and ended up isolated. Despite having all the money he could ever want, he was miserable and unhealthy. It was the loss of connection—not the gain of wealth—that ruined his health. In today’s world, where maintaining friendships takes time and effort, some people turn to services like rentafriend.com, where you can literally pay someone to hang out with you. But that kind of transactional relationship only deepens the sense of loneliness.
Friendship requires investment—regular contact and, most importantly, vulnerability. For me, vulnerability is really just about being honest and transparent. I feel most lonely when I’m performing—when I’m giving a talk and exaggerate or invent stories for effect, people think they know me, but they’re connecting with a version of me that isn’t real. That’s the loneliest feeling in the world: being surrounded by people, but not truly seen.
When relationships are built on hidden agendas—when we’re trying to gain status or approval—they become exhausting and empty. Even if you’re in the “right” group, you can still feel deeply lonely if everyone is just playing a game. Overcoming social anxiety, for me, means reminding myself not to perform or impress, but just to be present and curious about what’s happening around me.
This brings us back to the idea of flow. Flow happens when you’re challenged just enough to be fully engaged—when you transcend your comfort zone and really invest in something or someone different from yourself. Csikszentmihalyi distinguishes between pleasure, which is immediate and easy, and enjoyment, which requires effort and growth. The most valuable relationships are often the ones that are hardest at first—the ones that challenge us and teach us the most about ourselves.
So, instead of renting a friend, join a club or group where you can meet regularly with the same people. It takes time and effort, but that’s how real bonds are formed. You might have to put in a lot of hours before vulnerability and genuine connection become possible. But it’s worth it.
Awareness of the three levels of loneliness—intimate, social, and collective—is useful for everyone. Some people say they have enough, that they don’t need more friends, but that attitude can be quite exclusive. Others, like me, might just find socializing exhausting and need to work actively to maintain connections, much like trying to quit smoking. It’s not that I don’t want more friends; it’s just hard work for me.
In group therapy, I sometimes feel like I get the most benefit—not because I’m running the group, but because I’m genuinely focused on others. When I immerse myself in the group, I forget my own problems for a while and come out feeling restored. The greatest health benefit comes from investing your attention in others, not from focusing on yourself.
But I’ve also been in situations where I felt desperate for connection—moving to a new country, not knowing anyone, feeling completely alone. In those moments, everything felt meaningless, and depression was close at hand. Luckily, I ended up in a place where others were just as eager to connect, and we formed strong bonds. But if I hadn’t had that, I would have felt like I was falling endlessly.
So, as we wrap up, I want to leave you with a few questions to reflect on. Where do you feel most connected in your life? Are there areas—intimate, social, or collective—where you might be missing something? What small steps could you take to strengthen those bonds, whether it’s reaching out to an old friend, joining a group, or just saying hello to a stranger? How can you be more honest and vulnerable in your relationships, and how might that change your experience of loneliness? And finally, what role does technology play in your connections—does it help or hinder your sense of belonging?
Thank you for joining me in this exploration of loneliness. Remember, it’s a universal experience, but it doesn’t have to be a permanent one. By understanding the different forms it takes and making small, genuine efforts to connect, we can all move toward a more connected, meaningful life. Until next time, take care of yourself—and each other.
MindSight is a journey into the hidden architecture of the human mind — its emotions, defenses, contradictions, and search for meaning. Created by Norwegian psychologist Sondre Risholm Liverød, this podcast challenges the way you think about yourself and others. Each episode combines psychological insight and philosophical depth.
The goal is simple: to say something new about what you’ve long been thinking, or something obvious about what you’ve never considered. Through reflections on everyday life, existential dilemmas, and the unconscious patterns that guide us, MindSight explores what it truly means to be human.
Now translated and narrated in English using advanced AI, MindSight brings Sondre’s distinctive voice and ideas to a global audience.
If you haven’t learned something new about the psyche — or at least smiled at your own absurdity — by the end of an episode, it’s time to listen to another one.
Part of BeBalanced.AI, a digital platform for mental training and psychological growth.
BeBalanced.ai is a new way to work with your inner life.
Inside the app you’ll meet a personal AI therapist trained on years of clinical psychology, podcasts, and therapeutic practice. You can talk or write freely, get thoughtful reflections, and receive guidance that evolves with you over time.
BeBalanced.ai also adapts to who you are. By taking a Big Five personality test in the app, you get coaching, exercises, and insights tailored to your psychological profile — so your mental training becomes truly personal.
Think of it as therapy, coaching, and self-development in one intelligent, always-available companion.