You know, the overthinkers make mistakes at the same rate as the people that are quick to pull the trigger.
It just takes 'em longer to make the mistakes 'cause they're overthinking it.
I am Matt Abrahams, and I teach strategic communication at Stanford Graduate School of Business.
Welcome to this Spontaneous Speaking Think Fast Talk Smart miniseries.
I want you to think back to the last time you were put on the spot.
Your boss asked you a question, a friend wanted advice.
You had to make small talk or maybe just introduce yourself.
How did it feel?
If you're like most of us it was awkward, uncomfortable and probably nerve wracking.
Planned communication, the presentations, pitches, meetings with agendas, those are hard enough.
But when we have to speak in the moment, on the spot, that can be even more difficult.
But the good news is, with a little preparation and practice, we can all get better.
In this three part Think Fast Talk Smart miniseries we've put together a team of coaches to help you improve your spontaneous speaking skills.
Your coaching team is made up of people whose jobs require them to speak on the spot every day.
They do this stuff for a living, everything from a Sotheby's auctioneer to an NFL referee to a former FBI negotiator.
In this first episode, we'll tackle preparation and mindset, focusing on how we can approach speaking spontaneously in a way that makes us feel more comfortable and confident.
And we'll see a lot of this starts way before we actually speak.
To start, we're going to speak with a sports broadcaster and a Paralympic champion among many other swimming accolades.
Her job is to get to the heart of the race and make people feel in their hearts connected to those that she speaks with.
I know for the majority of people, public speaking, especially spontaneous public speaking, is a huge fear, and I've been asked so many times, well, why do you like doing this thing, this thing that most people absolutely despise?
And I think it's because in many ways it mirrors being an athlete.
You have to prepare a lot.
There's a moment in time where you know you're going to be live, and in that moment you have to perform.
And it either goes really well or it goes really poorly.
And if it goes really well, you get the same sort of adrenaline rush afterwards.
And if it goes poorly, you just have to grapple with that challenge and then embrace a mindset to go again or figure out how you're gonna do it better, often with a pretty short turnaround time.
On live television, sometimes it's moments from one interview to the next.
And if you think one didn't go well, you've really gotta figure out how to forget about that, put it behind you, move forward.
And that's similar in a sporting context.
So you've actually just captured what I often share with people that you can prepare to be spontaneous, and it sounds like that's what you're doing both when you train as an athlete, but also training to respond to what you're seeing as a commentator unfold in front of you.
That's exactly right, and I think preparation is the absolute key.
I do a lot of research about every single one of the athletes to know what their typical style is, and so you have to adjust your energy and your response and give them the platform they deserve in a very short period of time.
And a lot of that comes down to preparation in advance and trying to anticipate how someone's going to go in an event, because it's almost impossible to do that live.
So we've just heard from Annabelle Williams about how researching in advance helps you stay on your feet during interviews.
But what if your job came with the pressure of one wrong word, sparking diplomatic disaster.
That's the everyday reality for our next coach, Giampaolo Bianchi.
As a UN interpreter, he relies on meticulous preparation to manage the intense cognitive demands of translating complex conversations in real time.
For simultaneous interpreting, we have this concept, which is the cognitive load.
And so the idea when you're interpreting is to try to use that working memory as efficiently as possible and avoid overwhelming yourself, and there are strategies to do that.
It does mean that you are going to have to concentrate very hard for a sustained period of time, so it's very taxing.
Yeah, I can imagine that, that you might be exhausted after some of the simultaneous translations.
Would you mind sharing like one thing you do to try to maximize your cognitive bandwidth?
Because I think all of us find ourselves in situations where our bandwidth gets tested.
I would say like the number one thing that I do to avoid cognitive overload is just preparation.
When an A conference interpreter works at a meeting, they have to know almost everything about the meeting before it even begins, and that includes looking up the organization charts, figuring out who's the director general, who's the deputy director general.
Sometimes you might even go so far as to look up the delegates online and see if they're already recorded speeches of them so that you can listen to them and prepare by getting used to their accent.
We'll look up the jargon that's used in the organization because if you prepare that information beforehand, and if you really study it and learn it by heart, then you can almost automate the process of thinking about those things so that you can then dedicate your mental resources to something else.
Every second that you spend thinking about, oh, what does that acronym mean, is a second that you're not spending on understanding what is being said and interpreting it.
That's phenomenal.
So it is in that in-depth preparation that you are freeing up your cognitive bandwidth in the moment.
When you and I first spoke, we talked about this notion of pattern recognition, and what you're doing is you're identifying some of the patterns in advance.
From the world of UN diplomacy, we're heading straight to the Gridiron, where high stakes and fast calls sound a bit different.
There are two fouls on the play, both by the defense.
Offside, defense number 98, who is unabated the quarterback.
We're blowing the whistle to shut the play down.
Personal foul.
That's the voice of our next coach, NFL referee, Brad Rogers.
His job to spot violations, make split second decisions, keep players safe, and announce those calls to a packed stadium of passionate fans, all while maintaining order on the field.
So Brad, many of us struggle to remember what we want to say.
Uh, in your role, you're asked in the moment to decide if a rule was violated and then assess a consequence for that violation.
How do you remember all the things you need to remember in that moment?
You know, a little of it is the fact that this is my 33rd year of officiating.
So I've had 33 years of bad announcements or bad experiences.
So you learn from those things.
As referees in the National Football League, we work through reciting announcements for fouls.
I say them in the car, I say them to my wife.
Our wives as referees are probably some of the most learned in what to say and what not to say, but we have prescribed verbiage that's shared with us on a lot of different fouls that we are messaging the same thing from one game to the next.
I work through every announcement made each week, so I watch every game of announcements and I listen to my peers and I hear what they say and I'm like, boy, that made sense.
That's something I need to add to what I need to communicate next week.
I listen to their language that was used in their announcement and I try to implement those.
I also listen to the TV announcers and I see if they are confused or if they make positive comments about the announcement.
I can control only, uh, my preparation and then learn from those mistakes.
From penalty flags to life or death decisions.
We're raising the stakes.
Brad Rogers relies on predetermined rules and regulations to make quick calls on the field, but what happens when there are no clear rules and every word can mean the difference between chaos and calm.
The answer comes from our next coach, former FBI, hostage negotiator Chris Voss.
You've negotiated in incredibly high pressure situations where life is on the line.
How do you stay calm and collected while thinking on your feet and trying to manage to a positive outcome?
It's just practice.
It's preparation.
It's putting in the hours ahead of time.
Anything that looks easy, that somebody makes look easy, they put a lot of time.
And so like any skill, you break it down into small pieces and you practice it live, and then you practice it in small stakes interactions.
As a hostage negotiator, I had enough confidence in a process and I'm like, all right, I don't know sure how this is gonna come out.
But the best outcome is if I just follow the process, this is the best chance of success.
That's my former boss, Gary Noesner.
His phrase used all the time, what's the best chance of success?
Which means it's not gonna be perfect.
It means you're just gonna, it's gonna work more than anything else does.
So it sounds like there was a bit of a ritual to your practice, but it's really about relying on what you have done and know that you can get through it.
When you're under pressure, how do you quickly gather information and adjust your approach?
You constantly must be reading the circumstances and then making adjustments.
Do you have mental shortcuts, heuristics, things you use to help you make those decisions?
Or are you using some kind of pattern recognition?
Your gut does the pattern recognition.
It's not a conscious process.
The practice and preparation's about building my gut instinct.
So when you get to the point where you can lean back enough to let your gut kick in, then you're gonna be fine.
Again, my gut's not perfect, but it's better than anything else.
Even with preparation and practice, it can be difficult to overcome arguably, the biggest obstacle when it comes to successful, spontaneous speaking.
Your own mind.
That constant overthinking, analyzing, and second guessing.
There are however many tips our coaches have to help you turn down the mental noise and keep your focus.
Many of us in these high stake situations, clearly different than the high stake situations you've lived through and, and live in.
We get in our head and we overthink, and that overthinking actually gets in the way of us just hearing what our gut is saying and being present.
Do you have ways that help you turn down that volume of overthinking?
I'm reading Creativity by Ed Catmull, the guy who founded Pixar, and he's talking about this very dilemma exactly.
The people that work for him that are the overthinkers versus the people that are quick to pull the trigger.
He says, you know, the overthinkers make mistakes at the same rate as the people that are quick to pull the trigger.
It just takes 'em longer to make the mistakes 'cause they're overthinking it.
And I thought that makes all the sense in the world.
The entrepreneurs, they say, make the mistake now.
Gather the data, fail fast, move forward.
You see it over and over and over again.
And that insight in, in Ed's book just really opened my eyes to the dangers, the perils of overthinking.
One, we have to recognize we're doing it, and two, we have to realize that it's not serving us any better than just being present and going for it.
That's the hard part.
The reality is you're not gonna be successful at a higher rate with the overthinking, so you might as well pull the trigger and get the deck.
Annabelle also had some helpful tips for dealing with the stress of spontaneous speaking.
Anxiety around speaking in the moment looms large, and she says one thing that helps her is taking things one at a time.
So I think one of the most important things with respect to live television is the mindset to compartmentalize things.
When you go live I literally think to myself, all I'm allowed to focus on at this point is this two minute segment, and then when it's done, move and go to the next part.
There is no point me thinking about, I know I've got an interview with X athlete in an hour and a half.
You just take one interview at a time, one segment at a time.
The idea of being very present focused and being focused on the moment or timeframe you have now and not what comes next, can really help you do your best as well.
While those listening likely won't need to speak in situations like you do, what advice would you give for them to be better speakers in the moment?
Make it about them, not about you.
I think a lot of people, whether or not they have to stand on stage or in front of a team or in a job interview, they think, oh my goodness, how am I coming across?
Do I sound okay?
What's the style of my answer?
Do I look okay?
Very self-conscious in that moment.
And my answer would be, forget entirely about yourself.
And then you think, what can I do to connect with this audience, and my entire focus is on making the experience a positive one for whoever I'm speaking to.
And then when I have that mindset, I'm much less focused on myself.
I'm much less self-conscious.
I can ad-lib in a different way.
I look much more relaxed.
Super important and embedded in that answer beyond think about the audience, focus on their needs, was that notion of be present so you can do that.
In some situations, it can be beneficial to refocus attention to objects in the room to allow yourself to clearly communicate what needs to be said without becoming distracted by others' faces.
Brad, you do your work, your high stakes work in front of millions of people live and recorded.
And there's technology that's there to assess essentially, if you got it right.
How do you personally handle that stress of being evaluated by that many people and checked on by technology?
How do you manage that?
One of the things, when you make an announcement, you're looking up towards people, and I made the mistake one time at a game.
It was a college game, and I made a, an announcement, it was a player that was gonna be disqualified from the game, late in the game, and it was an all American, their prized player, and he was going to be removed from the game.
And I made the announcement and I happened to be looking at a fan directly in the upper levels.
And this fan, I could almost sense the hate, rage, anger coming from them as they were doing this, you know, pointing at me.
And they were demonstrative with their frustration at what was happening.
I learned at that point, you don't need to look at people, find an object, find something to look at as you're making the announcement.
And so when I make an announcement, I find something to focus on.
Maybe it's like the, the ribbon around the stadium.
I'll look at a clock and I'll talk to that.
Even though I'm talking to the people, I need to have something that's not gonna give me any reaction back.
Help me stay focused.
Typically, it doesn't matter what the call is.
If it's in a home stadium and it's not going their way, they're going to boo no matter what.
I tune that out and it's almost as if I can turn the volume down to the place and it lets my brain flow what needs to be said.
As we'll hear from Annabelle, there are also physical practices that you can utilize to help mentally prepare yourself for spontaneous speaking.
What do you do to help you manage the anxiety that you feel in these circumstances?
Okay, so the main thing I do, and actually I learned it when I was at Stanford in one of the improvisation classes we did, and I've done it ever since then, and I do it for anytime I'm speaking, whether or not it's live television, spontaneous, prepared keynotes.
I find a place 5, 10 minutes before I know we're starting and I jump up and down and I shake my hand and and arms, and laugh or try and smile and, and I find that it almost does the opposite of what you would expect.
If I feel a little nervous and my voice sounds a bit shaky, jumping and shaking everything out, it's almost impossible after that point to have shaky hand or to have a quivering voice.
The other thing is I just talk to myself.
I talk myself into it.
I'm always nervous, always.
I'm always nervous before I go on television or do any kind of speaking, and I think that is really important.
It helps you to perform.
This adrenaline surge is essential to get into that state of flow where you are sharp and alert and ready to perform.
So I think great, thank goodness I'd feel this way.
Thank goodness I have these nerves and this kind of energy.
If I didn't, you know, if you felt, oh well this is just another day in the office, then I don't think I would perform as well.
So I use the adrenaline as much as I can in a positive way.
So that movement and shaking around is a very common technique used by performers for sure.
Athletes as well.
And you're right.
What it does is it gives an outlet for that energy and it helps you focus your behavior and calm down when you're done with it.
And then I love this reframing that you're doing on the anxiety and saying, hey, this is good for me.
This is giving me the energy I need.
This is helping me focus.
Giampaolo, our UN, interpreter also has a couple of things he always physically does right before he starts translating, which we got to see him do in real time.
Could I put you on the spot?
I'm gonna ask you a question.
Would you mind translating the question that I ask and then answer it back in English?
Would that be okay?
Sure.
You've translated in really high pressure situations with super important conversations happening.
How do you stay calm and collected while thinking on your feet during these tense moments?
That's basically my, my interpretation of the, of the question.
As for the answer, there are a lot of smaller actions that you can take to help you focus.
For example, this might sound a little silly, but your posture, the way that you hold yourself while you're working, you have both feet planted on the ground.
You keep your back straight.
Try to anchor yourself to the ground.
That helps.
Remembering to breathe is also very important.
As people get stressed, they tend to hyperventilate, so you have to remember to keep your breathing in check.
And on a mental level, the best thing that you can do is try and zero in on the present moment.
Just focus on what you're doing at that exact moment.
Don't dwell on anything else.
Try and really zero in, focus on what you're doing.
So I like that there's a physical component.
You get your body physically present, and then there's a mental component, which is extreme focus and breathing helps you do that.
I want to just point out for our audience who can't see you, but I can.
Two things happen when I asked you to translate, you actually did go into that position naturally.
It's not that you were slouching or leaning, but all of a sudden I saw you become more formal as you were listening.
And I definitely saw you take a breath.
Okay, so we've taught you the skills.
Now it's your turn to take this advice and put it into action.
At the end of each episode of our miniseries, we'll be giving you, our listeners, some homework, a couple of ways you can try to implement what you've learned in your real life.
Remember, it comes down to preparation, practice, and having the right mindset, and that's what this homework is all about.
Giampaolo's first exercise shows us how listening and observing the people around us can help us become much better communicators.
I would advise people, perhaps to analyze what people are saying.
When someone is speaking, really listen to them and try and suss out what is the idea that they're trying to communicate, and how are they communicating it?
Why are they saying what they're saying?
Why are they using certain words and not others?
Or why are they avoiding the use of certain words?
And really try and analyze what people are saying and how and why, and that'll help you when you have to do it yourself.
Your next homework activity focuses on improving your precision when you speak.
The language that we speak is our primary tool when we're interpreting and you should learn to use that tool as efficiently as possible.
And one of the ways to do that is to practice different ways of saying things.
For example, there's an exercise interpreters do when they're studying.
When they're preparing.
They'll take a concept and they'll think of as many different ways of saying the same concept as they can.
So for example, how many different ways do you know of saying, go up, when something can go up, but it can also grow.
It can escalate, it can hike, it can balloon, it can skyrocket, and then the opposite for things that are going down.
They can descend, they can plummet, they can bottom out, and really practice those things over and over.
Then try to use them in your everyday language instead of saying the same thing more than once, just use a synonym or use a, a different register.
Make it more formal or less formal.
And that's, that's a fun exercise.
Thank you for elevating our game without lowering our abilities.
That was really helpful and I'm going to practice that.
I think that's a wonderful tool.
Much like an athlete might do lots of different drills to accomplish the same thing in their sport, you're suggesting we do the same thing.
So there you have it.
The best advice from our team of coaches on how to prepare and get in the right mindset for spontaneous speaking.
As we've heard from Annabelle, Giampaolo, Brad and Chris, there's a lot of work you can do in advance to help successfully communicate when put on the spot.
These include research, practice and preparation, mental reframing, compartmentalization, physically shaking out your body and other physical and mental practices to help you prepare.
In our next episode, we'll tackle mastering the moment.
Our coaches, some you've met and some you have yet to meet, will share how they stay present and adaptable while still connecting with their audiences.
Thank you for joining us for this first of three episodes in our Spontaneous Speaking miniseries.
To continue learning more about how you can become a better spontaneous speaker, please tune in to our next two episodes, which will feature more exciting coaches and all of their tips and tricks.
This episode was produced by Aru Nair and me, Matt Abrahams.
Our music is from Floyd Wonder.
With special thanks to Podium Podcast company.
Please find us on YouTube and wherever you get your podcasts.
Be sure to subscribe and rate us.
Also, follow us on LinkedIn and Instagram.
And check out fastersmarter.io for deep dive videos, English language learning content, and our newsletter.
Please consider our premium offering for extended Deep Thinks episodes.
Ask Matt Anythings and more at fastersmarter.io/premium.