1 00:00:03,910 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 2 00:00:03,910 --> 00:00:04,980 Medieval 3 00:00:04,980 --> 00:00:05,610 Archives 4 00:00:05,610 --> 00:00:06,540 Podcast 5 00:00:06,990 --> 00:00:07,770 Episode 6 00:00:07,980 --> 00:00:08,450 88 7 00:00:11,940 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 8 00:00:11,940 --> 00:00:12,360 Welcome 9 00:00:12,360 --> 00:00:12,540 back 10 00:00:12,540 --> 00:00:12,630 to 11 00:00:12,630 --> 00:00:12,720 the 12 00:00:12,720 --> 00:00:13,050 Medieval 13 00:00:13,050 --> 00:00:13,500 Archives 14 00:00:13,500 --> 00:00:14,130 Podcast , 15 00:00:14,130 --> 00:00:14,460 the 16 00:00:14,460 --> 00:00:15,060 podcast 17 00:00:15,060 --> 00:00:15,180 for 18 00:00:15,180 --> 00:00:15,510 medieval 19 00:00:15,510 --> 00:00:15,900 news , 20 00:00:15,900 --> 00:00:16,410 history 21 00:00:16,410 --> 00:00:16,590 and 22 00:00:16,590 --> 00:00:17,130 entertainment . 23 00:00:17,670 --> 00:00:17,940 I'm 24 00:00:17,940 --> 00:00:18,030 your 25 00:00:18,030 --> 00:00:18,240 host , 26 00:00:18,240 --> 00:00:18,630 Gary , 27 00:00:18,660 --> 00:00:19,170 a.k.a. 28 00:00:19,200 --> 00:00:19,320 the 29 00:00:19,320 --> 00:00:19,950 Archivist . 30 00:00:20,670 --> 00:00:20,820 In 31 00:00:20,820 --> 00:00:21,120 today's 32 00:00:21,120 --> 00:00:21,480 lesson , 33 00:00:21,480 --> 00:00:21,630 we're 34 00:00:21,630 --> 00:00:21,750 going 35 00:00:21,750 --> 00:00:21,810 to 36 00:00:21,810 --> 00:00:22,050 talk 37 00:00:22,050 --> 00:00:22,230 about 38 00:00:22,230 --> 00:00:22,350 the 39 00:00:22,350 --> 00:00:22,950 Crusader 40 00:00:22,950 --> 00:00:23,400 states 41 00:00:23,400 --> 00:00:23,580 with 42 00:00:23,580 --> 00:00:24,030 Nicholas 43 00:00:24,030 --> 00:00:24,480 Morton . 44 00:00:25,410 --> 00:00:25,560 The 45 00:00:25,560 --> 00:00:25,980 Crusader 46 00:00:25,980 --> 00:00:26,340 states 47 00:00:26,340 --> 00:00:26,550 were 48 00:00:26,550 --> 00:00:26,910 founded 49 00:00:26,910 --> 00:00:27,120 during 50 00:00:27,120 --> 00:00:27,210 the 51 00:00:27,210 --> 00:00:27,570 First 52 00:00:27,570 --> 00:00:28,200 Crusade , 53 00:00:28,450 --> 00:00:28,520 and 54 00:00:28,620 --> 00:00:28,710 the 55 00:00:28,710 --> 00:00:29,220 Crusaders 56 00:00:29,220 --> 00:00:29,670 conquered 57 00:00:29,670 --> 00:00:29,730 the 58 00:00:29,730 --> 00:00:30,090 land 59 00:00:30,090 --> 00:00:30,180 and 60 00:00:30,180 --> 00:00:30,540 claimed 61 00:00:30,540 --> 00:00:30,630 it 62 00:00:30,630 --> 00:00:30,750 as 63 00:00:30,750 --> 00:00:30,900 their 64 00:00:30,900 --> 00:00:31,230 own . 65 00:00:31,530 --> 00:00:31,740 There 66 00:00:31,740 --> 00:00:31,860 were 67 00:00:31,860 --> 00:00:32,220 four 68 00:00:32,220 --> 00:00:32,640 crusader 69 00:00:32,640 --> 00:00:33,000 states 70 00:00:33,000 --> 00:00:33,630 established 71 00:00:34,020 --> 00:00:34,170 the 72 00:00:34,170 --> 00:00:34,440 County 73 00:00:34,440 --> 00:00:34,530 of 74 00:00:34,530 --> 00:00:34,980 Edessa , 75 00:00:35,010 --> 00:00:35,160 the 76 00:00:35,160 --> 00:00:35,490 county 77 00:00:35,490 --> 00:00:35,550 of 78 00:00:35,550 --> 00:00:36,150 Tripoli , 79 00:00:36,210 --> 00:00:36,360 the 80 00:00:36,360 --> 00:00:36,750 principal 81 00:00:36,750 --> 00:00:36,840 of 82 00:00:36,840 --> 00:00:37,410 Antioch , 83 00:00:37,410 --> 00:00:37,590 and 84 00:00:37,590 --> 00:00:37,650 the 85 00:00:37,650 --> 00:00:38,070 Kingdom 86 00:00:38,070 --> 00:00:38,220 of 87 00:00:38,220 --> 00:00:38,820 Jerusalem . 88 00:00:39,210 --> 00:00:39,390 For 89 00:00:39,390 --> 00:00:39,720 almost 90 00:00:39,720 --> 00:00:40,320 200 91 00:00:40,320 --> 00:00:40,710 years , 92 00:00:41,010 --> 00:00:41,160 the 93 00:00:41,160 --> 00:00:41,670 crusade 94 00:00:41,670 --> 00:00:41,740 of 95 00:00:41,760 --> 00:00:42,240 states 96 00:00:42,510 --> 00:00:43,080 grew 97 00:00:43,080 --> 00:00:43,320 and 98 00:00:43,320 --> 00:00:44,040 thrived . 99 00:00:44,670 --> 00:00:44,910 Or 100 00:00:44,910 --> 00:00:45,090 did 101 00:00:45,090 --> 00:00:45,390 they ? 102 00:00:46,230 --> 00:00:46,560 Well , 103 00:00:46,590 --> 00:00:47,010 that's 104 00:00:47,010 --> 00:00:47,130 why 105 00:00:47,130 --> 00:00:47,250 we 106 00:00:47,250 --> 00:00:47,370 have 107 00:00:47,370 --> 00:00:47,550 Nick 108 00:00:47,550 --> 00:00:47,850 Morton 109 00:00:47,850 --> 00:00:47,940 on 110 00:00:47,940 --> 00:00:48,000 the 111 00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:48,330 show . 112 00:00:48,780 --> 00:00:49,020 His 113 00:00:49,020 --> 00:00:49,140 new 114 00:00:49,140 --> 00:00:49,440 book , 115 00:00:49,440 --> 00:00:49,620 The 116 00:00:49,620 --> 00:00:50,130 Crusader 117 00:00:50,130 --> 00:00:50,610 States 118 00:00:50,610 --> 00:00:50,820 and 119 00:00:50,820 --> 00:00:50,970 Their 120 00:00:50,970 --> 00:00:51,510 Neighbors . 121 00:00:51,990 --> 00:00:52,230 His 122 00:00:52,230 --> 00:00:52,410 book 123 00:00:52,410 --> 00:00:52,620 looks 124 00:00:52,620 --> 00:00:52,710 at 125 00:00:52,710 --> 00:00:52,950 the 126 00:00:52,950 --> 00:00:53,310 history 127 00:00:53,310 --> 00:00:53,370 of 128 00:00:53,370 --> 00:00:53,430 the 129 00:00:53,430 --> 00:00:53,850 Crusader 130 00:00:53,850 --> 00:00:54,240 states , 131 00:00:54,240 --> 00:00:54,450 their 132 00:00:54,450 --> 00:00:55,080 creation , 133 00:00:55,080 --> 00:00:55,350 how 134 00:00:55,350 --> 00:00:55,500 they 135 00:00:55,500 --> 00:00:55,590 were 136 00:00:55,590 --> 00:00:55,860 ruled 137 00:00:55,860 --> 00:00:56,340 over , 138 00:00:56,340 --> 00:00:56,520 and 139 00:00:56,520 --> 00:00:56,700 how 140 00:00:56,700 --> 00:00:57,240 outside 141 00:00:57,240 --> 00:00:57,720 forces 142 00:00:57,720 --> 00:00:58,020 led 143 00:00:58,020 --> 00:00:58,080 to 144 00:00:58,080 --> 00:00:58,230 their 145 00:00:58,230 --> 00:00:58,680 eventual 146 00:00:58,680 --> 00:00:59,250 demise . 147 00:01:00,180 --> 00:01:00,270 The 148 00:01:00,270 --> 00:01:00,450 book 149 00:01:00,450 --> 00:01:00,540 is 150 00:01:00,540 --> 00:01:00,620 and 151 00:01:00,630 --> 00:01:01,080 technically 152 00:01:01,080 --> 00:01:01,350 new . 153 00:01:01,350 --> 00:01:01,470 It 154 00:01:01,470 --> 00:01:01,650 was 155 00:01:01,650 --> 00:01:02,160 published 156 00:01:02,160 --> 00:01:02,280 in 157 00:01:02,280 --> 00:01:03,030 2020 , 158 00:01:03,300 --> 00:01:03,510 and 159 00:01:03,510 --> 00:01:03,720 now 160 00:01:03,720 --> 00:01:03,840 it's 161 00:01:03,840 --> 00:01:04,050 getting 162 00:01:04,050 --> 00:01:04,110 a 163 00:01:04,110 --> 00:01:04,670 reprinting 164 00:01:04,710 --> 00:01:04,890 in 165 00:01:04,890 --> 00:01:04,950 a 166 00:01:04,950 --> 00:01:05,460 paperback 167 00:01:05,460 --> 00:01:05,850 edition . 168 00:01:06,600 --> 00:01:06,810 Nick 169 00:01:06,810 --> 00:01:06,930 was 170 00:01:06,930 --> 00:01:07,050 on 171 00:01:07,050 --> 00:01:07,110 the 172 00:01:07,110 --> 00:01:07,320 show 173 00:01:07,320 --> 00:01:07,620 last 174 00:01:07,620 --> 00:01:07,800 year 175 00:01:07,800 --> 00:01:08,100 talking 176 00:01:08,100 --> 00:01:08,310 about 177 00:01:08,310 --> 00:01:08,430 his 178 00:01:08,430 --> 00:01:08,640 book 179 00:01:08,640 --> 00:01:08,760 The 180 00:01:08,760 --> 00:01:09,240 Mongols 181 00:01:09,240 --> 00:01:09,840 Storm . 182 00:01:09,960 --> 00:01:10,110 We 183 00:01:10,110 --> 00:01:10,200 had 184 00:01:10,200 --> 00:01:10,260 a 185 00:01:10,260 --> 00:01:10,530 great 186 00:01:10,530 --> 00:01:11,190 discussion 187 00:01:11,520 --> 00:01:11,820 about 188 00:01:11,820 --> 00:01:11,910 the 189 00:01:11,910 --> 00:01:12,270 rise 190 00:01:12,270 --> 00:01:12,330 of 191 00:01:12,330 --> 00:01:12,420 the 192 00:01:12,420 --> 00:01:12,780 Mongol 193 00:01:12,780 --> 00:01:13,380 Empire , 194 00:01:13,380 --> 00:01:13,590 their 195 00:01:13,590 --> 00:01:14,070 society 196 00:01:14,070 --> 00:01:14,160 and 197 00:01:14,160 --> 00:01:14,730 religion , 198 00:01:14,730 --> 00:01:15,090 and 199 00:01:15,180 --> 00:01:15,330 of 200 00:01:15,330 --> 00:01:15,780 course , 201 00:01:15,780 --> 00:01:16,020 their 202 00:01:16,020 --> 00:01:16,380 great 203 00:01:16,380 --> 00:01:17,010 military 204 00:01:17,010 --> 00:01:17,340 might . 205 00:01:17,700 --> 00:01:17,760 If 206 00:01:17,760 --> 00:01:17,820 you 207 00:01:17,820 --> 00:01:18,000 haven't 208 00:01:18,000 --> 00:01:18,150 heard 209 00:01:18,150 --> 00:01:18,330 that 210 00:01:18,330 --> 00:01:18,750 interview , 211 00:01:18,750 --> 00:01:18,870 head 212 00:01:18,870 --> 00:01:19,020 over 213 00:01:19,020 --> 00:01:19,110 to 214 00:01:19,110 --> 00:01:19,410 medieval 215 00:01:19,410 --> 00:01:19,860 archives 216 00:01:19,860 --> 00:01:20,040 dot 217 00:01:20,040 --> 00:01:20,370 com 218 00:01:20,370 --> 00:01:20,820 slash 219 00:01:20,820 --> 00:01:21,570 87 220 00:01:21,690 --> 00:01:21,870 to 221 00:01:21,870 --> 00:01:22,140 listen 222 00:01:22,140 --> 00:01:22,230 to 223 00:01:22,230 --> 00:01:22,320 the 224 00:01:22,320 --> 00:01:22,680 interview 225 00:01:23,190 --> 00:01:23,400 and 226 00:01:23,400 --> 00:01:23,580 pick 227 00:01:23,580 --> 00:01:23,670 up 228 00:01:23,670 --> 00:01:23,730 a 229 00:01:23,730 --> 00:01:24,060 copy 230 00:01:24,060 --> 00:01:24,120 of 231 00:01:24,120 --> 00:01:24,180 the 232 00:01:24,180 --> 00:01:24,570 Mongol 233 00:01:24,570 --> 00:01:24,930 Storm 234 00:01:24,930 --> 00:01:25,050 while 235 00:01:25,050 --> 00:01:25,230 you're 236 00:01:25,230 --> 00:01:25,350 at 237 00:01:25,350 --> 00:01:25,470 it . 238 00:01:25,800 --> 00:01:26,100 Before 239 00:01:26,100 --> 00:01:26,190 we 240 00:01:26,190 --> 00:01:26,280 get 241 00:01:26,280 --> 00:01:26,400 into 242 00:01:26,400 --> 00:01:26,490 the 243 00:01:26,490 --> 00:01:26,790 interview , 244 00:01:26,790 --> 00:01:26,850 I 245 00:01:26,850 --> 00:01:27,000 want 246 00:01:27,000 --> 00:01:27,060 to 247 00:01:27,060 --> 00:01:27,300 thank 248 00:01:27,300 --> 00:01:27,600 Marc 249 00:01:27,600 --> 00:01:27,930 H 250 00:01:27,930 --> 00:01:28,020 who 251 00:01:28,020 --> 00:01:28,230 came 252 00:01:28,230 --> 00:01:28,290 out 253 00:01:28,290 --> 00:01:28,410 with 254 00:01:28,410 --> 00:01:28,470 a 255 00:01:28,470 --> 00:01:29,070 fantastic 256 00:01:29,070 --> 00:01:29,490 donation 257 00:01:29,490 --> 00:01:29,580 to 258 00:01:29,580 --> 00:01:29,820 start 259 00:01:29,820 --> 00:01:30,000 off 260 00:01:30,000 --> 00:01:30,090 the 261 00:01:30,090 --> 00:01:30,270 New 262 00:01:30,270 --> 00:01:30,600 year 263 00:01:31,020 --> 00:01:31,200 and 264 00:01:31,200 --> 00:01:31,290 I 265 00:01:31,290 --> 00:01:31,500 lean 266 00:01:31,500 --> 00:01:31,760 in . 267 00:01:31,800 --> 00:01:32,130 Also 268 00:01:32,130 --> 00:01:32,280 made 269 00:01:32,280 --> 00:01:32,340 a 270 00:01:32,340 --> 00:01:32,730 great 271 00:01:32,730 --> 00:01:33,360 donation . 272 00:01:33,960 --> 00:01:34,080 It 273 00:01:34,080 --> 00:01:34,290 helps 274 00:01:34,290 --> 00:01:34,380 the 275 00:01:34,380 --> 00:01:34,620 show 276 00:01:34,620 --> 00:01:34,860 keep 277 00:01:34,860 --> 00:01:35,160 running 278 00:01:35,160 --> 00:01:35,280 and 279 00:01:35,280 --> 00:01:35,490 helps 280 00:01:35,490 --> 00:01:35,670 keep 281 00:01:35,670 --> 00:01:35,760 the 282 00:01:35,760 --> 00:01:36,090 show 283 00:01:36,090 --> 00:01:36,420 ad 284 00:01:36,420 --> 00:01:36,990 free , 285 00:01:36,990 --> 00:01:37,200 which 286 00:01:37,200 --> 00:01:37,320 is 287 00:01:37,320 --> 00:01:37,560 good 288 00:01:37,560 --> 00:01:37,770 for 289 00:01:37,770 --> 00:01:38,310 everybody . 290 00:01:38,760 --> 00:01:38,910 If 291 00:01:38,910 --> 00:01:38,970 you 292 00:01:38,970 --> 00:01:39,060 have 293 00:01:39,060 --> 00:01:39,480 questions 294 00:01:39,480 --> 00:01:39,570 or 295 00:01:39,570 --> 00:01:39,990 comments 296 00:01:39,990 --> 00:01:40,050 or 297 00:01:40,050 --> 00:01:40,170 want 298 00:01:40,170 --> 00:01:40,230 to 299 00:01:40,230 --> 00:01:40,620 suggest 300 00:01:40,620 --> 00:01:40,680 a 301 00:01:40,680 --> 00:01:41,070 topic 302 00:01:41,070 --> 00:01:41,220 for 303 00:01:41,220 --> 00:01:41,310 the 304 00:01:41,310 --> 00:01:41,700 show , 305 00:01:42,000 --> 00:01:42,300 send 306 00:01:42,300 --> 00:01:42,420 an 307 00:01:42,420 --> 00:01:42,690 email 308 00:01:42,690 --> 00:01:42,840 over 309 00:01:42,840 --> 00:01:42,960 to 310 00:01:42,960 --> 00:01:43,560 podcast 311 00:01:43,560 --> 00:01:43,640 head 312 00:01:43,650 --> 00:01:43,950 Medieval 313 00:01:43,950 --> 00:01:44,360 archives 314 00:01:44,370 --> 00:01:44,550 dot 315 00:01:44,550 --> 00:01:44,940 com . 316 00:01:45,780 --> 00:01:45,840 You 317 00:01:45,840 --> 00:01:45,960 can 318 00:01:45,960 --> 00:01:46,170 find 319 00:01:46,170 --> 00:01:46,260 the 320 00:01:46,260 --> 00:01:46,590 links 321 00:01:46,590 --> 00:01:46,710 to 322 00:01:46,710 --> 00:01:46,860 the 323 00:01:46,860 --> 00:01:47,370 Crusader 324 00:01:47,370 --> 00:01:47,850 states 325 00:01:48,120 --> 00:01:48,360 and 326 00:01:48,360 --> 00:01:48,510 all 327 00:01:48,510 --> 00:01:48,600 of 328 00:01:48,600 --> 00:01:48,840 NBC's 329 00:01:48,840 --> 00:01:49,200 social 330 00:01:49,200 --> 00:01:49,530 media 331 00:01:49,530 --> 00:01:49,650 and 332 00:01:49,650 --> 00:01:49,740 the 333 00:01:49,740 --> 00:01:49,980 show 334 00:01:49,980 --> 00:01:50,250 notes 335 00:01:50,250 --> 00:01:50,370 at 336 00:01:50,370 --> 00:01:50,700 Medial 337 00:01:50,700 --> 00:01:51,120 Archives 338 00:01:51,120 --> 00:01:51,330 dot 339 00:01:51,330 --> 00:01:51,720 com 340 00:01:51,720 --> 00:01:52,170 slash 341 00:01:52,170 --> 00:01:52,590 88 . 342 00:01:53,070 --> 00:01:53,250 If 343 00:01:53,250 --> 00:01:53,340 you're 344 00:01:53,340 --> 00:01:53,610 using 345 00:01:53,610 --> 00:01:53,670 a 346 00:01:53,670 --> 00:01:53,850 new 347 00:01:53,850 --> 00:01:54,510 podcasting 348 00:01:54,510 --> 00:01:54,810 app 349 00:01:54,810 --> 00:01:55,050 that 350 00:01:55,050 --> 00:01:55,470 supports 351 00:01:55,470 --> 00:01:56,040 podcasting 352 00:01:56,040 --> 00:01:56,550 2.0 . 353 00:01:56,610 --> 00:01:56,680 You 354 00:01:56,680 --> 00:01:56,760 can 355 00:01:56,760 --> 00:01:56,880 see 356 00:01:56,880 --> 00:01:57,000 all 357 00:01:57,000 --> 00:01:57,150 those 358 00:01:57,150 --> 00:01:57,390 links 359 00:01:57,390 --> 00:01:57,480 in 360 00:01:57,480 --> 00:01:57,540 the 361 00:01:57,540 --> 00:01:57,780 show 362 00:01:57,780 --> 00:01:57,990 notes 363 00:01:57,990 --> 00:01:58,140 on 364 00:01:58,140 --> 00:01:58,230 your 365 00:01:58,230 --> 00:01:58,620 phone . 366 00:01:59,250 --> 00:01:59,460 Let's 367 00:01:59,460 --> 00:01:59,580 get 368 00:01:59,580 --> 00:01:59,760 to 369 00:01:59,760 --> 00:01:59,880 our 370 00:01:59,880 --> 00:02:00,150 talk 371 00:02:00,150 --> 00:02:00,300 with 372 00:02:00,300 --> 00:02:00,510 Nick 373 00:02:00,510 --> 00:02:00,930 Morton 374 00:02:00,930 --> 00:02:01,110 and 375 00:02:01,110 --> 00:02:01,290 hear 376 00:02:01,290 --> 00:02:01,560 about 377 00:02:01,560 --> 00:02:01,650 the 378 00:02:01,650 --> 00:02:02,190 Crusader 379 00:02:02,190 --> 00:02:02,610 states . 380 00:02:08,080 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 381 00:02:08,080 --> 00:02:08,220 Today , 382 00:02:08,220 --> 00:02:08,340 we're 383 00:02:08,340 --> 00:02:08,670 joined 384 00:02:08,670 --> 00:02:08,940 again 385 00:02:08,940 --> 00:02:09,180 by 386 00:02:09,180 --> 00:02:09,420 Nick 387 00:02:09,420 --> 00:02:09,930 Morton , 388 00:02:10,290 --> 00:02:10,590 who 389 00:02:10,590 --> 00:02:10,770 is 390 00:02:10,770 --> 00:02:10,890 going 391 00:02:10,890 --> 00:02:10,950 to 392 00:02:10,950 --> 00:02:11,430 talk 393 00:02:11,430 --> 00:02:11,700 to 394 00:02:11,700 --> 00:02:11,970 us 395 00:02:11,970 --> 00:02:12,510 about 396 00:02:12,540 --> 00:02:12,690 the 397 00:02:12,690 --> 00:02:13,260 Crusader 398 00:02:13,260 --> 00:02:13,710 states . 399 00:02:13,710 --> 00:02:13,980 And 400 00:02:13,980 --> 00:02:14,100 he 401 00:02:14,100 --> 00:02:14,220 was 402 00:02:14,220 --> 00:02:14,370 on 403 00:02:14,370 --> 00:02:14,970 previously 404 00:02:14,970 --> 00:02:15,120 when 405 00:02:15,120 --> 00:02:15,210 we 406 00:02:15,210 --> 00:02:15,420 talked 407 00:02:15,420 --> 00:02:15,630 about 408 00:02:15,630 --> 00:02:15,690 the 409 00:02:15,690 --> 00:02:16,200 Mongols 410 00:02:16,200 --> 00:02:16,740 Storm . 411 00:02:16,770 --> 00:02:16,980 So , 412 00:02:16,980 --> 00:02:17,220 Nick , 413 00:02:17,220 --> 00:02:17,490 thanks 414 00:02:17,490 --> 00:02:17,700 again 415 00:02:17,700 --> 00:02:17,850 for 416 00:02:17,850 --> 00:02:18,150 joining 417 00:02:18,150 --> 00:02:18,210 the 418 00:02:18,210 --> 00:02:18,570 show . 419 00:02:18,930 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 420 00:02:18,930 --> 00:02:19,050 Well , 421 00:02:19,050 --> 00:02:19,200 thank 422 00:02:19,200 --> 00:02:19,260 you 423 00:02:19,260 --> 00:02:19,320 for 424 00:02:19,320 --> 00:02:19,560 having 425 00:02:19,560 --> 00:02:19,770 me . 426 00:02:20,040 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 427 00:02:20,040 --> 00:02:20,250 Okay . 428 00:02:20,250 --> 00:02:20,370 So 429 00:02:20,370 --> 00:02:20,490 your 430 00:02:20,490 --> 00:02:20,640 new 431 00:02:20,640 --> 00:02:20,760 book . 432 00:02:20,760 --> 00:02:20,880 It's 433 00:02:20,890 --> 00:02:21,030 a 434 00:02:21,030 --> 00:02:21,180 new 435 00:02:21,180 --> 00:02:21,390 book . 436 00:02:21,420 --> 00:02:21,600 Your 437 00:02:21,600 --> 00:02:21,960 book 438 00:02:21,960 --> 00:02:22,320 out 439 00:02:22,320 --> 00:02:22,620 is 440 00:02:22,860 --> 00:02:23,310 Creator 441 00:02:23,310 --> 00:02:23,660 States 442 00:02:23,670 --> 00:02:23,730 of 443 00:02:23,730 --> 00:02:23,880 Their 444 00:02:23,880 --> 00:02:24,420 Neighbors , 445 00:02:24,420 --> 00:02:24,630 which 446 00:02:24,630 --> 00:02:24,810 was 447 00:02:24,810 --> 00:02:25,290 published 448 00:02:25,290 --> 00:02:25,590 in 449 00:02:25,590 --> 00:02:26,340 2020 450 00:02:26,340 --> 00:02:26,460 as 451 00:02:26,460 --> 00:02:26,520 a 452 00:02:26,520 --> 00:02:27,150 hardback , 453 00:02:27,150 --> 00:02:27,240 and 454 00:02:27,240 --> 00:02:27,420 now 455 00:02:27,420 --> 00:02:27,570 it's 456 00:02:27,570 --> 00:02:27,780 out 457 00:02:27,780 --> 00:02:27,930 as 458 00:02:27,930 --> 00:02:27,990 a 459 00:02:27,990 --> 00:02:28,620 paperback 460 00:02:28,620 --> 00:02:28,800 for 461 00:02:28,800 --> 00:02:29,250 everybody 462 00:02:29,250 --> 00:02:29,370 to 463 00:02:29,370 --> 00:02:29,730 buy . 464 00:02:30,090 --> 00:02:30,210 The 465 00:02:30,210 --> 00:02:30,660 Crusader 466 00:02:30,660 --> 00:02:31,290 states 467 00:02:31,290 --> 00:02:31,560 were 468 00:02:31,560 --> 00:02:31,890 set 469 00:02:31,890 --> 00:02:32,130 up 470 00:02:32,130 --> 00:02:32,460 after 471 00:02:32,460 --> 00:02:32,550 the 472 00:02:32,550 --> 00:02:33,090 Crusades . 473 00:02:33,090 --> 00:02:33,210 But 474 00:02:33,210 --> 00:02:33,480 before 475 00:02:33,480 --> 00:02:33,570 we 476 00:02:33,570 --> 00:02:33,720 get 477 00:02:33,720 --> 00:02:33,840 to 478 00:02:33,840 --> 00:02:34,140 that , 479 00:02:34,140 --> 00:02:34,500 let's 480 00:02:34,500 --> 00:02:34,740 just 481 00:02:34,740 --> 00:02:34,860 do 482 00:02:34,860 --> 00:02:35,010 a 483 00:02:35,010 --> 00:02:35,340 quick 484 00:02:35,340 --> 00:02:35,880 overview 485 00:02:35,880 --> 00:02:36,150 of 486 00:02:36,150 --> 00:02:36,450 how 487 00:02:36,450 --> 00:02:36,510 the 488 00:02:36,510 --> 00:02:37,050 Crusades 489 00:02:37,050 --> 00:02:37,830 began 490 00:02:37,830 --> 00:02:38,070 and 491 00:02:38,070 --> 00:02:38,250 then 492 00:02:38,250 --> 00:02:38,550 why 493 00:02:38,550 --> 00:02:38,880 those 494 00:02:38,880 --> 00:02:39,240 states 495 00:02:39,240 --> 00:02:39,330 were 496 00:02:39,330 --> 00:02:39,600 set 497 00:02:39,600 --> 00:02:39,750 up . 498 00:02:39,750 --> 00:02:40,110 So 499 00:02:40,110 --> 00:02:40,500 what 500 00:02:40,710 --> 00:02:41,070 led 501 00:02:41,070 --> 00:02:41,220 to 502 00:02:41,220 --> 00:02:41,340 the 503 00:02:41,340 --> 00:02:42,030 Crusades ? 504 00:02:42,060 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 505 00:02:42,060 --> 00:02:42,390 Yes , 506 00:02:42,390 --> 00:02:42,730 sure . 507 00:02:42,750 --> 00:02:43,110 So 508 00:02:43,320 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 509 00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:43,440 the 510 00:02:43,440 --> 00:02:43,800 first 511 00:02:43,800 --> 00:02:44,370 crusade 512 00:02:44,370 --> 00:02:44,730 began 513 00:02:44,730 --> 00:02:44,850 in 514 00:02:44,850 --> 00:02:45,840 1095 515 00:02:45,840 --> 00:02:46,110 and 516 00:02:46,740 --> 00:02:47,430 scholars 517 00:02:47,880 --> 00:02:48,000 have 518 00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:48,450 debated 519 00:02:48,450 --> 00:02:48,630 for 520 00:02:48,630 --> 00:02:48,930 years 521 00:02:49,050 --> 00:02:49,410 why 522 00:02:49,410 --> 00:02:50,040 exactly 523 00:02:50,040 --> 00:02:50,130 the 524 00:02:50,130 --> 00:02:50,460 Pope 525 00:02:50,460 --> 00:02:50,910 launched 526 00:02:50,910 --> 00:02:50,970 a 527 00:02:50,970 --> 00:02:51,660 crusade . 528 00:02:52,410 --> 00:02:52,710 One 529 00:02:52,710 --> 00:02:53,100 major 530 00:02:53,100 --> 00:02:53,700 reason 531 00:02:53,700 --> 00:02:54,000 which 532 00:02:54,000 --> 00:02:54,180 is 533 00:02:54,180 --> 00:02:54,630 frequently 534 00:02:54,630 --> 00:02:55,320 discussed 535 00:02:55,680 --> 00:02:56,160 is 536 00:02:56,160 --> 00:02:56,580 the 537 00:02:56,820 --> 00:02:57,600 ongoing 538 00:02:57,600 --> 00:02:58,650 invasions 539 00:02:58,860 --> 00:02:59,190 of 540 00:02:59,190 --> 00:02:59,280 the 541 00:02:59,280 --> 00:02:59,790 Seljuk 542 00:02:59,790 --> 00:03:00,300 Turks , 543 00:03:00,300 --> 00:03:00,450 who 544 00:03:00,450 --> 00:03:00,630 had 545 00:03:00,900 --> 00:03:01,320 conquered 546 00:03:01,320 --> 00:03:01,590 much 547 00:03:01,590 --> 00:03:01,680 of 548 00:03:01,680 --> 00:03:01,770 the 549 00:03:01,770 --> 00:03:02,070 Middle 550 00:03:02,070 --> 00:03:02,280 East 551 00:03:02,280 --> 00:03:02,370 and 552 00:03:02,370 --> 00:03:02,460 were 553 00:03:02,460 --> 00:03:03,090 expanding 554 00:03:03,090 --> 00:03:03,450 into 555 00:03:03,450 --> 00:03:04,050 Anatolia , 556 00:03:04,050 --> 00:03:04,230 which 557 00:03:04,230 --> 00:03:04,320 at 558 00:03:04,320 --> 00:03:04,530 this 559 00:03:04,530 --> 00:03:04,890 time 560 00:03:05,190 --> 00:03:05,430 was 561 00:03:05,430 --> 00:03:05,670 part 562 00:03:05,670 --> 00:03:05,730 of 563 00:03:05,730 --> 00:03:05,790 the 564 00:03:05,790 --> 00:03:06,420 Byzantine 565 00:03:06,420 --> 00:03:06,930 Empire . 566 00:03:07,200 --> 00:03:07,380 And 567 00:03:07,380 --> 00:03:07,470 the 568 00:03:07,470 --> 00:03:08,010 appeals 569 00:03:08,010 --> 00:03:08,130 for 570 00:03:08,130 --> 00:03:08,430 help 571 00:03:08,430 --> 00:03:08,640 from 572 00:03:08,640 --> 00:03:09,030 Western 573 00:03:09,030 --> 00:03:09,540 Christendom 574 00:03:09,810 --> 00:03:10,200 sent 575 00:03:10,200 --> 00:03:10,380 by 576 00:03:10,380 --> 00:03:10,470 the 577 00:03:10,470 --> 00:03:11,130 Byzantine 578 00:03:11,130 --> 00:03:11,430 Empire . 579 00:03:11,610 --> 00:03:11,790 That's 580 00:03:11,790 --> 00:03:12,060 one 581 00:03:12,060 --> 00:03:12,510 possible 582 00:03:12,510 --> 00:03:12,930 reason 583 00:03:13,470 --> 00:03:13,740 other 584 00:03:13,740 --> 00:03:14,490 historians 585 00:03:14,490 --> 00:03:14,580 have 586 00:03:14,580 --> 00:03:15,150 cited 587 00:03:15,540 --> 00:03:15,660 the 588 00:03:15,660 --> 00:03:16,320 Pope's 589 00:03:16,320 --> 00:03:16,830 desire 590 00:03:16,830 --> 00:03:17,220 to 591 00:03:17,550 --> 00:03:17,910 end 592 00:03:17,910 --> 00:03:18,630 infighting 593 00:03:18,630 --> 00:03:18,750 in 594 00:03:18,750 --> 00:03:19,170 Western 595 00:03:19,170 --> 00:03:19,740 Christendom 596 00:03:20,430 --> 00:03:20,760 and 597 00:03:20,760 --> 00:03:21,000 to 598 00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:21,750 divert 599 00:03:22,020 --> 00:03:22,560 warriors 600 00:03:22,560 --> 00:03:22,830 away 601 00:03:22,830 --> 00:03:23,010 from 602 00:03:23,010 --> 00:03:23,160 their 603 00:03:23,160 --> 00:03:23,760 internal 604 00:03:23,760 --> 00:03:24,390 quarrels 605 00:03:24,720 --> 00:03:25,440 into 606 00:03:26,130 --> 00:03:26,730 adventure . 607 00:03:26,880 --> 00:03:27,030 From 608 00:03:27,030 --> 00:03:27,120 the 609 00:03:27,120 --> 00:03:27,690 Pope's 610 00:03:27,690 --> 00:03:28,320 perspective , 611 00:03:28,320 --> 00:03:28,410 at 612 00:03:28,410 --> 00:03:28,800 least , 613 00:03:29,100 --> 00:03:29,370 was 614 00:03:29,370 --> 00:03:29,670 deemed 615 00:03:29,670 --> 00:03:29,820 to 616 00:03:29,820 --> 00:03:30,210 be 617 00:03:30,240 --> 00:03:30,420 a 618 00:03:30,420 --> 00:03:31,020 purposeful 619 00:03:31,020 --> 00:03:31,470 mission . 620 00:03:31,890 --> 00:03:32,160 Other 621 00:03:32,160 --> 00:03:32,610 factors 622 00:03:32,610 --> 00:03:32,730 have 623 00:03:32,730 --> 00:03:32,910 been 624 00:03:32,910 --> 00:03:33,690 suggested , 625 00:03:33,690 --> 00:03:34,620 including 626 00:03:34,740 --> 00:03:34,920 a 627 00:03:34,920 --> 00:03:35,370 desire 628 00:03:35,370 --> 00:03:35,940 to 629 00:03:36,480 --> 00:03:36,960 provide 630 00:03:36,960 --> 00:03:37,050 an 631 00:03:37,050 --> 00:03:37,590 outlet 632 00:03:37,590 --> 00:03:37,770 for 633 00:03:37,770 --> 00:03:38,730 violence , 634 00:03:38,730 --> 00:03:39,420 particularly 635 00:03:39,420 --> 00:03:39,990 because 636 00:03:39,990 --> 00:03:40,200 this 637 00:03:40,200 --> 00:03:40,330 is 638 00:03:40,980 --> 00:03:41,210 it's 639 00:03:41,220 --> 00:03:41,940 Christianity , 640 00:03:41,940 --> 00:03:42,060 of 641 00:03:42,060 --> 00:03:42,350 course . 642 00:03:42,690 --> 00:03:42,870 This 643 00:03:42,870 --> 00:03:42,960 is 644 00:03:42,960 --> 00:03:43,050 the 645 00:03:43,050 --> 00:03:43,380 religion 646 00:03:43,380 --> 00:03:43,470 of 647 00:03:43,470 --> 00:03:43,740 turn 648 00:03:43,740 --> 00:03:43,830 the 649 00:03:43,830 --> 00:03:43,980 other 650 00:03:43,980 --> 00:03:44,280 cheek 651 00:03:44,280 --> 00:03:44,400 and 652 00:03:44,400 --> 00:03:44,640 do 653 00:03:44,640 --> 00:03:44,820 good 654 00:03:44,820 --> 00:03:44,940 to 655 00:03:44,940 --> 00:03:45,270 those 656 00:03:45,750 --> 00:03:45,930 that 657 00:03:45,930 --> 00:03:46,260 hate 658 00:03:46,260 --> 00:03:46,470 you . 659 00:03:46,860 --> 00:03:47,430 And 660 00:03:47,670 --> 00:03:47,880 it 661 00:03:47,880 --> 00:03:48,090 was 662 00:03:48,090 --> 00:03:48,420 deemed 663 00:03:48,420 --> 00:03:48,570 by 664 00:03:48,570 --> 00:03:48,660 the 665 00:03:48,660 --> 00:03:49,050 pope 666 00:03:49,050 --> 00:03:49,320 at 667 00:03:49,320 --> 00:03:49,410 the 668 00:03:49,410 --> 00:03:49,920 time 669 00:03:50,130 --> 00:03:50,310 or 670 00:03:50,310 --> 00:03:50,370 the 671 00:03:50,370 --> 00:03:50,710 church 672 00:03:50,710 --> 00:03:50,760 at 673 00:03:50,760 --> 00:03:50,800 the 674 00:03:50,820 --> 00:03:51,120 time 675 00:03:51,120 --> 00:03:51,300 that 676 00:03:51,540 --> 00:03:51,990 fighting 677 00:03:51,990 --> 00:03:52,440 amongst 678 00:03:52,440 --> 00:03:53,160 Christians 679 00:03:53,160 --> 00:03:53,400 was 680 00:03:53,400 --> 00:03:54,240 irredeemably 681 00:03:54,240 --> 00:03:54,870 sinful . 682 00:03:55,650 --> 00:03:56,040 But 683 00:03:56,040 --> 00:03:56,160 at 684 00:03:56,160 --> 00:03:56,470 least 685 00:03:56,470 --> 00:03:56,550 for 686 00:03:56,550 --> 00:03:56,640 the 687 00:03:56,640 --> 00:03:57,060 church 688 00:03:57,060 --> 00:03:57,330 in 689 00:03:57,330 --> 00:03:57,600 these 690 00:03:57,600 --> 00:03:58,140 years , 691 00:03:58,500 --> 00:03:59,130 fighting 692 00:03:59,130 --> 00:03:59,430 along 693 00:03:59,430 --> 00:03:59,940 Christendom 694 00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:00,720 borders 695 00:04:00,720 --> 00:04:01,440 against 696 00:04:02,280 --> 00:04:03,060 non-Christians 697 00:04:03,060 --> 00:04:03,150 would 698 00:04:03,390 --> 00:04:03,510 be 699 00:04:03,510 --> 00:04:03,900 much , 700 00:04:04,050 --> 00:04:04,350 much 701 00:04:04,350 --> 00:04:04,620 more 702 00:04:04,620 --> 00:04:05,340 acceptable . 703 00:04:05,370 --> 00:04:05,730 So 704 00:04:06,180 --> 00:04:06,480 there's 705 00:04:06,480 --> 00:04:06,720 that 706 00:04:06,720 --> 00:04:07,230 possible 707 00:04:07,230 --> 00:04:07,650 factor 708 00:04:07,650 --> 00:04:07,740 in 709 00:04:07,740 --> 00:04:07,800 the 710 00:04:07,800 --> 00:04:08,190 pope's 711 00:04:08,190 --> 00:04:08,610 thinking 712 00:04:08,610 --> 00:04:08,970 around 713 00:04:08,970 --> 00:04:09,300 this . 714 00:04:09,840 --> 00:04:10,050 And 715 00:04:10,050 --> 00:04:10,560 underneath 716 00:04:10,560 --> 00:04:10,650 it 717 00:04:10,650 --> 00:04:10,950 all , 718 00:04:10,950 --> 00:04:11,640 perhaps 719 00:04:11,910 --> 00:04:12,030 the 720 00:04:12,030 --> 00:04:12,300 fact 721 00:04:12,300 --> 00:04:12,480 that 722 00:04:12,480 --> 00:04:12,990 Christendom 723 00:04:12,990 --> 00:04:13,140 was 724 00:04:13,320 --> 00:04:13,830 growing 725 00:04:13,830 --> 00:04:14,190 in 726 00:04:14,190 --> 00:04:14,880 population 727 00:04:14,880 --> 00:04:15,540 numbers 728 00:04:15,540 --> 00:04:15,750 and 729 00:04:15,750 --> 00:04:16,350 economic 730 00:04:16,350 --> 00:04:16,800 heft , 731 00:04:17,310 --> 00:04:17,580 which 732 00:04:17,580 --> 00:04:17,820 gave 733 00:04:17,820 --> 00:04:17,910 it 734 00:04:17,910 --> 00:04:18,030 the 735 00:04:18,030 --> 00:04:18,690 ability , 736 00:04:18,750 --> 00:04:18,930 not 737 00:04:18,930 --> 00:04:19,230 necessarily 738 00:04:19,230 --> 00:04:19,320 the 739 00:04:19,320 --> 00:04:19,890 motivation , 740 00:04:19,890 --> 00:04:19,980 but 741 00:04:19,980 --> 00:04:20,100 the 742 00:04:20,100 --> 00:04:20,580 ability 743 00:04:20,580 --> 00:04:20,700 to 744 00:04:20,700 --> 00:04:20,970 think 745 00:04:20,970 --> 00:04:21,090 on 746 00:04:21,090 --> 00:04:21,270 that 747 00:04:21,270 --> 00:04:21,660 kind 748 00:04:21,660 --> 00:04:21,900 of 749 00:04:22,260 --> 00:04:22,860 scale . 750 00:04:22,870 --> 00:04:23,010 And 751 00:04:23,010 --> 00:04:23,340 so 752 00:04:23,670 --> 00:04:23,940 in 753 00:04:23,940 --> 00:04:24,900 1095 , 754 00:04:24,960 --> 00:04:25,080 the 755 00:04:25,080 --> 00:04:25,350 pope 756 00:04:25,350 --> 00:04:25,800 launched 757 00:04:25,800 --> 00:04:25,920 the 758 00:04:25,920 --> 00:04:26,160 crew 759 00:04:26,190 --> 00:04:26,580 safe . 760 00:04:27,240 --> 00:04:27,390 A 761 00:04:27,390 --> 00:04:27,630 year 762 00:04:27,630 --> 00:04:27,750 or 763 00:04:27,750 --> 00:04:27,960 so 764 00:04:27,960 --> 00:04:28,470 later , 765 00:04:28,470 --> 00:04:28,590 a 766 00:04:28,590 --> 00:04:29,070 series 767 00:04:29,070 --> 00:04:29,190 of 768 00:04:29,190 --> 00:04:29,640 armies 769 00:04:29,640 --> 00:04:30,030 began 770 00:04:30,030 --> 00:04:30,150 to 771 00:04:30,150 --> 00:04:30,570 leave 772 00:04:31,290 --> 00:04:31,530 not 773 00:04:31,530 --> 00:04:31,680 just 774 00:04:31,680 --> 00:04:31,860 one 775 00:04:31,860 --> 00:04:32,070 big 776 00:04:32,070 --> 00:04:32,220 one , 777 00:04:32,220 --> 00:04:32,340 but 778 00:04:32,340 --> 00:04:32,700 lots 779 00:04:32,700 --> 00:04:32,820 of 780 00:04:32,820 --> 00:04:33,330 armies . 781 00:04:34,020 --> 00:04:34,470 And 782 00:04:34,470 --> 00:04:34,590 the 783 00:04:34,590 --> 00:04:35,160 first 784 00:04:35,160 --> 00:04:35,460 few 785 00:04:35,460 --> 00:04:35,790 armies 786 00:04:35,790 --> 00:04:36,060 did 787 00:04:36,060 --> 00:04:36,870 incredibly 788 00:04:36,870 --> 00:04:37,440 poorly 789 00:04:37,440 --> 00:04:37,590 on 790 00:04:37,590 --> 00:04:37,650 the 791 00:04:37,650 --> 00:04:38,220 battlefield . 792 00:04:38,220 --> 00:04:38,280 At 793 00:04:38,280 --> 00:04:38,670 least 794 00:04:39,400 --> 00:04:39,510 were 795 00:04:39,510 --> 00:04:40,140 destroyed . 796 00:04:40,860 --> 00:04:41,100 But 797 00:04:41,100 --> 00:04:41,430 then 798 00:04:41,430 --> 00:04:41,520 a 799 00:04:41,520 --> 00:04:41,880 much 800 00:04:41,880 --> 00:04:42,420 larger 801 00:04:42,420 --> 00:04:42,930 army 802 00:04:42,930 --> 00:04:43,770 advanced 803 00:04:44,220 --> 00:04:44,460 through 804 00:04:44,460 --> 00:04:44,550 the 805 00:04:44,550 --> 00:04:45,180 Byzantine 806 00:04:45,180 --> 00:04:45,690 Empire , 807 00:04:46,350 --> 00:04:46,740 through 808 00:04:46,740 --> 00:04:47,280 Anatolia , 809 00:04:47,280 --> 00:04:47,490 that's 810 00:04:47,490 --> 00:04:47,790 modern 811 00:04:47,790 --> 00:04:48,030 day 812 00:04:48,030 --> 00:04:48,660 Turkey , 813 00:04:49,230 --> 00:04:49,590 and 814 00:04:49,590 --> 00:04:50,040 then 815 00:04:50,040 --> 00:04:50,790 into 816 00:04:50,820 --> 00:04:51,330 Syria 817 00:04:51,330 --> 00:04:51,450 and 818 00:04:51,450 --> 00:04:52,050 ultimately 819 00:04:52,050 --> 00:04:52,320 the 820 00:04:52,530 --> 00:04:52,800 Holy 821 00:04:52,800 --> 00:04:53,160 Land . 822 00:04:53,520 --> 00:04:53,790 And 823 00:04:53,790 --> 00:04:53,940 they 824 00:04:53,940 --> 00:04:54,240 went 825 00:04:54,240 --> 00:04:54,510 on 826 00:04:54,690 --> 00:04:55,080 to 827 00:04:55,080 --> 00:04:55,500 conquer 828 00:04:55,500 --> 00:04:56,190 Jerusalem 829 00:04:56,190 --> 00:04:56,880 itself . 830 00:04:57,350 --> 00:04:57,570 As 831 00:04:57,570 --> 00:04:57,870 that's 832 00:04:57,870 --> 00:04:57,990 the 833 00:04:57,990 --> 00:04:58,590 history , 834 00:04:59,100 --> 00:04:59,400 very 835 00:04:59,400 --> 00:04:59,910 briefly , 836 00:05:00,150 --> 00:05:00,480 of 837 00:05:00,480 --> 00:05:00,570 the 838 00:05:00,570 --> 00:05:00,990 First 839 00:05:00,990 --> 00:05:01,620 Crusade 840 00:05:01,920 --> 00:05:02,160 and 841 00:05:02,160 --> 00:05:02,220 the 842 00:05:02,220 --> 00:05:02,670 Crusader 843 00:05:02,670 --> 00:05:03,180 states 844 00:05:03,450 --> 00:05:03,630 was 845 00:05:03,630 --> 00:05:03,900 set 846 00:05:03,900 --> 00:05:04,140 up , 847 00:05:04,140 --> 00:05:04,590 built 848 00:05:04,590 --> 00:05:05,220 around 849 00:05:05,340 --> 00:05:05,850 the 850 00:05:05,910 --> 00:05:06,480 cities 851 00:05:06,480 --> 00:05:06,810 and 852 00:05:06,810 --> 00:05:07,410 towns , 853 00:05:07,710 --> 00:05:08,250 conquered 854 00:05:08,250 --> 00:05:08,640 during 855 00:05:08,640 --> 00:05:08,700 the 856 00:05:08,700 --> 00:05:09,030 course 857 00:05:09,030 --> 00:05:09,090 of 858 00:05:09,090 --> 00:05:09,180 the 859 00:05:09,180 --> 00:05:09,480 First 860 00:05:09,480 --> 00:05:10,050 Crusade . 861 00:05:10,350 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 862 00:05:10,350 --> 00:05:10,530 They 863 00:05:10,530 --> 00:05:11,020 spend 864 00:05:11,040 --> 00:05:11,200 two 865 00:05:11,200 --> 00:05:11,220 or 866 00:05:11,220 --> 00:05:11,430 three 867 00:05:11,430 --> 00:05:11,820 years 868 00:05:11,820 --> 00:05:12,240 conquering 869 00:05:12,240 --> 00:05:12,300 the 870 00:05:12,300 --> 00:05:12,540 holy 871 00:05:12,540 --> 00:05:12,870 lands . 872 00:05:12,870 --> 00:05:12,960 They 873 00:05:12,960 --> 00:05:13,110 get 874 00:05:13,110 --> 00:05:13,200 to 875 00:05:13,200 --> 00:05:13,740 Jerusalem , 876 00:05:13,740 --> 00:05:13,830 they 877 00:05:13,830 --> 00:05:14,220 conquer 878 00:05:14,220 --> 00:05:14,610 that , 879 00:05:14,610 --> 00:05:14,820 and 880 00:05:14,820 --> 00:05:15,000 then 881 00:05:15,000 --> 00:05:15,060 they 882 00:05:15,060 --> 00:05:15,720 decide 883 00:05:15,720 --> 00:05:15,840 to 884 00:05:15,840 --> 00:05:16,290 stay . 885 00:05:16,470 --> 00:05:16,800 How 886 00:05:16,800 --> 00:05:16,920 did 887 00:05:16,920 --> 00:05:17,370 they 888 00:05:17,430 --> 00:05:17,670 cut 889 00:05:17,670 --> 00:05:17,820 out 890 00:05:17,820 --> 00:05:17,910 the 891 00:05:17,910 --> 00:05:18,360 lands 892 00:05:18,360 --> 00:05:18,510 for 893 00:05:18,510 --> 00:05:18,690 the 894 00:05:18,720 --> 00:05:19,290 Crusader 895 00:05:19,290 --> 00:05:19,620 states ? 896 00:05:19,650 --> 00:05:19,770 There 897 00:05:19,770 --> 00:05:19,890 were 898 00:05:19,890 --> 00:05:20,250 four 899 00:05:20,250 --> 00:05:20,340 of 900 00:05:20,340 --> 00:05:20,630 them . 901 00:05:20,640 --> 00:05:20,880 How 902 00:05:20,890 --> 00:05:21,090 they 903 00:05:21,090 --> 00:05:21,720 decide 904 00:05:21,720 --> 00:05:22,200 what 905 00:05:22,440 --> 00:05:22,950 crusader 906 00:05:22,950 --> 00:05:23,280 states 907 00:05:23,280 --> 00:05:23,400 they 908 00:05:23,400 --> 00:05:23,520 were 909 00:05:23,520 --> 00:05:23,640 going 910 00:05:23,640 --> 00:05:23,730 to 911 00:05:23,730 --> 00:05:24,030 be 912 00:05:24,030 --> 00:05:24,300 and 913 00:05:24,300 --> 00:05:24,870 how 914 00:05:25,080 --> 00:05:25,290 did 915 00:05:25,290 --> 00:05:25,440 they 916 00:05:25,440 --> 00:05:25,710 pick 917 00:05:25,710 --> 00:05:25,890 their 918 00:05:25,890 --> 00:05:26,430 rulers . 919 00:05:26,730 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 920 00:05:26,730 --> 00:05:27,210 Okay , 921 00:05:27,210 --> 00:05:27,540 so 922 00:05:27,900 --> 00:05:28,110 it 923 00:05:28,110 --> 00:05:28,440 wasn't 924 00:05:28,440 --> 00:05:29,010 exactly 925 00:05:29,010 --> 00:05:29,640 planned . 926 00:05:29,700 --> 00:05:29,850 They 927 00:05:29,850 --> 00:05:30,060 didn't 928 00:05:30,060 --> 00:05:30,330 come 929 00:05:30,330 --> 00:05:30,690 together 930 00:05:30,690 --> 00:05:30,780 and 931 00:05:30,780 --> 00:05:30,900 sort 932 00:05:30,900 --> 00:05:31,020 of 933 00:05:31,020 --> 00:05:31,380 work 934 00:05:31,380 --> 00:05:31,650 this 935 00:05:31,650 --> 00:05:31,990 out . 936 00:05:32,010 --> 00:05:32,130 It 937 00:05:32,130 --> 00:05:32,280 was 938 00:05:32,280 --> 00:05:32,490 more 939 00:05:32,490 --> 00:05:32,550 a 940 00:05:32,550 --> 00:05:32,940 case 941 00:05:32,940 --> 00:05:33,150 that 942 00:05:33,450 --> 00:05:34,260 individual 943 00:05:34,260 --> 00:05:34,800 crusade 944 00:05:34,800 --> 00:05:35,610 commanders , 945 00:05:35,610 --> 00:05:35,910 whether 946 00:05:35,920 --> 00:05:36,090 by 947 00:05:36,120 --> 00:05:37,020 invitation 948 00:05:37,350 --> 00:05:37,620 or 949 00:05:37,620 --> 00:05:38,070 following 950 00:05:38,070 --> 00:05:38,160 the 951 00:05:38,160 --> 00:05:38,790 conquest 952 00:05:38,790 --> 00:05:38,880 of 953 00:05:38,880 --> 00:05:38,940 a 954 00:05:38,940 --> 00:05:39,300 major 955 00:05:39,300 --> 00:05:39,780 city , 956 00:05:40,200 --> 00:05:40,620 decided 957 00:05:40,620 --> 00:05:40,710 to 958 00:05:40,710 --> 00:05:41,130 claim 959 00:05:41,130 --> 00:05:41,280 the 960 00:05:41,280 --> 00:05:41,730 area 961 00:05:41,730 --> 00:05:42,000 for 962 00:05:42,000 --> 00:05:42,690 themselves . 963 00:05:43,140 --> 00:05:43,500 And 964 00:05:43,500 --> 00:05:43,800 then 965 00:05:43,800 --> 00:05:43,980 they 966 00:05:43,980 --> 00:05:44,190 set 967 00:05:44,190 --> 00:05:44,520 about 968 00:05:44,520 --> 00:05:45,000 conquering 969 00:05:45,000 --> 00:05:45,120 as 970 00:05:45,120 --> 00:05:45,330 much 971 00:05:45,330 --> 00:05:45,720 surrounding 972 00:05:45,720 --> 00:05:45,960 land 973 00:05:45,960 --> 00:05:46,080 as 974 00:05:46,080 --> 00:05:46,650 possible . 975 00:05:46,980 --> 00:05:47,330 And 976 00:05:47,330 --> 00:05:47,370 the 977 00:05:47,370 --> 00:05:47,520 sort 978 00:05:47,520 --> 00:05:47,580 of 979 00:05:47,580 --> 00:05:47,670 the 980 00:05:47,670 --> 00:05:48,450 territorial 981 00:05:48,450 --> 00:05:49,410 coherence 982 00:05:49,980 --> 00:05:50,280 of 983 00:05:50,280 --> 00:05:50,370 the 984 00:05:50,370 --> 00:05:50,700 crusader 985 00:05:50,700 --> 00:05:51,240 states 986 00:05:51,240 --> 00:05:51,930 emerged 987 00:05:51,930 --> 00:05:52,290 from 988 00:05:52,290 --> 00:05:52,690 that . 989 00:05:53,490 --> 00:05:53,850 From 990 00:05:53,850 --> 00:05:53,940 the 991 00:05:53,940 --> 00:05:54,510 outset , 992 00:05:54,510 --> 00:05:54,600 at 993 00:05:54,600 --> 00:05:54,930 least , 994 00:05:54,930 --> 00:05:55,110 it 995 00:05:55,110 --> 00:05:55,500 wasn't 996 00:05:55,500 --> 00:05:55,530 a 997 00:05:55,530 --> 00:05:55,770 very 998 00:05:55,770 --> 00:05:56,370 likely 999 00:05:56,370 --> 00:05:56,940 looking 1000 00:05:56,940 --> 00:05:57,600 venture 1001 00:05:57,690 --> 00:05:58,200 because 1002 00:05:58,200 --> 00:05:58,290 in 1003 00:05:58,290 --> 00:05:58,350 the 1004 00:05:58,350 --> 00:05:58,620 wake 1005 00:05:58,620 --> 00:05:58,710 of 1006 00:05:58,710 --> 00:05:58,800 the 1007 00:05:58,800 --> 00:05:59,220 first 1008 00:05:59,220 --> 00:05:59,850 crusade . 1009 00:05:59,850 --> 00:06:00,040 Well , 1010 00:06:00,040 --> 00:06:00,150 if 1011 00:06:00,480 --> 00:06:00,550 you 1012 00:06:00,600 --> 00:06:00,660 go 1013 00:06:00,660 --> 00:06:00,870 back 1014 00:06:00,870 --> 00:06:00,930 a 1015 00:06:00,930 --> 00:06:01,140 little 1016 00:06:01,140 --> 00:06:01,290 bit , 1017 00:06:01,290 --> 00:06:01,440 in 1018 00:06:01,440 --> 00:06:01,770 fact , 1019 00:06:02,070 --> 00:06:02,280 the 1020 00:06:02,280 --> 00:06:02,580 main 1021 00:06:02,580 --> 00:06:02,910 armies 1022 00:06:02,910 --> 00:06:03,000 of 1023 00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:03,090 the 1024 00:06:03,090 --> 00:06:03,480 first 1025 00:06:03,480 --> 00:06:04,020 crusade 1026 00:06:04,020 --> 00:06:04,140 that 1027 00:06:04,140 --> 00:06:04,830 advanced 1028 00:06:05,640 --> 00:06:06,030 across 1029 00:06:06,030 --> 00:06:06,720 Anatolia 1030 00:06:06,870 --> 00:06:07,170 all 1031 00:06:07,170 --> 00:06:07,260 the 1032 00:06:07,260 --> 00:06:07,530 way 1033 00:06:07,530 --> 00:06:07,950 ultimately 1034 00:06:07,950 --> 00:06:08,040 to 1035 00:06:08,040 --> 00:06:08,700 Jerusalem 1036 00:06:09,120 --> 00:06:09,720 started 1037 00:06:09,720 --> 00:06:10,050 off 1038 00:06:10,230 --> 00:06:10,560 being 1039 00:06:10,560 --> 00:06:10,860 around 1040 00:06:10,860 --> 00:06:11,700 100,000 1041 00:06:11,700 --> 00:06:12,240 strong . 1042 00:06:13,410 --> 00:06:13,560 By 1043 00:06:13,560 --> 00:06:13,620 the 1044 00:06:13,620 --> 00:06:13,860 time 1045 00:06:13,860 --> 00:06:13,950 they 1046 00:06:13,950 --> 00:06:14,190 got 1047 00:06:14,190 --> 00:06:14,460 to 1048 00:06:14,490 --> 00:06:15,180 Jerusalem , 1049 00:06:15,180 --> 00:06:15,330 it's 1050 00:06:15,720 --> 00:06:15,990 probably 1051 00:06:15,990 --> 00:06:16,200 around 1052 00:06:16,200 --> 00:06:16,980 20,000 1053 00:06:16,980 --> 00:06:17,400 strong . 1054 00:06:18,420 --> 00:06:18,930 So 1055 00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:19,140 the 1056 00:06:19,140 --> 00:06:19,830 attrition 1057 00:06:20,280 --> 00:06:20,580 of 1058 00:06:20,580 --> 00:06:20,670 the 1059 00:06:20,670 --> 00:06:21,060 first 1060 00:06:21,060 --> 00:06:21,660 crusade 1061 00:06:21,660 --> 00:06:21,810 is 1062 00:06:21,810 --> 00:06:22,470 staggering 1063 00:06:23,190 --> 00:06:23,520 and 1064 00:06:23,520 --> 00:06:23,610 the 1065 00:06:23,610 --> 00:06:24,330 survival 1066 00:06:24,330 --> 00:06:24,780 rate 1067 00:06:24,810 --> 00:06:25,170 is 1068 00:06:25,170 --> 00:06:25,560 very , 1069 00:06:25,560 --> 00:06:25,860 very 1070 00:06:25,860 --> 00:06:26,160 low . 1071 00:06:26,880 --> 00:06:27,090 Now , 1072 00:06:27,090 --> 00:06:27,480 admittedly , 1073 00:06:27,480 --> 00:06:27,630 not 1074 00:06:27,630 --> 00:06:28,290 everyone 1075 00:06:28,350 --> 00:06:28,970 died 1076 00:06:29,430 --> 00:06:29,820 who 1077 00:06:30,330 --> 00:06:30,690 ceased 1078 00:06:30,690 --> 00:06:30,780 to 1079 00:06:30,780 --> 00:06:30,900 be 1080 00:06:30,900 --> 00:06:31,140 part 1081 00:06:31,140 --> 00:06:31,200 of 1082 00:06:31,200 --> 00:06:31,290 the 1083 00:06:31,290 --> 00:06:31,770 crusade 1084 00:06:31,770 --> 00:06:31,860 by 1085 00:06:31,860 --> 00:06:31,950 the 1086 00:06:31,950 --> 00:06:32,130 time 1087 00:06:32,130 --> 00:06:32,190 it 1088 00:06:32,190 --> 00:06:32,460 reached 1089 00:06:32,460 --> 00:06:33,000 Jerusalem , 1090 00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:33,330 some 1091 00:06:33,330 --> 00:06:33,900 deserted 1092 00:06:33,900 --> 00:06:34,050 or 1093 00:06:34,050 --> 00:06:34,440 left , 1094 00:06:35,100 --> 00:06:35,310 but 1095 00:06:35,310 --> 00:06:36,090 nonetheless 1096 00:06:36,540 --> 00:06:36,960 very , 1097 00:06:36,960 --> 00:06:37,200 very 1098 00:06:37,200 --> 00:06:37,410 high 1099 00:06:37,410 --> 00:06:37,980 casualty 1100 00:06:37,980 --> 00:06:38,340 rates . 1101 00:06:38,850 --> 00:06:39,150 And 1102 00:06:39,150 --> 00:06:39,390 so 1103 00:06:39,390 --> 00:06:39,540 it's 1104 00:06:39,540 --> 00:06:39,900 really 1105 00:06:39,900 --> 00:06:40,200 just 1106 00:06:40,200 --> 00:06:40,560 this 1107 00:06:41,520 --> 00:06:41,700 sort 1108 00:06:41,700 --> 00:06:41,760 of 1109 00:06:41,760 --> 00:06:42,240 spearhead 1110 00:06:42,240 --> 00:06:42,360 of 1111 00:06:42,360 --> 00:06:42,780 troops 1112 00:06:42,780 --> 00:06:42,900 that 1113 00:06:42,900 --> 00:06:43,380 reaches 1114 00:06:43,380 --> 00:06:44,040 Jerusalem 1115 00:06:44,730 --> 00:06:44,970 and 1116 00:06:44,970 --> 00:06:45,170 then 1117 00:06:45,190 --> 00:06:45,250 the 1118 00:06:45,250 --> 00:06:45,600 wake 1119 00:06:45,600 --> 00:06:45,990 of 1120 00:06:46,410 --> 00:06:46,530 the 1121 00:06:46,530 --> 00:06:46,740 very 1122 00:06:46,740 --> 00:06:47,370 brutal 1123 00:06:47,370 --> 00:06:48,000 conquest 1124 00:06:48,000 --> 00:06:48,120 of 1125 00:06:48,120 --> 00:06:48,810 Jerusalem . 1126 00:06:49,290 --> 00:06:49,470 The 1127 00:06:49,470 --> 00:06:49,830 vast 1128 00:06:49,830 --> 00:06:50,400 majority 1129 00:06:50,400 --> 00:06:50,520 of 1130 00:06:50,520 --> 00:06:50,850 those 1131 00:06:50,850 --> 00:06:51,090 go 1132 00:06:51,090 --> 00:06:51,450 home . 1133 00:06:51,810 --> 00:06:52,440 Actually , 1134 00:06:52,440 --> 00:06:52,710 the 1135 00:06:52,710 --> 00:06:53,280 chroniclers 1136 00:06:53,280 --> 00:06:53,520 tell 1137 00:06:53,520 --> 00:06:53,730 us 1138 00:06:53,730 --> 00:06:53,820 that 1139 00:06:53,820 --> 00:06:54,000 only 1140 00:06:54,000 --> 00:06:54,090 a 1141 00:06:54,090 --> 00:06:54,360 few 1142 00:06:54,390 --> 00:06:54,960 hundred 1143 00:06:54,960 --> 00:06:55,500 soldiers 1144 00:06:55,500 --> 00:06:55,830 left 1145 00:06:55,830 --> 00:06:55,950 in 1146 00:06:55,950 --> 00:06:56,610 Jerusalem . 1147 00:06:57,210 --> 00:06:57,450 Maybe 1148 00:06:57,450 --> 00:06:57,510 a 1149 00:06:57,510 --> 00:06:57,780 slightly 1150 00:06:57,780 --> 00:06:58,200 larger 1151 00:06:58,200 --> 00:06:58,710 number 1152 00:06:59,100 --> 00:06:59,400 in 1153 00:06:59,400 --> 00:07:00,180 Antioch 1154 00:07:00,540 --> 00:07:00,810 and 1155 00:07:00,810 --> 00:07:01,170 also 1156 00:07:01,170 --> 00:07:01,260 in 1157 00:07:01,260 --> 00:07:01,920 Edessa , 1158 00:07:01,920 --> 00:07:02,160 which 1159 00:07:02,160 --> 00:07:02,220 are 1160 00:07:02,220 --> 00:07:02,340 the 1161 00:07:02,340 --> 00:07:02,490 other 1162 00:07:02,490 --> 00:07:02,730 two 1163 00:07:02,730 --> 00:07:03,030 big 1164 00:07:03,030 --> 00:07:03,330 cities 1165 00:07:03,330 --> 00:07:03,420 that 1166 00:07:03,420 --> 00:07:03,540 will 1167 00:07:03,540 --> 00:07:04,020 become 1168 00:07:04,410 --> 00:07:04,890 crusader 1169 00:07:04,890 --> 00:07:05,280 states 1170 00:07:05,280 --> 00:07:05,400 in 1171 00:07:05,400 --> 00:07:05,460 the 1172 00:07:05,460 --> 00:07:05,730 long 1173 00:07:05,730 --> 00:07:06,100 term . 1174 00:07:06,840 --> 00:07:07,200 But 1175 00:07:07,200 --> 00:07:07,530 it's 1176 00:07:07,530 --> 00:07:07,740 not 1177 00:07:07,740 --> 00:07:07,800 a 1178 00:07:07,800 --> 00:07:08,040 very 1179 00:07:08,040 --> 00:07:08,640 promising 1180 00:07:08,640 --> 00:07:09,060 looking 1181 00:07:09,540 --> 00:07:10,260 position . 1182 00:07:10,320 --> 00:07:10,470 If 1183 00:07:10,470 --> 00:07:10,560 you 1184 00:07:10,560 --> 00:07:10,680 sort 1185 00:07:10,680 --> 00:07:10,740 of 1186 00:07:10,740 --> 00:07:10,980 view 1187 00:07:10,980 --> 00:07:11,130 from 1188 00:07:11,130 --> 00:07:11,190 a 1189 00:07:11,190 --> 00:07:12,000 pragmatic 1190 00:07:12,270 --> 00:07:12,750 level 1191 00:07:13,050 --> 00:07:13,320 in 1192 00:07:13,320 --> 00:07:13,620 those 1193 00:07:13,620 --> 00:07:13,890 early 1194 00:07:13,890 --> 00:07:14,280 years , 1195 00:07:14,280 --> 00:07:14,400 but 1196 00:07:14,400 --> 00:07:14,550 there 1197 00:07:14,550 --> 00:07:14,690 are 1198 00:07:14,700 --> 00:07:15,390 factors 1199 00:07:15,780 --> 00:07:16,020 that 1200 00:07:16,020 --> 00:07:16,350 play 1201 00:07:16,350 --> 00:07:16,770 out 1202 00:07:16,770 --> 00:07:17,100 in 1203 00:07:17,100 --> 00:07:17,160 the 1204 00:07:17,160 --> 00:07:17,880 Crusaders 1205 00:07:17,880 --> 00:07:18,780 interests . 1206 00:07:19,380 --> 00:07:19,500 The 1207 00:07:19,500 --> 00:07:19,890 first 1208 00:07:19,890 --> 00:07:20,070 is 1209 00:07:20,070 --> 00:07:20,220 that 1210 00:07:20,220 --> 00:07:20,460 when 1211 00:07:20,460 --> 00:07:20,880 news 1212 00:07:20,880 --> 00:07:21,360 arrives 1213 00:07:21,360 --> 00:07:21,480 in 1214 00:07:21,480 --> 00:07:21,870 Western 1215 00:07:21,870 --> 00:07:22,470 Christendom 1216 00:07:22,470 --> 00:07:22,860 that 1217 00:07:23,100 --> 00:07:23,790 Jerusalem 1218 00:07:23,790 --> 00:07:24,000 has 1219 00:07:24,000 --> 00:07:24,240 been 1220 00:07:24,240 --> 00:07:24,840 conquered , 1221 00:07:25,710 --> 00:07:26,070 then 1222 00:07:26,070 --> 00:07:26,550 this 1223 00:07:26,550 --> 00:07:27,150 begins 1224 00:07:27,150 --> 00:07:27,210 a 1225 00:07:27,210 --> 00:07:28,020 process 1226 00:07:28,020 --> 00:07:28,320 of 1227 00:07:28,320 --> 00:07:29,070 movement 1228 00:07:29,400 --> 00:07:29,730 by 1229 00:07:29,730 --> 00:07:30,210 which 1230 00:07:30,600 --> 00:07:31,440 settlers , 1231 00:07:31,710 --> 00:07:32,610 pilgrims , 1232 00:07:32,760 --> 00:07:33,750 crusaders 1233 00:07:34,380 --> 00:07:34,680 in 1234 00:07:34,680 --> 00:07:35,400 thousands , 1235 00:07:35,400 --> 00:07:35,820 probably 1236 00:07:35,820 --> 00:07:36,300 tens 1237 00:07:36,300 --> 00:07:36,450 of 1238 00:07:36,450 --> 00:07:37,110 thousands 1239 00:07:37,110 --> 00:07:37,590 every 1240 00:07:37,590 --> 00:07:38,070 single 1241 00:07:38,070 --> 00:07:38,490 year 1242 00:07:38,970 --> 00:07:39,330 set 1243 00:07:39,330 --> 00:07:39,660 out 1244 00:07:39,750 --> 00:07:40,230 for 1245 00:07:40,410 --> 00:07:40,620 the 1246 00:07:40,620 --> 00:07:40,830 Holy 1247 00:07:40,830 --> 00:07:41,250 Land , 1248 00:07:41,610 --> 00:07:42,450 sometimes 1249 00:07:42,450 --> 00:07:42,780 to 1250 00:07:42,780 --> 00:07:43,170 visit 1251 00:07:43,170 --> 00:07:43,260 the 1252 00:07:43,260 --> 00:07:43,530 holy 1253 00:07:43,530 --> 00:07:43,890 sites 1254 00:07:43,890 --> 00:07:43,980 and 1255 00:07:43,980 --> 00:07:44,490 return 1256 00:07:44,910 --> 00:07:45,150 in 1257 00:07:45,150 --> 00:07:45,420 many 1258 00:07:45,420 --> 00:07:45,900 cases 1259 00:07:45,900 --> 00:07:46,020 to 1260 00:07:46,020 --> 00:07:46,380 settle 1261 00:07:46,380 --> 00:07:47,100 permanently . 1262 00:07:47,880 --> 00:07:48,120 As 1263 00:07:48,120 --> 00:07:48,330 that 1264 00:07:48,330 --> 00:07:48,510 sort 1265 00:07:48,510 --> 00:07:48,630 of 1266 00:07:48,630 --> 00:07:49,110 builds 1267 00:07:49,110 --> 00:07:49,290 up 1268 00:07:49,290 --> 00:07:49,410 the 1269 00:07:49,410 --> 00:07:50,400 population , 1270 00:07:50,400 --> 00:07:50,790 which 1271 00:07:50,790 --> 00:07:51,210 is 1272 00:07:51,600 --> 00:07:52,050 works 1273 00:07:52,050 --> 00:07:52,200 in 1274 00:07:52,200 --> 00:07:52,650 favor 1275 00:07:52,980 --> 00:07:53,220 of 1276 00:07:53,220 --> 00:07:53,340 the 1277 00:07:53,340 --> 00:07:53,670 early 1278 00:07:53,670 --> 00:07:54,150 rulers 1279 00:07:54,150 --> 00:07:54,450 of 1280 00:07:54,450 --> 00:07:54,540 the 1281 00:07:54,540 --> 00:07:54,930 Crusader 1282 00:07:54,930 --> 00:07:55,440 states . 1283 00:07:56,460 --> 00:07:56,820 Another 1284 00:07:56,820 --> 00:07:57,120 factor 1285 00:07:57,120 --> 00:07:57,270 that 1286 00:07:57,270 --> 00:07:57,600 plays 1287 00:07:57,600 --> 00:07:57,810 out 1288 00:07:57,810 --> 00:07:57,930 in 1289 00:07:57,930 --> 00:07:58,080 their 1290 00:07:58,080 --> 00:07:58,470 favor 1291 00:07:58,470 --> 00:07:58,740 is 1292 00:07:58,740 --> 00:07:58,920 that 1293 00:07:58,920 --> 00:07:59,100 they 1294 00:07:59,100 --> 00:07:59,550 focus 1295 00:07:59,550 --> 00:07:59,730 their 1296 00:07:59,730 --> 00:08:00,180 military 1297 00:08:00,180 --> 00:08:00,630 attention 1298 00:08:00,630 --> 00:08:00,720 in 1299 00:08:00,720 --> 00:08:00,840 the 1300 00:08:00,840 --> 00:08:01,140 early 1301 00:08:01,140 --> 00:08:01,710 years 1302 00:08:02,130 --> 00:08:02,400 on 1303 00:08:02,400 --> 00:08:02,490 the 1304 00:08:02,490 --> 00:08:02,700 big 1305 00:08:02,700 --> 00:08:03,240 coastal 1306 00:08:03,240 --> 00:08:03,840 cities . 1307 00:08:04,260 --> 00:08:04,410 And 1308 00:08:04,410 --> 00:08:04,590 these 1309 00:08:04,590 --> 00:08:04,710 are 1310 00:08:04,710 --> 00:08:04,980 big 1311 00:08:04,980 --> 00:08:05,550 ports . 1312 00:08:06,060 --> 00:08:06,240 And 1313 00:08:06,240 --> 00:08:06,450 those 1314 00:08:06,450 --> 00:08:06,660 big 1315 00:08:06,660 --> 00:08:06,930 ports 1316 00:08:06,930 --> 00:08:07,050 not 1317 00:08:07,050 --> 00:08:07,350 only 1318 00:08:07,350 --> 00:08:07,620 just 1319 00:08:07,620 --> 00:08:07,950 bring 1320 00:08:07,950 --> 00:08:08,220 in 1321 00:08:08,340 --> 00:08:09,080 reinforcements 1322 00:08:09,090 --> 00:08:09,180 in 1323 00:08:09,180 --> 00:08:09,540 Western 1324 00:08:09,540 --> 00:08:10,110 Christendom , 1325 00:08:10,710 --> 00:08:10,980 but 1326 00:08:10,980 --> 00:08:11,190 they 1327 00:08:11,190 --> 00:08:11,910 also 1328 00:08:11,910 --> 00:08:12,660 enable 1329 00:08:12,660 --> 00:08:13,230 Italian 1330 00:08:13,230 --> 00:08:13,830 merchants 1331 00:08:13,830 --> 00:08:13,980 and 1332 00:08:13,980 --> 00:08:14,250 other 1333 00:08:14,250 --> 00:08:15,060 merchants 1334 00:08:15,450 --> 00:08:15,720 to 1335 00:08:15,720 --> 00:08:16,110 trade 1336 00:08:16,110 --> 00:08:16,230 in 1337 00:08:16,230 --> 00:08:16,440 those 1338 00:08:16,440 --> 00:08:16,770 ports 1339 00:08:16,810 --> 00:08:16,940 in 1340 00:08:16,940 --> 00:08:17,010 a 1341 00:08:17,010 --> 00:08:17,300 treaty 1342 00:08:17,310 --> 00:08:17,640 already . 1343 00:08:17,640 --> 00:08:17,730 But 1344 00:08:17,730 --> 00:08:17,850 of 1345 00:08:17,850 --> 00:08:18,060 course , 1346 00:08:18,060 --> 00:08:18,150 the 1347 00:08:18,150 --> 00:08:18,390 key 1348 00:08:18,390 --> 00:08:18,780 point 1349 00:08:19,320 --> 00:08:19,800 is 1350 00:08:19,800 --> 00:08:20,130 that 1351 00:08:20,130 --> 00:08:20,520 the 1352 00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:21,000 crusader 1353 00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:21,420 states 1354 00:08:21,420 --> 00:08:21,510 and 1355 00:08:21,510 --> 00:08:21,960 territories 1356 00:08:21,960 --> 00:08:22,080 can 1357 00:08:22,080 --> 00:08:22,290 then 1358 00:08:22,290 --> 00:08:23,040 tax 1359 00:08:23,040 --> 00:08:23,310 that 1360 00:08:23,310 --> 00:08:23,820 trade , 1361 00:08:24,360 --> 00:08:24,510 and 1362 00:08:24,510 --> 00:08:24,630 that 1363 00:08:24,630 --> 00:08:24,930 becomes 1364 00:08:24,930 --> 00:08:25,020 the 1365 00:08:25,020 --> 00:08:25,800 economic 1366 00:08:25,800 --> 00:08:26,010 sort 1367 00:08:26,010 --> 00:08:26,070 of 1368 00:08:26,070 --> 00:08:26,760 foundation 1369 00:08:26,760 --> 00:08:27,150 stone 1370 00:08:27,150 --> 00:08:27,420 for 1371 00:08:27,420 --> 00:08:27,570 them 1372 00:08:28,590 --> 00:08:28,800 and 1373 00:08:28,800 --> 00:08:28,950 then 1374 00:08:28,950 --> 00:08:29,370 swinging 1375 00:08:29,370 --> 00:08:29,730 things 1376 00:08:29,730 --> 00:08:30,240 round . 1377 00:08:30,390 --> 00:08:30,690 There's 1378 00:08:30,690 --> 00:08:31,140 actually 1379 00:08:31,140 --> 00:08:31,230 a 1380 00:08:31,470 --> 00:08:32,070 significant 1381 00:08:32,070 --> 00:08:32,400 lack 1382 00:08:32,400 --> 00:08:32,520 of 1383 00:08:32,520 --> 00:08:33,600 resistance 1384 00:08:33,600 --> 00:08:33,870 to 1385 00:08:33,870 --> 00:08:33,960 the 1386 00:08:33,960 --> 00:08:34,710 Crusaders 1387 00:08:34,710 --> 00:08:34,980 in 1388 00:08:34,980 --> 00:08:35,130 their 1389 00:08:35,130 --> 00:08:35,400 early 1390 00:08:35,400 --> 00:08:35,760 years , 1391 00:08:35,760 --> 00:08:36,360 particularly 1392 00:08:36,360 --> 00:08:36,510 in 1393 00:08:36,510 --> 00:08:37,050 Syria , 1394 00:08:37,050 --> 00:08:37,650 because 1395 00:08:37,650 --> 00:08:37,920 in 1396 00:08:37,920 --> 00:08:38,460 Syria , 1397 00:08:39,180 --> 00:08:39,510 these 1398 00:08:39,510 --> 00:08:39,630 are 1399 00:08:39,630 --> 00:08:39,720 the 1400 00:08:39,720 --> 00:08:40,200 Western 1401 00:08:40,200 --> 00:08:41,070 margins 1402 00:08:41,070 --> 00:08:41,520 of 1403 00:08:41,520 --> 00:08:41,820 the 1404 00:08:41,820 --> 00:08:42,330 Seljuk 1405 00:08:42,330 --> 00:08:42,870 Sultanate , 1406 00:08:43,020 --> 00:08:43,320 which 1407 00:08:43,320 --> 00:08:43,920 spans 1408 00:08:43,920 --> 00:08:44,340 from 1409 00:08:44,340 --> 00:08:44,490 the 1410 00:08:44,490 --> 00:08:44,910 borders 1411 00:08:44,910 --> 00:08:44,970 of 1412 00:08:44,970 --> 00:08:45,030 the 1413 00:08:45,030 --> 00:08:45,390 Central 1414 00:08:45,390 --> 00:08:45,750 Asian 1415 00:08:45,750 --> 00:08:46,170 steppe 1416 00:08:46,200 --> 00:08:46,440 all 1417 00:08:46,440 --> 00:08:46,530 the 1418 00:08:46,530 --> 00:08:46,740 way 1419 00:08:46,740 --> 00:08:46,980 through 1420 00:08:46,980 --> 00:08:47,430 Persia . 1421 00:08:47,430 --> 00:08:47,640 That's 1422 00:08:47,640 --> 00:08:47,910 modern 1423 00:08:47,910 --> 00:08:48,090 day 1424 00:08:48,090 --> 00:08:48,570 Iran , 1425 00:08:48,870 --> 00:08:49,440 Iraq , 1426 00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:50,010 Syria . 1427 00:08:50,130 --> 00:08:50,400 It's 1428 00:08:50,400 --> 00:08:50,490 an 1429 00:08:50,490 --> 00:08:50,970 enormous 1430 00:08:50,970 --> 00:08:51,420 empire 1431 00:08:51,420 --> 00:08:51,510 and 1432 00:08:51,510 --> 00:08:51,600 it 1433 00:08:51,600 --> 00:08:51,750 can 1434 00:08:51,750 --> 00:08:52,230 marshal 1435 00:08:52,230 --> 00:08:52,440 some 1436 00:08:52,440 --> 00:08:52,680 big 1437 00:08:52,680 --> 00:08:53,040 armies 1438 00:08:53,080 --> 00:08:53,190 in 1439 00:08:53,190 --> 00:08:53,430 fact , 1440 00:08:53,430 --> 00:08:53,640 some 1441 00:08:53,640 --> 00:08:54,000 seljuk 1442 00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:54,480 commanders 1443 00:08:54,480 --> 00:08:54,750 did 1444 00:08:54,750 --> 00:08:55,230 marshal 1445 00:08:55,230 --> 00:08:55,440 some 1446 00:08:55,440 --> 00:08:55,680 big 1447 00:08:55,680 --> 00:08:56,130 armies 1448 00:08:56,670 --> 00:08:56,850 to 1449 00:08:56,850 --> 00:08:57,120 fight 1450 00:08:57,120 --> 00:08:57,210 the 1451 00:08:57,210 --> 00:08:57,660 crusaders 1452 00:08:57,660 --> 00:08:57,960 during 1453 00:08:57,960 --> 00:08:58,050 the 1454 00:08:58,050 --> 00:08:58,410 first 1455 00:08:58,410 --> 00:08:59,040 Crusade . 1456 00:08:59,040 --> 00:08:59,460 But 1457 00:09:00,300 --> 00:09:00,420 the 1458 00:09:00,420 --> 00:09:00,900 Seljuk 1459 00:09:00,900 --> 00:09:01,430 Sultanate 1460 00:09:01,440 --> 00:09:01,620 is 1461 00:09:01,620 --> 00:09:01,680 in 1462 00:09:01,680 --> 00:09:01,740 a 1463 00:09:01,740 --> 00:09:02,040 state 1464 00:09:02,040 --> 00:09:02,130 of 1465 00:09:02,130 --> 00:09:02,490 civil 1466 00:09:02,490 --> 00:09:02,820 war , 1467 00:09:03,930 --> 00:09:04,080 and 1468 00:09:04,080 --> 00:09:04,140 in 1469 00:09:04,140 --> 00:09:04,370 fact , 1470 00:09:04,380 --> 00:09:04,440 a 1471 00:09:04,440 --> 00:09:05,280 multi-layered 1472 00:09:05,280 --> 00:09:05,580 civil 1473 00:09:05,580 --> 00:09:05,760 war . 1474 00:09:05,760 --> 00:09:05,880 Is 1475 00:09:05,890 --> 00:09:05,940 a 1476 00:09:05,940 --> 00:09:06,210 civil 1477 00:09:06,210 --> 00:09:06,390 war 1478 00:09:06,390 --> 00:09:06,630 being 1479 00:09:06,630 --> 00:09:06,870 fought 1480 00:09:07,200 --> 00:09:07,440 over 1481 00:09:07,440 --> 00:09:07,590 who's 1482 00:09:07,590 --> 00:09:07,710 going 1483 00:09:07,710 --> 00:09:07,770 to 1484 00:09:07,770 --> 00:09:07,830 be 1485 00:09:07,830 --> 00:09:07,890 the 1486 00:09:07,890 --> 00:09:08,100 next 1487 00:09:08,100 --> 00:09:08,610 sultan ? 1488 00:09:08,940 --> 00:09:09,090 But 1489 00:09:09,090 --> 00:09:09,230 there's 1490 00:09:09,240 --> 00:09:09,510 other 1491 00:09:09,510 --> 00:09:09,780 civil 1492 00:09:09,780 --> 00:09:10,020 wars 1493 00:09:10,020 --> 00:09:10,320 taking 1494 00:09:10,320 --> 00:09:10,620 place 1495 00:09:10,620 --> 00:09:10,680 in 1496 00:09:10,680 --> 00:09:10,770 the 1497 00:09:10,770 --> 00:09:11,280 provinces 1498 00:09:11,280 --> 00:09:11,430 as 1499 00:09:11,430 --> 00:09:11,760 well . 1500 00:09:12,780 --> 00:09:13,050 All 1501 00:09:13,050 --> 00:09:13,170 of 1502 00:09:13,170 --> 00:09:13,380 this 1503 00:09:13,380 --> 00:09:13,740 makes 1504 00:09:13,740 --> 00:09:13,830 it 1505 00:09:13,830 --> 00:09:14,100 quite 1506 00:09:14,100 --> 00:09:14,790 difficult 1507 00:09:14,790 --> 00:09:15,180 to 1508 00:09:15,180 --> 00:09:15,720 unify 1509 00:09:15,720 --> 00:09:16,650 resistance 1510 00:09:16,920 --> 00:09:17,490 against 1511 00:09:17,490 --> 00:09:17,700 the 1512 00:09:17,700 --> 00:09:18,330 crusaders 1513 00:09:18,330 --> 00:09:18,480 or 1514 00:09:18,720 --> 00:09:19,380 Franks 1515 00:09:19,380 --> 00:09:19,530 as 1516 00:09:19,530 --> 00:09:19,710 they 1517 00:09:19,710 --> 00:09:20,130 became 1518 00:09:20,130 --> 00:09:20,430 known . 1519 00:09:21,090 --> 00:09:21,330 And 1520 00:09:21,330 --> 00:09:21,720 so 1521 00:09:21,720 --> 00:09:22,140 whilst 1522 00:09:22,140 --> 00:09:22,350 there 1523 00:09:22,350 --> 00:09:22,530 are 1524 00:09:22,530 --> 00:09:22,800 some 1525 00:09:22,800 --> 00:09:23,250 attempts 1526 00:09:23,250 --> 00:09:23,490 made 1527 00:09:23,490 --> 00:09:23,580 to 1528 00:09:23,580 --> 00:09:24,180 dislodge 1529 00:09:24,180 --> 00:09:24,300 the 1530 00:09:24,300 --> 00:09:24,900 Franks 1531 00:09:24,900 --> 00:09:25,200 from 1532 00:09:25,200 --> 00:09:25,350 their 1533 00:09:25,350 --> 00:09:25,500 sort 1534 00:09:25,500 --> 00:09:25,650 of 1535 00:09:25,860 --> 00:09:26,400 early 1536 00:09:26,910 --> 00:09:27,870 landholdings , 1537 00:09:28,170 --> 00:09:28,380 they 1538 00:09:28,380 --> 00:09:28,630 don't 1539 00:09:28,650 --> 00:09:28,950 prove 1540 00:09:28,950 --> 00:09:29,040 to 1541 00:09:29,040 --> 00:09:29,160 be 1542 00:09:29,160 --> 00:09:29,400 very 1543 00:09:29,400 --> 00:09:30,010 successful . 1544 00:09:30,010 --> 00:09:30,090 And 1545 00:09:30,090 --> 00:09:30,210 in 1546 00:09:30,210 --> 00:09:30,510 fact , 1547 00:09:30,510 --> 00:09:30,660 you 1548 00:09:30,660 --> 00:09:30,960 have 1549 00:09:31,020 --> 00:09:31,320 some 1550 00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:32,160 advocates 1551 00:09:32,160 --> 00:09:32,310 or 1552 00:09:32,310 --> 00:09:32,490 one 1553 00:09:32,490 --> 00:09:32,880 particular 1554 00:09:32,880 --> 00:09:33,600 advocates 1555 00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:33,810 for 1556 00:09:33,810 --> 00:09:34,410 jihad 1557 00:09:34,410 --> 00:09:34,890 against 1558 00:09:34,890 --> 00:09:35,010 the 1559 00:09:35,010 --> 00:09:35,610 Franks . 1560 00:09:36,090 --> 00:09:36,330 And 1561 00:09:36,680 --> 00:09:36,890 he's 1562 00:09:36,900 --> 00:09:37,140 very 1563 00:09:37,140 --> 00:09:37,350 much 1564 00:09:37,350 --> 00:09:37,710 saying 1565 00:09:37,710 --> 00:09:37,830 in 1566 00:09:37,830 --> 00:09:38,010 his 1567 00:09:38,010 --> 00:09:38,310 book , 1568 00:09:38,310 --> 00:09:38,610 look , 1569 00:09:38,940 --> 00:09:39,230 they're 1570 00:09:39,240 --> 00:09:39,510 white , 1571 00:09:39,510 --> 00:09:39,810 they're 1572 00:09:39,810 --> 00:09:39,960 they're 1573 00:09:39,960 --> 00:09:40,230 not 1574 00:09:40,230 --> 00:09:40,440 that 1575 00:09:40,440 --> 00:09:40,860 strong . 1576 00:09:40,860 --> 00:09:41,040 We 1577 00:09:41,040 --> 00:09:41,310 need 1578 00:09:41,310 --> 00:09:41,460 to 1579 00:09:41,460 --> 00:09:41,820 move 1580 00:09:41,820 --> 00:09:42,270 now . 1581 00:09:43,290 --> 00:09:43,680 But 1582 00:09:43,680 --> 00:09:43,830 the 1583 00:09:43,830 --> 00:09:44,370 political 1584 00:09:44,370 --> 00:09:44,640 will 1585 00:09:44,640 --> 00:09:44,760 is 1586 00:09:44,760 --> 00:09:44,970 just 1587 00:09:44,970 --> 00:09:45,240 not 1588 00:09:45,240 --> 00:09:45,540 there 1589 00:09:45,540 --> 00:09:45,660 in 1590 00:09:45,660 --> 00:09:45,720 the 1591 00:09:45,720 --> 00:09:45,960 way 1592 00:09:45,960 --> 00:09:46,050 that 1593 00:09:46,050 --> 00:09:46,140 it 1594 00:09:46,140 --> 00:09:46,260 would 1595 00:09:46,260 --> 00:09:46,560 need 1596 00:09:46,560 --> 00:09:46,680 to 1597 00:09:46,680 --> 00:09:47,010 be 1598 00:09:47,190 --> 00:09:47,430 in 1599 00:09:47,430 --> 00:09:47,640 order 1600 00:09:47,640 --> 00:09:47,760 to 1601 00:09:47,760 --> 00:09:48,090 make 1602 00:09:48,090 --> 00:09:48,300 that 1603 00:09:48,300 --> 00:09:48,570 move . 1604 00:09:48,570 --> 00:09:48,660 And 1605 00:09:48,660 --> 00:09:48,810 all 1606 00:09:48,810 --> 00:09:48,900 of 1607 00:09:48,900 --> 00:09:49,080 that 1608 00:09:49,080 --> 00:09:49,650 helps 1609 00:09:50,220 --> 00:09:50,340 the 1610 00:09:50,340 --> 00:09:50,730 Crusader 1611 00:09:50,730 --> 00:09:51,270 states . 1612 00:09:52,410 --> 00:09:52,830 Most 1613 00:09:52,830 --> 00:09:53,460 resistance 1614 00:09:53,460 --> 00:09:53,610 is 1615 00:09:53,610 --> 00:09:53,940 shown 1616 00:09:53,940 --> 00:09:54,030 to 1617 00:09:54,030 --> 00:09:54,090 the 1618 00:09:54,090 --> 00:09:54,390 Crusader 1619 00:09:54,390 --> 00:09:54,690 states 1620 00:09:54,690 --> 00:09:54,780 and 1621 00:09:54,780 --> 00:09:54,870 the 1622 00:09:54,870 --> 00:09:55,190 early 1623 00:09:55,190 --> 00:09:55,410 years , 1624 00:09:55,410 --> 00:09:55,470 at 1625 00:09:55,470 --> 00:09:55,800 least 1626 00:09:55,800 --> 00:09:56,100 from 1627 00:09:56,100 --> 00:09:56,670 Egypt , 1628 00:09:56,670 --> 00:09:56,850 which 1629 00:09:56,850 --> 00:09:56,940 is 1630 00:09:56,940 --> 00:09:57,030 an 1631 00:09:57,030 --> 00:09:57,510 empire 1632 00:09:57,510 --> 00:09:57,840 called 1633 00:09:58,140 --> 00:09:58,260 the 1634 00:09:58,260 --> 00:09:58,740 Fatimid 1635 00:09:58,740 --> 00:09:59,400 caliphate . 1636 00:09:59,520 --> 00:09:59,910 But 1637 00:09:59,940 --> 00:10:00,270 even 1638 00:10:00,270 --> 00:10:00,360 though 1639 00:10:00,360 --> 00:10:00,480 they 1640 00:10:00,480 --> 00:10:00,660 send 1641 00:10:00,660 --> 00:10:00,840 some 1642 00:10:00,840 --> 00:10:01,110 big 1643 00:10:01,110 --> 00:10:01,740 armies 1644 00:10:01,740 --> 00:10:02,430 into 1645 00:10:02,430 --> 00:10:02,550 the 1646 00:10:02,550 --> 00:10:03,060 southern 1647 00:10:03,420 --> 00:10:03,810 borders 1648 00:10:03,810 --> 00:10:03,900 of 1649 00:10:03,900 --> 00:10:03,990 the 1650 00:10:03,990 --> 00:10:04,320 kingdom 1651 00:10:04,320 --> 00:10:04,410 of 1652 00:10:04,410 --> 00:10:04,890 Jerusalem , 1653 00:10:04,890 --> 00:10:05,040 which 1654 00:10:05,040 --> 00:10:05,130 is 1655 00:10:05,130 --> 00:10:05,250 the 1656 00:10:05,250 --> 00:10:06,000 southernmost 1657 00:10:06,360 --> 00:10:06,720 crusader 1658 00:10:06,720 --> 00:10:07,160 states , 1659 00:10:07,170 --> 00:10:07,440 those 1660 00:10:07,440 --> 00:10:07,770 armies 1661 00:10:08,010 --> 00:10:08,310 fare 1662 00:10:08,310 --> 00:10:08,760 particularly 1663 00:10:08,760 --> 00:10:09,090 well 1664 00:10:09,090 --> 00:10:09,300 on 1665 00:10:09,300 --> 00:10:09,390 the 1666 00:10:09,390 --> 00:10:09,990 battlefield . 1667 00:10:09,990 --> 00:10:10,080 And 1668 00:10:10,080 --> 00:10:10,170 it 1669 00:10:10,170 --> 00:10:10,440 has 1670 00:10:10,440 --> 00:10:10,560 to 1671 00:10:10,560 --> 00:10:10,800 be 1672 00:10:11,280 --> 00:10:11,970 observed 1673 00:10:11,970 --> 00:10:12,150 that 1674 00:10:12,150 --> 00:10:12,360 by 1675 00:10:12,360 --> 00:10:12,450 the 1676 00:10:12,450 --> 00:10:12,750 time 1677 00:10:12,750 --> 00:10:12,960 they've 1678 00:10:12,960 --> 00:10:13,200 got 1679 00:10:13,200 --> 00:10:13,560 through 1680 00:10:14,130 --> 00:10:14,300 two 1681 00:10:14,370 --> 00:10:14,400 or 1682 00:10:14,400 --> 00:10:14,640 three 1683 00:10:14,640 --> 00:10:14,970 years 1684 00:10:14,970 --> 00:10:15,120 of 1685 00:10:15,120 --> 00:10:15,690 crusade , 1686 00:10:15,690 --> 00:10:15,990 followed 1687 00:10:15,990 --> 00:10:16,260 by 1688 00:10:16,500 --> 00:10:16,860 lots 1689 00:10:16,860 --> 00:10:16,980 of 1690 00:10:16,980 --> 00:10:17,550 conflicts 1691 00:10:17,550 --> 00:10:17,670 that 1692 00:10:17,670 --> 00:10:18,060 followed 1693 00:10:18,060 --> 00:10:18,270 it , 1694 00:10:18,930 --> 00:10:19,110 the 1695 00:10:19,110 --> 00:10:19,830 armies 1696 00:10:19,830 --> 00:10:20,040 that 1697 00:10:20,040 --> 00:10:20,100 are 1698 00:10:20,100 --> 00:10:20,580 left , 1699 00:10:20,700 --> 00:10:21,210 albeit 1700 00:10:21,210 --> 00:10:21,870 small , 1701 00:10:22,320 --> 00:10:22,590 they're 1702 00:10:22,590 --> 00:10:23,160 incredibly 1703 00:10:23,160 --> 00:10:23,670 competent 1704 00:10:23,940 --> 00:10:24,150 on 1705 00:10:24,150 --> 00:10:24,240 the 1706 00:10:24,240 --> 00:10:24,810 battlefield 1707 00:10:24,810 --> 00:10:25,170 because 1708 00:10:25,170 --> 00:10:25,380 they've 1709 00:10:25,380 --> 00:10:25,680 worked 1710 00:10:25,680 --> 00:10:26,070 together 1711 00:10:26,070 --> 00:10:26,220 for 1712 00:10:26,220 --> 00:10:26,700 years 1713 00:10:27,240 --> 00:10:27,480 and 1714 00:10:27,480 --> 00:10:27,660 they've 1715 00:10:27,660 --> 00:10:28,020 built 1716 00:10:28,020 --> 00:10:28,290 up 1717 00:10:28,650 --> 00:10:28,860 their 1718 00:10:28,860 --> 00:10:29,280 knowledge 1719 00:10:29,280 --> 00:10:29,430 and 1720 00:10:29,430 --> 00:10:30,000 skills 1721 00:10:30,000 --> 00:10:30,420 that 1722 00:10:30,420 --> 00:10:30,960 veteran 1723 00:10:30,960 --> 00:10:31,380 warriors 1724 00:10:31,380 --> 00:10:31,470 and 1725 00:10:31,470 --> 00:10:31,740 very 1726 00:10:31,740 --> 00:10:32,130 hard 1727 00:10:32,460 --> 00:10:32,610 to 1728 00:10:32,610 --> 00:10:33,120 defeat . 1729 00:10:33,240 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 1730 00:10:33,240 --> 00:10:33,420 If 1731 00:10:33,420 --> 00:10:33,570 there's 1732 00:10:33,570 --> 00:10:33,810 only 1733 00:10:33,810 --> 00:10:33,870 a 1734 00:10:33,870 --> 00:10:34,110 few 1735 00:10:34,140 --> 00:10:34,530 hundred 1736 00:10:34,890 --> 00:10:35,040 or 1737 00:10:35,050 --> 00:10:35,640 thousand 1738 00:10:36,030 --> 00:10:36,410 against 1739 00:10:36,420 --> 00:10:36,510 an 1740 00:10:36,510 --> 00:10:36,870 entire 1741 00:10:36,870 --> 00:10:37,740 population , 1742 00:10:38,040 --> 00:10:38,190 they 1743 00:10:38,190 --> 00:10:38,400 just 1744 00:10:38,400 --> 00:10:38,760 didn't 1745 00:10:38,790 --> 00:10:39,040 couldn't 1746 00:10:39,060 --> 00:10:39,630 coordinate 1747 00:10:39,630 --> 00:10:39,720 to 1748 00:10:39,720 --> 00:10:39,930 make 1749 00:10:39,930 --> 00:10:39,990 a 1750 00:10:39,990 --> 00:10:40,530 resistance 1751 00:10:40,530 --> 00:10:40,650 to 1752 00:10:40,650 --> 00:10:40,830 get 1753 00:10:40,830 --> 00:10:40,920 the 1754 00:10:40,920 --> 00:10:41,190 land 1755 00:10:41,190 --> 00:10:41,490 back . 1756 00:10:41,520 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 1757 00:10:41,520 --> 00:10:41,730 It's 1758 00:10:41,730 --> 00:10:42,270 interesting , 1759 00:10:42,270 --> 00:10:42,540 the 1760 00:10:42,540 --> 00:10:43,060 local 1761 00:10:43,080 --> 00:10:43,200 the 1762 00:10:43,200 --> 00:10:43,710 underlying 1763 00:10:43,710 --> 00:10:44,700 population 1764 00:10:44,700 --> 00:10:45,000 is 1765 00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:45,540 mixed . 1766 00:10:45,720 --> 00:10:45,890 So 1767 00:10:45,930 --> 00:10:46,050 in 1768 00:10:46,050 --> 00:10:46,230 this 1769 00:10:46,230 --> 00:10:46,470 area , 1770 00:10:46,470 --> 00:10:46,620 you've 1771 00:10:46,620 --> 00:10:46,950 probably 1772 00:10:46,950 --> 00:10:47,110 got 1773 00:10:47,410 --> 00:10:47,510 you've 1774 00:10:47,520 --> 00:10:47,600 got 1775 00:10:47,640 --> 00:10:48,000 large 1776 00:10:48,000 --> 00:10:48,420 Christian 1777 00:10:48,420 --> 00:10:48,510 and 1778 00:10:48,510 --> 00:10:48,870 Muslim 1779 00:10:48,870 --> 00:10:49,410 communities 1780 00:10:49,560 --> 00:10:49,920 across 1781 00:10:49,920 --> 00:10:50,010 the 1782 00:10:50,010 --> 00:10:50,250 Middle 1783 00:10:50,250 --> 00:10:50,520 East 1784 00:10:50,880 --> 00:10:51,090 and 1785 00:10:51,090 --> 00:10:51,210 then 1786 00:10:51,210 --> 00:10:51,600 smaller 1787 00:10:51,600 --> 00:10:52,140 groups 1788 00:10:52,140 --> 00:10:52,710 of 1789 00:10:52,830 --> 00:10:53,040 other 1790 00:10:53,040 --> 00:10:53,340 religious 1791 00:10:53,340 --> 00:10:53,610 groups 1792 00:10:53,610 --> 00:10:53,880 such 1793 00:10:53,880 --> 00:10:54,150 as 1794 00:10:54,930 --> 00:10:55,290 Jewish 1795 00:10:55,290 --> 00:10:55,920 communities 1796 00:10:55,920 --> 00:10:56,070 or 1797 00:10:56,070 --> 00:10:56,280 even 1798 00:10:56,280 --> 00:10:57,180 Zoroastrian 1799 00:10:57,390 --> 00:10:58,110 communities . 1800 00:10:58,860 --> 00:10:59,370 But 1801 00:10:59,400 --> 00:10:59,760 while 1802 00:10:59,760 --> 00:11:00,210 some 1803 00:11:00,210 --> 00:11:00,360 are 1804 00:11:00,360 --> 00:11:01,050 hostile 1805 00:11:01,050 --> 00:11:01,260 to 1806 00:11:01,260 --> 00:11:01,350 the 1807 00:11:01,350 --> 00:11:01,680 Franks , 1808 00:11:01,680 --> 00:11:01,890 not 1809 00:11:01,890 --> 00:11:02,100 all 1810 00:11:02,100 --> 00:11:02,340 of 1811 00:11:02,400 --> 00:11:02,520 the 1812 00:11:02,520 --> 00:11:03,030 Bedouin 1813 00:11:03,030 --> 00:11:03,480 work 1814 00:11:03,480 --> 00:11:03,870 with 1815 00:11:03,870 --> 00:11:03,990 or 1816 00:11:03,990 --> 00:11:04,260 some 1817 00:11:04,260 --> 00:11:04,620 Bedouin 1818 00:11:04,620 --> 00:11:04,920 groups 1819 00:11:04,920 --> 00:11:05,190 work 1820 00:11:05,190 --> 00:11:05,370 with 1821 00:11:05,370 --> 00:11:05,460 the 1822 00:11:05,460 --> 00:11:05,970 Franks , 1823 00:11:06,270 --> 00:11:06,450 who 1824 00:11:06,450 --> 00:11:06,510 are 1825 00:11:06,510 --> 00:11:06,810 very 1826 00:11:06,810 --> 00:11:07,080 early 1827 00:11:07,080 --> 00:11:07,560 stage 1828 00:11:07,920 --> 00:11:08,280 as 1829 00:11:08,280 --> 00:11:08,400 to 1830 00:11:08,400 --> 00:11:08,820 some 1831 00:11:09,390 --> 00:11:09,570 sort 1832 00:11:09,570 --> 00:11:09,720 of 1833 00:11:09,720 --> 00:11:10,530 smaller 1834 00:11:10,860 --> 00:11:11,490 Turkish 1835 00:11:11,490 --> 00:11:12,120 rulers . 1836 00:11:12,480 --> 00:11:12,870 So 1837 00:11:12,870 --> 00:11:13,180 it's 1838 00:11:13,230 --> 00:11:13,410 it's 1839 00:11:13,410 --> 00:11:13,620 never 1840 00:11:13,620 --> 00:11:13,800 quite 1841 00:11:13,800 --> 00:11:13,860 as 1842 00:11:13,860 --> 00:11:14,250 simple 1843 00:11:14,250 --> 00:11:14,400 as 1844 00:11:14,400 --> 00:11:14,550 sort 1845 00:11:14,550 --> 00:11:14,760 of 1846 00:11:14,850 --> 00:11:15,020 just 1847 00:11:15,060 --> 00:11:15,480 Christian 1848 00:11:15,480 --> 00:11:15,870 versus 1849 00:11:15,870 --> 00:11:16,140 Muslim . 1850 00:11:16,140 --> 00:11:16,230 It 1851 00:11:16,230 --> 00:11:16,320 can 1852 00:11:16,320 --> 00:11:16,380 be 1853 00:11:16,380 --> 00:11:16,440 a 1854 00:11:16,440 --> 00:11:16,650 great 1855 00:11:16,650 --> 00:11:16,800 deal 1856 00:11:16,800 --> 00:11:16,950 more 1857 00:11:16,950 --> 00:11:17,460 complex 1858 00:11:17,460 --> 00:11:17,550 than 1859 00:11:17,550 --> 00:11:17,700 that 1860 00:11:17,710 --> 00:11:18,030 on 1861 00:11:18,030 --> 00:11:18,150 the 1862 00:11:18,150 --> 00:11:18,660 ground 1863 00:11:18,900 --> 00:11:19,110 in 1864 00:11:19,110 --> 00:11:19,170 the 1865 00:11:19,170 --> 00:11:19,290 sort 1866 00:11:19,290 --> 00:11:19,350 of 1867 00:11:19,350 --> 00:11:19,440 the 1868 00:11:19,440 --> 00:11:19,830 mix 1869 00:11:19,830 --> 00:11:19,920 of 1870 00:11:19,920 --> 00:11:20,610 alliances 1871 00:11:20,610 --> 00:11:20,730 that 1872 00:11:20,730 --> 00:11:21,090 takes 1873 00:11:21,090 --> 00:11:21,510 place 1874 00:11:22,260 --> 00:11:22,380 for 1875 00:11:22,380 --> 00:11:22,470 the 1876 00:11:22,470 --> 00:11:22,740 vast 1877 00:11:22,740 --> 00:11:23,160 majority 1878 00:11:23,160 --> 00:11:23,220 of 1879 00:11:23,220 --> 00:11:23,280 the 1880 00:11:23,280 --> 00:11:24,080 population . 1881 00:11:24,090 --> 00:11:24,300 As 1882 00:11:24,300 --> 00:11:24,510 long 1883 00:11:24,510 --> 00:11:24,630 as 1884 00:11:24,630 --> 00:11:24,750 the 1885 00:11:24,750 --> 00:11:25,410 crusaders 1886 00:11:25,410 --> 00:11:25,530 or 1887 00:11:25,530 --> 00:11:25,890 Franks 1888 00:11:25,920 --> 00:11:26,280 leaves 1889 00:11:26,280 --> 00:11:26,400 them 1890 00:11:26,400 --> 00:11:26,820 alone , 1891 00:11:26,820 --> 00:11:26,970 they're 1892 00:11:26,970 --> 00:11:27,420 normally 1893 00:11:27,420 --> 00:11:27,780 prepared 1894 00:11:27,780 --> 00:11:27,870 to 1895 00:11:27,870 --> 00:11:28,110 pay 1896 00:11:28,110 --> 00:11:28,260 their 1897 00:11:28,260 --> 00:11:28,920 taxes , 1898 00:11:28,920 --> 00:11:29,070 as 1899 00:11:29,070 --> 00:11:29,190 it 1900 00:11:29,190 --> 00:11:29,490 were . 1901 00:11:29,670 --> 00:11:29,970 And 1902 00:11:29,970 --> 00:11:30,360 so 1903 00:11:30,750 --> 00:11:30,870 a 1904 00:11:30,870 --> 00:11:31,050 sort 1905 00:11:31,050 --> 00:11:31,230 of 1906 00:11:31,230 --> 00:11:31,830 status 1907 00:11:31,830 --> 00:11:32,220 quo 1908 00:11:32,220 --> 00:11:32,730 develops 1909 00:11:32,730 --> 00:11:32,820 is 1910 00:11:32,820 --> 00:11:33,030 not 1911 00:11:33,030 --> 00:11:33,150 that 1912 00:11:33,150 --> 00:11:33,590 either . 1913 00:11:33,930 --> 00:11:34,200 Everyone 1914 00:11:34,200 --> 00:11:34,370 sees 1915 00:11:34,380 --> 00:11:34,500 it 1916 00:11:34,500 --> 00:11:34,740 as 1917 00:11:34,740 --> 00:11:35,040 being 1918 00:11:35,040 --> 00:11:35,640 ideal , 1919 00:11:35,850 --> 00:11:36,000 but 1920 00:11:36,000 --> 00:11:36,540 nonetheless , 1921 00:11:36,540 --> 00:11:36,600 it 1922 00:11:36,600 --> 00:11:36,960 kind 1923 00:11:36,960 --> 00:11:37,110 of 1924 00:11:37,110 --> 00:11:37,770 works . 1925 00:11:37,800 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 1926 00:11:37,800 --> 00:11:38,040 So 1927 00:11:38,040 --> 00:11:38,160 how 1928 00:11:38,160 --> 00:11:38,310 did 1929 00:11:38,310 --> 00:11:38,460 they 1930 00:11:38,460 --> 00:11:38,790 govern ? 1931 00:11:38,800 --> 00:11:38,940 They 1932 00:11:38,940 --> 00:11:39,150 pay 1933 00:11:39,150 --> 00:11:39,270 their 1934 00:11:39,270 --> 00:11:39,630 tax , 1935 00:11:39,630 --> 00:11:39,720 as 1936 00:11:39,720 --> 00:11:39,810 you 1937 00:11:39,810 --> 00:11:40,080 say , 1938 00:11:40,080 --> 00:11:40,200 and 1939 00:11:40,200 --> 00:11:40,440 then 1940 00:11:40,440 --> 00:11:40,560 the 1941 00:11:40,560 --> 00:11:41,010 crusaders , 1942 00:11:41,010 --> 00:11:41,220 left 1943 00:11:41,220 --> 00:11:41,310 them 1944 00:11:41,310 --> 00:11:41,840 alone . 1945 00:11:41,850 --> 00:11:42,030 So 1946 00:11:42,030 --> 00:11:42,120 the 1947 00:11:42,120 --> 00:11:42,780 demographics 1948 00:11:42,780 --> 00:11:42,930 have 1949 00:11:42,930 --> 00:11:43,020 to 1950 00:11:43,020 --> 00:11:43,350 be 1951 00:11:43,380 --> 00:11:43,890 mainly 1952 00:11:43,890 --> 00:11:44,220 local 1953 00:11:44,220 --> 00:11:45,060 population . 1954 00:11:45,420 --> 00:11:45,690 How 1955 00:11:45,690 --> 00:11:45,840 did 1956 00:11:45,840 --> 00:11:45,990 they 1957 00:11:45,990 --> 00:11:46,170 get 1958 00:11:46,170 --> 00:11:46,410 on 1959 00:11:46,410 --> 00:11:46,650 with 1960 00:11:46,650 --> 00:11:46,830 the 1961 00:11:46,830 --> 00:11:47,340 Franks 1962 00:11:47,340 --> 00:11:47,610 as 1963 00:11:47,610 --> 00:11:47,790 they 1964 00:11:47,790 --> 00:11:48,030 were 1965 00:11:48,270 --> 00:11:48,690 governing 1966 00:11:48,690 --> 00:11:48,780 the 1967 00:11:48,780 --> 00:11:49,200 land ? 1968 00:11:49,440 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 1969 00:11:49,440 --> 00:11:49,800 Okay . 1970 00:11:49,800 --> 00:11:50,250 So 1971 00:11:50,250 --> 00:11:50,400 it's 1972 00:11:50,400 --> 00:11:50,670 different 1973 00:11:50,670 --> 00:11:50,730 for 1974 00:11:50,730 --> 00:11:50,960 different 1975 00:11:50,970 --> 00:11:51,480 groups . 1976 00:11:51,720 --> 00:11:52,110 Eastern 1977 00:11:52,110 --> 00:11:52,830 Christians , 1978 00:11:52,830 --> 00:11:53,130 whether 1979 00:11:53,130 --> 00:11:53,880 that's 1980 00:11:53,880 --> 00:11:54,360 Orthodox 1981 00:11:54,360 --> 00:11:54,900 Christians 1982 00:11:54,900 --> 00:11:54,990 or 1983 00:11:54,990 --> 00:11:55,500 Syriac 1984 00:11:55,500 --> 00:11:56,040 Christians 1985 00:11:56,040 --> 00:11:56,190 or 1986 00:11:56,370 --> 00:11:57,030 Armenian 1987 00:11:57,030 --> 00:11:57,540 Christians 1988 00:11:57,540 --> 00:11:57,660 or 1989 00:11:57,660 --> 00:11:58,170 Jacobite 1990 00:11:58,170 --> 00:11:58,530 Christians 1991 00:11:58,530 --> 00:11:58,620 as 1992 00:11:58,620 --> 00:11:58,680 a 1993 00:11:58,680 --> 00:11:58,890 whole 1994 00:11:59,310 --> 00:11:59,700 range 1995 00:11:59,700 --> 00:11:59,820 of 1996 00:11:59,820 --> 00:12:00,270 different 1997 00:12:00,270 --> 00:12:00,660 Christian 1998 00:12:00,660 --> 00:12:01,550 denominations 1999 00:12:01,560 --> 00:12:01,950 in 2000 00:12:01,950 --> 00:12:02,280 the 2001 00:12:02,280 --> 00:12:02,580 East 2002 00:12:03,720 --> 00:12:03,850 where 2003 00:12:03,870 --> 00:12:03,990 the 2004 00:12:03,990 --> 00:12:04,290 vast 2005 00:12:04,290 --> 00:12:04,650 majority 2006 00:12:04,650 --> 00:12:04,890 didn't 2007 00:12:04,890 --> 00:12:05,490 fight 2008 00:12:05,640 --> 00:12:06,180 for 2009 00:12:06,510 --> 00:12:06,810 the 2010 00:12:06,810 --> 00:12:07,660 Franks . 2011 00:12:07,770 --> 00:12:07,860 A 2012 00:12:07,860 --> 00:12:08,220 few 2013 00:12:08,220 --> 00:12:08,490 did . 2014 00:12:08,760 --> 00:12:08,910 The 2015 00:12:08,910 --> 00:12:09,510 Armenian 2016 00:12:09,510 --> 00:12:09,840 groups , 2017 00:12:09,840 --> 00:12:10,020 but 2018 00:12:10,020 --> 00:12:10,140 for 2019 00:12:10,140 --> 00:12:10,230 the 2020 00:12:10,230 --> 00:12:10,440 most 2021 00:12:10,440 --> 00:12:10,560 part 2022 00:12:10,560 --> 00:12:10,620 they 2023 00:12:10,620 --> 00:12:10,770 didn't 2024 00:12:10,770 --> 00:12:11,130 fight 2025 00:12:11,130 --> 00:12:11,400 for 2026 00:12:11,400 --> 00:12:11,550 them , 2027 00:12:11,550 --> 00:12:11,910 although 2028 00:12:12,270 --> 00:12:12,510 there 2029 00:12:12,510 --> 00:12:12,690 may 2030 00:12:12,690 --> 00:12:12,780 have 2031 00:12:12,810 --> 00:12:13,020 been 2032 00:12:13,020 --> 00:12:13,290 some 2033 00:12:13,290 --> 00:12:13,830 recruitment 2034 00:12:13,830 --> 00:12:14,190 there . 2035 00:12:15,060 --> 00:12:15,630 But 2036 00:12:16,080 --> 00:12:16,200 the 2037 00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:16,530 Franks 2038 00:12:16,530 --> 00:12:17,280 themselves , 2039 00:12:17,280 --> 00:12:17,640 they 2040 00:12:17,640 --> 00:12:18,090 were 2041 00:12:18,720 --> 00:12:19,050 happy 2042 00:12:19,050 --> 00:12:19,200 to 2043 00:12:19,200 --> 00:12:19,710 intermarry 2044 00:12:19,710 --> 00:12:20,040 with 2045 00:12:20,040 --> 00:12:20,400 eastern 2046 00:12:20,400 --> 00:12:20,760 Christian 2047 00:12:20,760 --> 00:12:20,970 groups . 2048 00:12:20,970 --> 00:12:21,060 That 2049 00:12:21,060 --> 00:12:21,330 happened 2050 00:12:21,330 --> 00:12:21,630 quite 2051 00:12:21,630 --> 00:12:21,690 a 2052 00:12:21,690 --> 00:12:22,020 lot . 2053 00:12:22,890 --> 00:12:23,340 And 2054 00:12:23,340 --> 00:12:23,610 in 2055 00:12:23,610 --> 00:12:24,180 law , 2056 00:12:24,540 --> 00:12:24,960 Eastern 2057 00:12:24,960 --> 00:12:25,860 Christians 2058 00:12:25,860 --> 00:12:26,400 were 2059 00:12:27,360 --> 00:12:27,750 granted 2060 00:12:27,750 --> 00:12:27,840 the 2061 00:12:27,840 --> 00:12:28,410 protection 2062 00:12:28,410 --> 00:12:28,590 of 2063 00:12:28,590 --> 00:12:28,680 the 2064 00:12:28,680 --> 00:12:29,040 law 2065 00:12:29,280 --> 00:12:29,520 in 2066 00:12:29,520 --> 00:12:29,580 the 2067 00:12:29,580 --> 00:12:29,970 Crusader 2068 00:12:29,970 --> 00:12:30,420 states , 2069 00:12:30,780 --> 00:12:30,960 but 2070 00:12:30,960 --> 00:12:31,050 they 2071 00:12:31,050 --> 00:12:31,200 didn't 2072 00:12:31,200 --> 00:12:31,410 have 2073 00:12:31,410 --> 00:12:31,500 the 2074 00:12:31,500 --> 00:12:31,830 same 2075 00:12:31,830 --> 00:12:32,190 level 2076 00:12:32,190 --> 00:12:32,310 of 2077 00:12:32,310 --> 00:12:33,060 protection 2078 00:12:33,060 --> 00:12:33,480 as 2079 00:12:33,480 --> 00:12:34,020 Frankish 2080 00:12:34,020 --> 00:12:34,590 Christians . 2081 00:12:34,600 --> 00:12:34,920 So 2082 00:12:35,400 --> 00:12:35,520 in 2083 00:12:35,520 --> 00:12:35,760 one 2084 00:12:35,760 --> 00:12:36,000 way 2085 00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:36,360 that 2086 00:12:36,360 --> 00:12:36,690 a 2087 00:12:36,690 --> 00:12:37,440 historian's 2088 00:12:37,440 --> 00:12:38,010 caption 2089 00:12:38,010 --> 00:12:38,130 the 2090 00:12:38,130 --> 00:12:38,670 treatment 2091 00:12:38,670 --> 00:12:38,820 of 2092 00:12:38,820 --> 00:12:39,180 Eastern 2093 00:12:39,180 --> 00:12:39,810 Christians 2094 00:12:39,810 --> 00:12:40,050 by 2095 00:12:40,050 --> 00:12:40,140 the 2096 00:12:40,140 --> 00:12:40,650 Franks 2097 00:12:41,010 --> 00:12:41,580 is 2098 00:12:41,850 --> 00:12:42,050 quite 2099 00:12:42,060 --> 00:12:42,390 neatly , 2100 00:12:42,390 --> 00:12:42,510 I 2101 00:12:42,510 --> 00:12:42,720 think , 2102 00:12:42,720 --> 00:12:42,870 with 2103 00:12:42,870 --> 00:12:42,930 the 2104 00:12:42,930 --> 00:12:43,350 phrase 2105 00:12:43,650 --> 00:12:44,070 wrath 2106 00:12:44,070 --> 00:12:44,850 tolerance 2107 00:12:45,480 --> 00:12:45,630 in 2108 00:12:45,630 --> 00:12:45,750 that 2109 00:12:45,750 --> 00:12:45,900 it's 2110 00:12:45,900 --> 00:12:46,140 not 2111 00:12:46,140 --> 00:12:46,650 equal . 2112 00:12:46,890 --> 00:12:47,040 But 2113 00:12:47,040 --> 00:12:47,130 at 2114 00:12:47,130 --> 00:12:47,220 the 2115 00:12:47,220 --> 00:12:47,550 same 2116 00:12:47,550 --> 00:12:47,910 time , 2117 00:12:48,180 --> 00:12:48,390 they 2118 00:12:48,390 --> 00:12:48,720 kind 2119 00:12:48,720 --> 00:12:48,870 of 2120 00:12:48,870 --> 00:12:49,140 get 2121 00:12:49,140 --> 00:12:49,410 on 2122 00:12:49,530 --> 00:12:49,740 and 2123 00:12:49,740 --> 00:12:49,830 the 2124 00:12:49,830 --> 00:12:50,340 historical 2125 00:12:50,550 --> 00:12:50,730 cross 2126 00:12:50,730 --> 00:12:51,120 Mckevitt 2127 00:12:51,120 --> 00:12:51,240 did 2128 00:12:51,240 --> 00:12:51,300 a 2129 00:12:51,300 --> 00:12:51,600 very 2130 00:12:51,630 --> 00:12:51,840 good 2131 00:12:51,840 --> 00:12:52,200 study 2132 00:12:52,200 --> 00:12:52,380 on 2133 00:12:52,380 --> 00:12:52,680 that , 2134 00:12:52,680 --> 00:12:53,100 but 2135 00:12:53,970 --> 00:12:54,270 that 2136 00:12:54,270 --> 00:12:54,660 seems 2137 00:12:54,660 --> 00:12:54,780 to 2138 00:12:54,780 --> 00:12:54,930 be 2139 00:12:54,930 --> 00:12:55,230 about 2140 00:12:55,230 --> 00:12:55,660 right . 2141 00:12:55,770 --> 00:12:55,980 But 2142 00:12:55,980 --> 00:12:56,130 there 2143 00:12:56,130 --> 00:12:56,220 are 2144 00:12:56,220 --> 00:12:56,430 lots 2145 00:12:56,430 --> 00:12:56,550 of 2146 00:12:56,550 --> 00:12:56,910 areas 2147 00:12:56,910 --> 00:12:57,150 where 2148 00:12:57,150 --> 00:12:57,570 they 2149 00:12:57,570 --> 00:12:57,780 they 2150 00:12:57,780 --> 00:12:58,050 share 2151 00:12:58,050 --> 00:12:58,350 things 2152 00:12:58,350 --> 00:12:58,380 a 2153 00:12:58,380 --> 00:12:58,500 little 2154 00:12:58,500 --> 00:12:58,740 bit . 2155 00:12:59,040 --> 00:12:59,160 They 2156 00:12:59,160 --> 00:12:59,310 get 2157 00:12:59,310 --> 00:12:59,670 married 2158 00:12:59,670 --> 00:13:00,000 state 2159 00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:00,210 of 2160 00:13:00,210 --> 00:13:00,420 live 2161 00:13:00,420 --> 00:13:00,510 in 2162 00:13:00,510 --> 00:13:00,600 the 2163 00:13:00,600 --> 00:13:00,870 same 2164 00:13:00,870 --> 00:13:01,410 areas . 2165 00:13:01,740 --> 00:13:01,890 They 2166 00:13:01,890 --> 00:13:02,100 share 2167 00:13:02,100 --> 00:13:02,670 festivals . 2168 00:13:02,670 --> 00:13:02,790 In 2169 00:13:02,790 --> 00:13:02,970 some 2170 00:13:02,970 --> 00:13:03,270 cases 2171 00:13:03,270 --> 00:13:03,390 they 2172 00:13:03,390 --> 00:13:03,720 worship 2173 00:13:03,720 --> 00:13:03,810 in 2174 00:13:03,810 --> 00:13:03,870 the 2175 00:13:03,870 --> 00:13:04,140 same 2176 00:13:04,140 --> 00:13:04,530 places . 2177 00:13:04,530 --> 00:13:04,650 So 2178 00:13:04,650 --> 00:13:04,800 they 2179 00:13:04,800 --> 00:13:05,280 capital . 2180 00:13:05,310 --> 00:13:05,460 In 2181 00:13:05,460 --> 00:13:05,670 some 2182 00:13:05,670 --> 00:13:06,000 cases 2183 00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:06,150 they 2184 00:13:06,150 --> 00:13:06,360 do . 2185 00:13:06,660 --> 00:13:06,840 So 2186 00:13:06,840 --> 00:13:06,990 there 2187 00:13:06,990 --> 00:13:07,110 is 2188 00:13:07,110 --> 00:13:07,140 a 2189 00:13:07,140 --> 00:13:07,530 degree 2190 00:13:07,530 --> 00:13:07,650 of 2191 00:13:07,650 --> 00:13:08,490 crossover 2192 00:13:08,490 --> 00:13:08,910 that 2193 00:13:09,540 --> 00:13:09,810 in 2194 00:13:09,810 --> 00:13:10,290 terms 2195 00:13:10,320 --> 00:13:10,770 of 2196 00:13:10,800 --> 00:13:10,950 the 2197 00:13:10,950 --> 00:13:11,340 Muslim 2198 00:13:11,340 --> 00:13:12,270 population 2199 00:13:12,270 --> 00:13:12,600 in 2200 00:13:12,600 --> 00:13:12,690 the 2201 00:13:12,690 --> 00:13:13,140 Crusader 2202 00:13:13,140 --> 00:13:13,670 states , 2203 00:13:14,190 --> 00:13:14,400 it's 2204 00:13:14,400 --> 00:13:14,460 a 2205 00:13:14,460 --> 00:13:14,790 slightly 2206 00:13:14,790 --> 00:13:15,300 different 2207 00:13:15,300 --> 00:13:15,810 picture , 2208 00:13:15,990 --> 00:13:16,140 A 2209 00:13:16,140 --> 00:13:16,410 rather 2210 00:13:16,410 --> 00:13:17,100 depends 2211 00:13:17,100 --> 00:13:17,520 on 2212 00:13:17,910 --> 00:13:18,240 which 2213 00:13:18,240 --> 00:13:18,810 particular 2214 00:13:18,810 --> 00:13:19,290 group . 2215 00:13:19,860 --> 00:13:20,070 So 2216 00:13:20,070 --> 00:13:20,160 if 2217 00:13:20,310 --> 00:13:20,400 I 2218 00:13:20,400 --> 00:13:20,700 mentioned 2219 00:13:20,700 --> 00:13:20,760 the 2220 00:13:20,760 --> 00:13:21,120 Bedouin 2221 00:13:21,120 --> 00:13:21,660 already , 2222 00:13:21,660 --> 00:13:22,080 often 2223 00:13:22,080 --> 00:13:22,230 they 2224 00:13:22,230 --> 00:13:22,710 worked 2225 00:13:22,710 --> 00:13:23,040 quite 2226 00:13:23,040 --> 00:13:23,610 closely 2227 00:13:23,610 --> 00:13:23,790 with 2228 00:13:23,790 --> 00:13:23,880 the 2229 00:13:23,880 --> 00:13:24,270 Crusader 2230 00:13:24,270 --> 00:13:24,810 states . 2231 00:13:25,590 --> 00:13:25,950 And 2232 00:13:25,950 --> 00:13:26,220 then 2233 00:13:26,220 --> 00:13:26,370 you 2234 00:13:26,370 --> 00:13:26,760 have 2235 00:13:26,910 --> 00:13:27,270 some 2236 00:13:27,270 --> 00:13:27,720 communities 2237 00:13:27,720 --> 00:13:28,020 such 2238 00:13:28,020 --> 00:13:28,230 as 2239 00:13:28,230 --> 00:13:28,560 the 2240 00:13:28,590 --> 00:13:29,280 Nizari , 2241 00:13:29,340 --> 00:13:29,490 who 2242 00:13:29,490 --> 00:13:29,520 are 2243 00:13:29,520 --> 00:13:29,850 often 2244 00:13:29,850 --> 00:13:30,090 known 2245 00:13:30,090 --> 00:13:30,240 as 2246 00:13:30,240 --> 00:13:30,420 the 2247 00:13:30,420 --> 00:13:31,320 assassins , 2248 00:13:32,340 --> 00:13:32,670 and 2249 00:13:32,670 --> 00:13:32,940 they're 2250 00:13:32,940 --> 00:13:33,900 intensively 2251 00:13:33,900 --> 00:13:34,860 persecuted 2252 00:13:35,190 --> 00:13:35,430 in 2253 00:13:35,430 --> 00:13:35,490 the 2254 00:13:35,490 --> 00:13:36,000 Seljuk 2255 00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:36,690 Sultanate , 2256 00:13:37,410 --> 00:13:37,520 who 2257 00:13:37,650 --> 00:13:38,130 sees 2258 00:13:38,130 --> 00:13:38,340 the 2259 00:13:38,340 --> 00:13:38,910 Nazarene 2260 00:13:38,940 --> 00:13:39,120 as 2261 00:13:39,120 --> 00:13:39,180 a 2262 00:13:39,180 --> 00:13:39,900 substantial 2263 00:13:39,900 --> 00:13:40,380 threat . 2264 00:13:41,190 --> 00:13:41,430 And 2265 00:13:41,430 --> 00:13:41,580 so 2266 00:13:41,580 --> 00:13:41,640 the 2267 00:13:41,640 --> 00:13:42,110 Nizari 2268 00:13:42,180 --> 00:13:42,630 actually 2269 00:13:42,630 --> 00:13:42,870 take 2270 00:13:42,870 --> 00:13:43,680 refuge 2271 00:13:44,370 --> 00:13:44,580 in 2272 00:13:44,580 --> 00:13:44,670 the 2273 00:13:44,700 --> 00:13:45,570 borderlands 2274 00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:46,260 of 2275 00:13:46,260 --> 00:13:46,350 the 2276 00:13:46,350 --> 00:13:46,830 Crusader 2277 00:13:46,830 --> 00:13:47,460 states , 2278 00:13:47,910 --> 00:13:48,090 but 2279 00:13:48,090 --> 00:13:48,180 it 2280 00:13:48,180 --> 00:13:48,750 always 2281 00:13:48,750 --> 00:13:48,930 gets 2282 00:13:48,940 --> 00:13:49,110 old 2283 00:13:49,110 --> 00:13:49,320 with 2284 00:13:49,320 --> 00:13:49,380 the 2285 00:13:49,380 --> 00:13:49,770 Crusader 2286 00:13:49,770 --> 00:13:50,190 states . 2287 00:13:50,190 --> 00:13:50,430 But 2288 00:13:50,430 --> 00:13:50,610 there 2289 00:13:50,610 --> 00:13:50,730 is 2290 00:13:50,730 --> 00:13:50,790 a 2291 00:13:50,790 --> 00:13:51,360 reciprocal 2292 00:13:51,360 --> 00:13:51,960 relationship 2293 00:13:51,960 --> 00:13:52,200 there . 2294 00:13:52,200 --> 00:13:52,620 Sometimes 2295 00:13:52,620 --> 00:13:52,770 they 2296 00:13:52,770 --> 00:13:53,100 fight , 2297 00:13:53,100 --> 00:13:53,580 sometimes 2298 00:13:53,580 --> 00:13:53,850 they 2299 00:13:54,120 --> 00:13:54,450 work 2300 00:13:54,450 --> 00:13:54,810 together , 2301 00:13:54,810 --> 00:13:55,350 sometimes 2302 00:13:55,350 --> 00:13:55,470 they 2303 00:13:55,470 --> 00:13:55,830 conduct 2304 00:13:55,830 --> 00:13:56,490 diplomacy . 2305 00:13:57,000 --> 00:13:57,480 But 2306 00:13:57,870 --> 00:13:58,170 that , 2307 00:13:58,170 --> 00:13:58,590 too , 2308 00:13:58,590 --> 00:13:58,770 is 2309 00:13:58,770 --> 00:13:58,800 a 2310 00:13:58,800 --> 00:13:59,640 complicated 2311 00:13:59,640 --> 00:14:00,450 relationship 2312 00:14:01,290 --> 00:14:01,530 with 2313 00:14:01,530 --> 00:14:01,830 regard 2314 00:14:01,830 --> 00:14:01,920 to 2315 00:14:01,920 --> 00:14:02,070 sort 2316 00:14:02,070 --> 00:14:02,190 of 2317 00:14:02,190 --> 00:14:02,280 the 2318 00:14:02,280 --> 00:14:02,880 broader 2319 00:14:03,570 --> 00:14:03,900 Sunni 2320 00:14:03,900 --> 00:14:04,020 and 2321 00:14:04,020 --> 00:14:04,470 Shia 2322 00:14:04,470 --> 00:14:04,800 muslim 2323 00:14:04,800 --> 00:14:05,520 population 2324 00:14:05,520 --> 00:14:05,760 in 2325 00:14:05,760 --> 00:14:05,880 the 2326 00:14:05,880 --> 00:14:06,270 area . 2327 00:14:07,380 --> 00:14:07,860 Again , 2328 00:14:07,860 --> 00:14:08,130 in 2329 00:14:08,130 --> 00:14:08,460 law , 2330 00:14:08,790 --> 00:14:09,060 it's 2331 00:14:09,060 --> 00:14:09,090 a 2332 00:14:09,090 --> 00:14:09,870 situation 2333 00:14:09,870 --> 00:14:10,230 of 2334 00:14:10,260 --> 00:14:10,740 legal 2335 00:14:10,740 --> 00:14:11,430 inequality 2336 00:14:11,430 --> 00:14:11,610 in 2337 00:14:11,610 --> 00:14:11,970 that 2338 00:14:12,540 --> 00:14:13,020 Muslims 2339 00:14:13,020 --> 00:14:13,150 have 2340 00:14:13,150 --> 00:14:13,170 a 2341 00:14:13,170 --> 00:14:13,740 protection 2342 00:14:13,740 --> 00:14:13,890 of 2343 00:14:13,890 --> 00:14:13,980 the 2344 00:14:13,980 --> 00:14:14,310 law , 2345 00:14:14,310 --> 00:14:14,520 but 2346 00:14:14,520 --> 00:14:14,580 they 2347 00:14:14,580 --> 00:14:14,730 don't 2348 00:14:14,730 --> 00:14:14,940 have 2349 00:14:14,940 --> 00:14:15,030 the 2350 00:14:15,030 --> 00:14:15,330 same 2351 00:14:15,330 --> 00:14:15,630 level 2352 00:14:15,630 --> 00:14:15,750 of 2353 00:14:15,750 --> 00:14:16,440 protection 2354 00:14:16,560 --> 00:14:17,010 as 2355 00:14:17,010 --> 00:14:17,490 Frankish 2356 00:14:17,490 --> 00:14:18,120 Christians . 2357 00:14:18,810 --> 00:14:19,080 And 2358 00:14:19,080 --> 00:14:19,170 in 2359 00:14:19,170 --> 00:14:19,470 many 2360 00:14:19,470 --> 00:14:20,190 cases , 2361 00:14:20,190 --> 00:14:20,490 that 2362 00:14:20,490 --> 00:14:20,700 does 2363 00:14:20,700 --> 00:14:21,030 seem 2364 00:14:21,030 --> 00:14:21,270 to 2365 00:14:21,270 --> 00:14:21,510 have 2366 00:14:21,510 --> 00:14:21,990 been 2367 00:14:22,080 --> 00:14:22,290 an 2368 00:14:22,290 --> 00:14:22,950 underlying 2369 00:14:22,950 --> 00:14:24,090 expectation 2370 00:14:24,660 --> 00:14:25,170 that 2371 00:14:25,530 --> 00:14:26,070 provided 2372 00:14:26,070 --> 00:14:26,220 that 2373 00:14:26,220 --> 00:14:26,550 Muslim 2374 00:14:26,550 --> 00:14:27,000 communities 2375 00:14:27,000 --> 00:14:27,270 paid 2376 00:14:27,270 --> 00:14:27,420 their 2377 00:14:27,420 --> 00:14:27,960 taxes 2378 00:14:27,960 --> 00:14:28,050 and 2379 00:14:28,050 --> 00:14:28,410 didn't 2380 00:14:28,410 --> 00:14:29,010 rebel 2381 00:14:29,190 --> 00:14:29,340 for 2382 00:14:29,340 --> 00:14:29,490 the 2383 00:14:29,490 --> 00:14:29,910 most 2384 00:14:29,910 --> 00:14:30,390 part , 2385 00:14:30,420 --> 00:14:30,630 they 2386 00:14:30,630 --> 00:14:30,750 would 2387 00:14:30,750 --> 00:14:30,900 be 2388 00:14:30,900 --> 00:14:31,260 left 2389 00:14:31,260 --> 00:14:31,650 alone 2390 00:14:31,890 --> 00:14:32,060 and 2391 00:14:32,070 --> 00:14:32,160 has 2392 00:14:32,160 --> 00:14:32,220 a 2393 00:14:32,220 --> 00:14:32,580 vested 2394 00:14:32,580 --> 00:14:32,940 interest 2395 00:14:32,940 --> 00:14:33,060 on 2396 00:14:33,060 --> 00:14:33,300 both 2397 00:14:33,300 --> 00:14:33,660 sides 2398 00:14:33,660 --> 00:14:33,750 to 2399 00:14:33,750 --> 00:14:34,140 maintain 2400 00:14:34,140 --> 00:14:34,230 that 2401 00:14:34,230 --> 00:14:34,380 kind 2402 00:14:34,380 --> 00:14:34,470 of 2403 00:14:34,470 --> 00:14:34,980 relationship . 2404 00:14:34,980 --> 00:14:35,070 The 2405 00:14:35,070 --> 00:14:35,460 Franks 2406 00:14:35,460 --> 00:14:35,640 want 2407 00:14:35,640 --> 00:14:36,180 tax , 2408 00:14:36,330 --> 00:14:36,480 and 2409 00:14:36,480 --> 00:14:36,570 they 2410 00:14:36,570 --> 00:14:36,720 don't 2411 00:14:36,720 --> 00:14:36,960 want 2412 00:14:37,230 --> 00:14:38,010 uprisings 2413 00:14:38,280 --> 00:14:38,390 of 2414 00:14:38,430 --> 00:14:38,520 the 2415 00:14:38,520 --> 00:14:38,760 local 2416 00:14:38,760 --> 00:14:39,330 population , 2417 00:14:39,330 --> 00:14:39,480 want 2418 00:14:39,490 --> 00:14:39,580 to 2419 00:14:39,580 --> 00:14:40,080 maintain 2420 00:14:40,080 --> 00:14:40,230 their 2421 00:14:40,230 --> 00:14:40,680 lands . 2422 00:14:41,430 --> 00:14:41,640 And 2423 00:14:41,640 --> 00:14:41,760 you've 2424 00:14:41,760 --> 00:14:42,030 actually 2425 00:14:42,030 --> 00:14:42,180 got 2426 00:14:42,180 --> 00:14:42,570 a 2427 00:14:42,570 --> 00:14:43,230 pilgrim 2428 00:14:43,470 --> 00:14:44,280 returning 2429 00:14:44,640 --> 00:14:45,060 from 2430 00:14:45,060 --> 00:14:45,600 Hajj 2431 00:14:46,080 --> 00:14:46,380 back 2432 00:14:46,380 --> 00:14:46,620 to 2433 00:14:46,620 --> 00:14:47,040 his 2434 00:14:47,040 --> 00:14:47,490 home 2435 00:14:47,490 --> 00:14:47,880 in 2436 00:14:48,210 --> 00:14:48,750 southern 2437 00:14:48,750 --> 00:14:49,560 Iberia . 2438 00:14:49,770 --> 00:14:49,940 So 2439 00:14:49,950 --> 00:14:50,040 the 2440 00:14:50,040 --> 00:14:50,280 modern 2441 00:14:50,280 --> 00:14:50,460 day 2442 00:14:50,460 --> 00:14:50,880 Spain . 2443 00:14:51,450 --> 00:14:51,580 And 2444 00:14:51,660 --> 00:14:51,810 he 2445 00:14:51,810 --> 00:14:52,110 traveled 2446 00:14:52,110 --> 00:14:52,380 through 2447 00:14:52,380 --> 00:14:52,470 the 2448 00:14:52,470 --> 00:14:52,860 Crusader 2449 00:14:52,860 --> 00:14:53,220 states 2450 00:14:53,220 --> 00:14:53,340 and 2451 00:14:53,340 --> 00:14:53,490 he 2452 00:14:53,490 --> 00:14:54,150 noticed 2453 00:14:54,150 --> 00:14:54,420 with 2454 00:14:54,420 --> 00:14:55,260 surprise 2455 00:14:55,440 --> 00:14:55,770 this 2456 00:14:55,770 --> 00:14:56,100 kind 2457 00:14:56,100 --> 00:14:56,190 of 2458 00:14:56,190 --> 00:14:56,970 relationship 2459 00:14:57,000 --> 00:14:57,270 that 2460 00:14:57,270 --> 00:14:57,720 provides 2461 00:14:57,720 --> 00:14:57,870 they 2462 00:14:57,870 --> 00:14:58,050 pay 2463 00:14:58,050 --> 00:14:58,170 the 2464 00:14:58,170 --> 00:14:58,620 taxes . 2465 00:14:58,620 --> 00:14:58,740 They 2466 00:14:58,740 --> 00:14:58,860 were 2467 00:14:58,860 --> 00:14:59,220 generally 2468 00:14:59,220 --> 00:14:59,520 left 2469 00:14:59,520 --> 00:14:59,880 alone , 2470 00:15:00,090 --> 00:15:00,360 although 2471 00:15:00,360 --> 00:15:00,420 it 2472 00:15:00,750 --> 00:15:01,020 can 2473 00:15:01,020 --> 00:15:01,140 be 2474 00:15:01,140 --> 00:15:01,320 more 2475 00:15:01,320 --> 00:15:01,830 complicated 2476 00:15:01,830 --> 00:15:01,980 than 2477 00:15:01,980 --> 00:15:02,190 that 2478 00:15:02,190 --> 00:15:02,250 in 2479 00:15:02,250 --> 00:15:02,730 individual 2480 00:15:02,730 --> 00:15:03,600 circumstances . 2481 00:15:03,750 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 2482 00:15:03,750 --> 00:15:04,110 Once 2483 00:15:04,110 --> 00:15:04,260 they 2484 00:15:04,260 --> 00:15:04,530 created 2485 00:15:04,530 --> 00:15:04,620 these 2486 00:15:04,620 --> 00:15:04,950 states . 2487 00:15:04,950 --> 00:15:05,070 So 2488 00:15:05,070 --> 00:15:05,120 the 2489 00:15:05,130 --> 00:15:05,340 most 2490 00:15:05,340 --> 00:15:05,400 of 2491 00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:05,490 the 2492 00:15:05,490 --> 00:15:06,000 resistance 2493 00:15:06,000 --> 00:15:06,150 was 2494 00:15:06,150 --> 00:15:06,330 from 2495 00:15:06,330 --> 00:15:06,420 the 2496 00:15:06,420 --> 00:15:06,960 outside , 2497 00:15:06,960 --> 00:15:07,170 not 2498 00:15:07,170 --> 00:15:07,410 from 2499 00:15:07,410 --> 00:15:07,530 the 2500 00:15:07,530 --> 00:15:07,920 inside 2501 00:15:07,920 --> 00:15:07,980 of 2502 00:15:07,980 --> 00:15:08,040 the 2503 00:15:08,040 --> 00:15:08,520 Crusader 2504 00:15:08,520 --> 00:15:08,900 states 2505 00:15:08,900 --> 00:15:09,040 to 2506 00:15:09,060 --> 00:15:09,240 that , 2507 00:15:09,240 --> 00:15:09,390 because 2508 00:15:09,540 --> 00:15:09,720 the 2509 00:15:09,720 --> 00:15:10,140 Crusader 2510 00:15:10,140 --> 00:15:10,440 states 2511 00:15:10,440 --> 00:15:10,540 are 2512 00:15:10,540 --> 00:15:10,590 a 2513 00:15:10,590 --> 00:15:11,010 small 2514 00:15:11,010 --> 00:15:11,490 strip 2515 00:15:11,490 --> 00:15:11,820 along 2516 00:15:11,820 --> 00:15:11,910 the 2517 00:15:11,910 --> 00:15:12,480 coast . 2518 00:15:12,930 --> 00:15:13,110 So 2519 00:15:13,110 --> 00:15:13,260 there 2520 00:15:13,260 --> 00:15:13,440 was 2521 00:15:13,440 --> 00:15:13,710 big 2522 00:15:13,710 --> 00:15:14,280 cities . 2523 00:15:14,400 --> 00:15:15,080 Damascus 2524 00:15:15,090 --> 00:15:15,210 is 2525 00:15:15,210 --> 00:15:15,660 outside 2526 00:15:15,660 --> 00:15:15,720 of 2527 00:15:15,720 --> 00:15:16,020 that . 2528 00:15:16,050 --> 00:15:16,590 Baghdad 2529 00:15:16,590 --> 00:15:16,800 isn't 2530 00:15:16,800 --> 00:15:16,950 too 2531 00:15:16,950 --> 00:15:17,190 far 2532 00:15:17,190 --> 00:15:17,410 away . 2533 00:15:17,430 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 2534 00:15:17,430 --> 00:15:17,550 Were 2535 00:15:17,550 --> 00:15:17,700 there 2536 00:15:17,700 --> 00:15:18,060 other 2537 00:15:18,060 --> 00:15:18,510 Muslim 2538 00:15:18,510 --> 00:15:19,110 leaders 2539 00:15:19,110 --> 00:15:19,320 and 2540 00:15:19,320 --> 00:15:19,830 warlords 2541 00:15:19,830 --> 00:15:19,920 who 2542 00:15:19,920 --> 00:15:20,010 were 2543 00:15:20,010 --> 00:15:20,250 trying 2544 00:15:20,250 --> 00:15:20,460 to 2545 00:15:20,700 --> 00:15:21,030 come 2546 00:15:21,030 --> 00:15:21,150 in 2547 00:15:21,150 --> 00:15:21,240 and 2548 00:15:21,240 --> 00:15:21,510 take 2549 00:15:21,510 --> 00:15:21,720 over 2550 00:15:21,720 --> 00:15:21,930 those 2551 00:15:21,930 --> 00:15:22,350 lands ? 2552 00:15:22,680 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 2553 00:15:22,680 --> 00:15:23,100 Yes . 2554 00:15:23,100 --> 00:15:23,490 So 2555 00:15:23,670 --> 00:15:24,060 in 2556 00:15:24,060 --> 00:15:24,300 some 2557 00:15:24,300 --> 00:15:24,480 ways , 2558 00:15:24,930 --> 00:15:25,110 the 2559 00:15:25,110 --> 00:15:25,440 early 2560 00:15:25,440 --> 00:15:26,040 history 2561 00:15:26,220 --> 00:15:26,580 of 2562 00:15:26,580 --> 00:15:26,670 the 2563 00:15:26,670 --> 00:15:27,270 Crusades 2564 00:15:27,270 --> 00:15:27,360 in 2565 00:15:27,360 --> 00:15:27,450 the 2566 00:15:27,450 --> 00:15:27,810 Crusader 2567 00:15:27,810 --> 00:15:28,290 states 2568 00:15:28,290 --> 00:15:28,440 is 2569 00:15:28,440 --> 00:15:28,500 a 2570 00:15:28,500 --> 00:15:28,830 tale 2571 00:15:28,830 --> 00:15:28,920 of 2572 00:15:28,920 --> 00:15:29,100 two 2573 00:15:29,100 --> 00:15:29,910 invasions 2574 00:15:30,570 --> 00:15:30,900 in 2575 00:15:30,900 --> 00:15:31,440 that 2576 00:15:31,470 --> 00:15:31,710 you've 2577 00:15:31,710 --> 00:15:32,250 obviously 2578 00:15:32,990 --> 00:15:33,300 got 2579 00:15:33,300 --> 00:15:33,390 the 2580 00:15:33,390 --> 00:15:34,140 Crusaders 2581 00:15:34,230 --> 00:15:34,860 advancing 2582 00:15:34,860 --> 00:15:35,010 from 2583 00:15:35,010 --> 00:15:35,070 the 2584 00:15:35,070 --> 00:15:35,340 north 2585 00:15:35,340 --> 00:15:35,640 across 2586 00:15:35,640 --> 00:15:36,300 Anatolia , 2587 00:15:36,330 --> 00:15:36,780 seeking 2588 00:15:36,780 --> 00:15:36,870 to 2589 00:15:36,870 --> 00:15:37,200 conquer 2590 00:15:37,200 --> 00:15:37,530 parts 2591 00:15:37,530 --> 00:15:37,620 of 2592 00:15:37,620 --> 00:15:38,040 Syria 2593 00:15:38,280 --> 00:15:38,580 and 2594 00:15:38,580 --> 00:15:39,030 obviously 2595 00:15:39,030 --> 00:15:39,600 Jerusalem . 2596 00:15:40,200 --> 00:15:40,500 But 2597 00:15:40,500 --> 00:15:40,650 there's 2598 00:15:40,650 --> 00:15:40,890 another 2599 00:15:40,890 --> 00:15:41,280 invasion 2600 00:15:41,280 --> 00:15:41,490 going 2601 00:15:41,490 --> 00:15:41,610 on 2602 00:15:41,610 --> 00:15:41,730 as 2603 00:15:41,730 --> 00:15:41,970 well , 2604 00:15:41,970 --> 00:15:42,060 and 2605 00:15:42,060 --> 00:15:42,210 that 2606 00:15:42,210 --> 00:15:42,840 predates 2607 00:15:42,840 --> 00:15:42,960 the 2608 00:15:42,960 --> 00:15:43,530 crusade 2609 00:15:43,530 --> 00:15:43,920 by 2610 00:15:44,340 --> 00:15:44,450 war 2611 00:15:44,500 --> 00:15:44,640 in 2612 00:15:44,640 --> 00:15:45,060 Syria , 2613 00:15:45,060 --> 00:15:45,120 at 2614 00:15:45,120 --> 00:15:45,480 least 2615 00:15:45,480 --> 00:15:45,720 by 2616 00:15:45,720 --> 00:15:45,750 a 2617 00:15:45,750 --> 00:15:45,960 little 2618 00:15:45,960 --> 00:15:46,100 over 2619 00:15:46,110 --> 00:15:46,380 20 2620 00:15:46,380 --> 00:15:46,890 years . 2621 00:15:47,400 --> 00:15:47,670 And 2622 00:15:47,670 --> 00:15:47,940 that 2623 00:15:47,940 --> 00:15:48,270 is 2624 00:15:48,270 --> 00:15:48,690 that 2625 00:15:49,590 --> 00:15:49,770 in 2626 00:15:49,770 --> 00:15:50,010 around 2627 00:15:50,010 --> 00:15:50,100 the 2628 00:15:50,100 --> 00:15:50,280 year 2629 00:15:50,280 --> 00:15:51,120 1000 2630 00:15:52,110 --> 00:15:52,740 groups 2631 00:15:52,740 --> 00:15:53,220 of 2632 00:15:53,220 --> 00:15:53,640 Turkish 2633 00:15:53,640 --> 00:15:54,120 nomadic 2634 00:15:54,120 --> 00:15:54,600 communities 2635 00:15:54,600 --> 00:15:54,930 began 2636 00:15:54,930 --> 00:15:55,020 to 2637 00:15:55,020 --> 00:15:55,440 move 2638 00:15:55,440 --> 00:15:56,070 south 2639 00:15:56,100 --> 00:15:56,450 out 2640 00:15:56,460 --> 00:15:56,520 of 2641 00:15:56,520 --> 00:15:56,610 the 2642 00:15:56,610 --> 00:15:56,970 Central 2643 00:15:56,970 --> 00:15:57,270 Asian 2644 00:15:57,270 --> 00:15:57,570 steppe 2645 00:15:57,570 --> 00:15:58,020 region . 2646 00:15:58,470 --> 00:15:58,680 And 2647 00:15:58,680 --> 00:15:58,830 in 2648 00:15:58,830 --> 00:15:59,400 time , 2649 00:15:59,400 --> 00:15:59,520 the 2650 00:15:59,520 --> 00:15:59,970 Seljuk 2651 00:15:59,970 --> 00:16:00,450 family 2652 00:16:00,450 --> 00:16:00,930 rose 2653 00:16:00,930 --> 00:16:01,440 to 2654 00:16:01,920 --> 00:16:02,490 lead 2655 00:16:02,490 --> 00:16:03,120 these 2656 00:16:03,120 --> 00:16:03,420 very 2657 00:16:03,420 --> 00:16:03,810 large 2658 00:16:03,810 --> 00:16:04,470 population 2659 00:16:04,470 --> 00:16:04,950 movements , 2660 00:16:04,950 --> 00:16:05,160 which 2661 00:16:05,160 --> 00:16:05,730 ultimately 2662 00:16:05,730 --> 00:16:06,300 conquered 2663 00:16:07,350 --> 00:16:07,470 the 2664 00:16:07,470 --> 00:16:07,770 vast 2665 00:16:07,770 --> 00:16:08,310 majority 2666 00:16:08,310 --> 00:16:08,400 of 2667 00:16:08,400 --> 00:16:08,490 the 2668 00:16:08,490 --> 00:16:08,760 Middle 2669 00:16:08,760 --> 00:16:09,120 East . 2670 00:16:09,780 --> 00:16:10,140 But 2671 00:16:10,140 --> 00:16:10,230 the 2672 00:16:10,230 --> 00:16:10,950 Seljuks 2673 00:16:10,950 --> 00:16:11,160 who 2674 00:16:11,160 --> 00:16:11,400 led 2675 00:16:11,400 --> 00:16:11,640 this 2676 00:16:11,640 --> 00:16:12,420 conquest , 2677 00:16:13,290 --> 00:16:13,500 they're 2678 00:16:13,500 --> 00:16:13,980 incredibly 2679 00:16:13,980 --> 00:16:14,430 powerful . 2680 00:16:14,430 --> 00:16:14,550 They 2681 00:16:14,550 --> 00:16:14,910 conquered 2682 00:16:14,910 --> 00:16:15,000 the 2683 00:16:15,000 --> 00:16:15,360 entire 2684 00:16:15,360 --> 00:16:15,750 region 2685 00:16:15,750 --> 00:16:15,840 and 2686 00:16:15,840 --> 00:16:15,900 then 2687 00:16:16,200 --> 00:16:16,800 displace 2688 00:16:16,800 --> 00:16:16,890 the 2689 00:16:16,890 --> 00:16:17,460 local 2690 00:16:17,490 --> 00:16:17,910 Arab 2691 00:16:17,910 --> 00:16:18,030 or 2692 00:16:18,030 --> 00:16:18,690 Kurdish 2693 00:16:18,690 --> 00:16:19,380 rulers . 2694 00:16:19,830 --> 00:16:19,950 And 2695 00:16:19,950 --> 00:16:20,070 so 2696 00:16:20,070 --> 00:16:20,250 their 2697 00:16:20,250 --> 00:16:20,820 conquerors 2698 00:16:20,820 --> 00:16:21,180 too . 2699 00:16:21,720 --> 00:16:21,930 And 2700 00:16:21,930 --> 00:16:22,020 in 2701 00:16:22,020 --> 00:16:22,140 the 2702 00:16:22,140 --> 00:16:22,470 early 2703 00:16:22,470 --> 00:16:22,830 years 2704 00:16:22,830 --> 00:16:22,890 at 2705 00:16:22,890 --> 00:16:23,400 least , 2706 00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:23,760 that 2707 00:16:23,760 --> 00:16:24,270 either 2708 00:16:25,020 --> 00:16:25,200 they 2709 00:16:25,200 --> 00:16:25,440 still 2710 00:16:25,440 --> 00:16:25,980 maintained 2711 00:16:25,980 --> 00:16:26,190 that 2712 00:16:26,190 --> 00:16:26,310 the 2713 00:16:26,310 --> 00:16:26,670 early 2714 00:16:26,670 --> 00:16:27,330 ancestral 2715 00:16:27,330 --> 00:16:27,900 beliefs 2716 00:16:28,200 --> 00:16:28,410 of 2717 00:16:28,410 --> 00:16:28,470 the 2718 00:16:28,470 --> 00:16:28,830 Central 2719 00:16:28,830 --> 00:16:29,190 Asian 2720 00:16:29,190 --> 00:16:29,580 steppe 2721 00:16:29,910 --> 00:16:30,090 or 2722 00:16:30,090 --> 00:16:30,210 at 2723 00:16:30,210 --> 00:16:30,270 a 2724 00:16:30,270 --> 00:16:30,510 very 2725 00:16:30,510 --> 00:16:30,900 early 2726 00:16:30,900 --> 00:16:31,440 stage 2727 00:16:31,710 --> 00:16:31,920 in 2728 00:16:31,920 --> 00:16:32,070 their 2729 00:16:32,070 --> 00:16:32,640 conversion 2730 00:16:32,640 --> 00:16:32,820 to 2731 00:16:32,820 --> 00:16:33,240 Islam . 2732 00:16:33,450 --> 00:16:33,600 So 2733 00:16:33,600 --> 00:16:33,690 they're 2734 00:16:33,690 --> 00:16:33,840 not 2735 00:16:33,840 --> 00:16:34,500 necessarily 2736 00:16:34,500 --> 00:16:34,830 seen 2737 00:16:34,830 --> 00:16:34,980 as 2738 00:16:35,010 --> 00:16:35,400 being 2739 00:16:35,880 --> 00:16:36,030 a 2740 00:16:36,030 --> 00:16:36,630 familiar 2741 00:16:36,630 --> 00:16:37,140 face 2742 00:16:37,500 --> 00:16:37,890 to 2743 00:16:37,890 --> 00:16:38,220 the 2744 00:16:38,400 --> 00:16:38,850 various 2745 00:16:38,850 --> 00:16:39,000 sort 2746 00:16:39,000 --> 00:16:39,120 of 2747 00:16:39,330 --> 00:16:39,750 Muslim 2748 00:16:39,750 --> 00:16:40,350 dynasties 2749 00:16:40,350 --> 00:16:40,890 and 2750 00:16:41,130 --> 00:16:41,880 territories 2751 00:16:41,880 --> 00:16:42,210 of 2752 00:16:42,210 --> 00:16:42,300 the 2753 00:16:42,300 --> 00:16:42,600 Middle 2754 00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:42,960 East . 2755 00:16:43,680 --> 00:16:43,920 And 2756 00:16:43,920 --> 00:16:44,070 so 2757 00:16:44,070 --> 00:16:44,220 there 2758 00:16:44,220 --> 00:16:44,310 is 2759 00:16:44,310 --> 00:16:45,030 substantial 2760 00:16:45,030 --> 00:16:45,660 resistance 2761 00:16:45,660 --> 00:16:45,780 to 2762 00:16:45,780 --> 00:16:45,870 the 2763 00:16:45,870 --> 00:16:46,320 Seljuks . 2764 00:16:46,320 --> 00:16:46,800 Interestingly 2765 00:16:46,800 --> 00:16:47,130 enough , 2766 00:16:47,130 --> 00:16:47,220 in 2767 00:16:47,220 --> 00:16:47,280 the 2768 00:16:47,280 --> 00:16:47,550 wake 2769 00:16:47,550 --> 00:16:47,640 of 2770 00:16:47,640 --> 00:16:47,730 the 2771 00:16:47,730 --> 00:16:48,060 first 2772 00:16:48,060 --> 00:16:48,690 Crusade , 2773 00:16:49,200 --> 00:16:49,470 because 2774 00:16:49,470 --> 00:16:49,560 the 2775 00:16:49,560 --> 00:16:49,830 first 2776 00:16:49,830 --> 00:16:50,220 crusade 2777 00:16:50,220 --> 00:16:50,310 has 2778 00:16:50,310 --> 00:16:50,670 proved 2779 00:16:50,700 --> 00:16:50,790 the 2780 00:16:50,790 --> 00:16:51,030 siege 2781 00:16:51,030 --> 00:16:51,420 economies 2782 00:16:51,420 --> 00:16:51,570 can 2783 00:16:51,570 --> 00:16:51,660 be 2784 00:16:51,660 --> 00:16:52,230 defeated 2785 00:16:53,010 --> 00:16:53,190 and 2786 00:16:53,190 --> 00:16:53,340 there's 2787 00:16:53,340 --> 00:16:53,400 a 2788 00:16:53,400 --> 00:16:53,730 wave 2789 00:16:53,730 --> 00:16:53,820 of 2790 00:16:53,820 --> 00:16:54,530 rebellions 2791 00:16:54,570 --> 00:16:55,050 following 2792 00:16:55,050 --> 00:16:55,470 that . 2793 00:16:55,950 --> 00:16:56,220 It's 2794 00:16:56,220 --> 00:16:56,250 a 2795 00:16:56,250 --> 00:16:56,880 situation 2796 00:16:56,880 --> 00:16:56,970 in 2797 00:16:56,970 --> 00:16:57,030 the 2798 00:16:57,030 --> 00:16:57,300 wake 2799 00:16:57,300 --> 00:16:57,390 of 2800 00:16:57,390 --> 00:16:57,450 the 2801 00:16:57,450 --> 00:16:57,780 first 2802 00:16:57,780 --> 00:16:58,080 crusade 2803 00:16:58,080 --> 00:16:58,170 where 2804 00:16:58,170 --> 00:16:58,290 you 2805 00:16:58,290 --> 00:16:58,470 have 2806 00:16:58,470 --> 00:16:58,740 two 2807 00:16:58,740 --> 00:16:59,400 conquerors , 2808 00:16:59,430 --> 00:16:59,550 the 2809 00:16:59,550 --> 00:16:59,970 seljuks 2810 00:16:59,970 --> 00:17:00,060 with 2811 00:17:00,060 --> 00:17:00,270 their 2812 00:17:00,270 --> 00:17:00,780 first , 2813 00:17:01,140 --> 00:17:01,320 but 2814 00:17:01,320 --> 00:17:01,470 their 2815 00:17:01,470 --> 00:17:01,860 position 2816 00:17:01,860 --> 00:17:01,950 is 2817 00:17:01,950 --> 00:17:02,130 not 2818 00:17:02,130 --> 00:17:02,640 secure 2819 00:17:02,970 --> 00:17:03,150 and 2820 00:17:03,150 --> 00:17:03,240 the 2821 00:17:03,240 --> 00:17:03,720 crusaders 2822 00:17:03,720 --> 00:17:03,750 are 2823 00:17:03,750 --> 00:17:03,960 there 2824 00:17:03,960 --> 00:17:04,080 as 2825 00:17:04,080 --> 00:17:04,380 well , 2826 00:17:04,680 --> 00:17:04,890 and 2827 00:17:04,890 --> 00:17:05,070 they've 2828 00:17:05,070 --> 00:17:05,430 newly 2829 00:17:05,430 --> 00:17:05,910 arrived 2830 00:17:05,940 --> 00:17:06,150 and 2831 00:17:06,150 --> 00:17:06,300 their 2832 00:17:06,300 --> 00:17:06,660 position 2833 00:17:06,660 --> 00:17:06,750 is 2834 00:17:06,750 --> 00:17:06,930 not 2835 00:17:06,930 --> 00:17:07,350 secure 2836 00:17:07,350 --> 00:17:07,740 either . 2837 00:17:08,310 --> 00:17:08,610 And 2838 00:17:08,610 --> 00:17:09,090 so 2839 00:17:09,180 --> 00:17:09,360 the 2840 00:17:09,360 --> 00:17:09,870 relations 2841 00:17:09,870 --> 00:17:10,110 between 2842 00:17:10,290 --> 00:17:10,650 between 2843 00:17:10,650 --> 00:17:10,890 those 2844 00:17:10,890 --> 00:17:11,310 two 2845 00:17:11,850 --> 00:17:12,120 and 2846 00:17:12,120 --> 00:17:12,390 then 2847 00:17:12,390 --> 00:17:12,510 the 2848 00:17:12,510 --> 00:17:13,140 underlying 2849 00:17:13,140 --> 00:17:14,220 populations 2850 00:17:14,250 --> 00:17:14,850 underneath 2851 00:17:14,850 --> 00:17:15,180 both 2852 00:17:15,210 --> 00:17:15,690 those 2853 00:17:15,690 --> 00:17:16,140 ruling 2854 00:17:16,140 --> 00:17:16,950 factions , 2855 00:17:17,340 --> 00:17:17,580 that 2856 00:17:17,580 --> 00:17:17,850 makes 2857 00:17:17,850 --> 00:17:17,940 for 2858 00:17:17,940 --> 00:17:18,090 a 2859 00:17:18,090 --> 00:17:18,450 very 2860 00:17:18,450 --> 00:17:19,020 complex 2861 00:17:19,020 --> 00:17:19,710 situation . 2862 00:17:19,710 --> 00:17:19,830 And 2863 00:17:19,830 --> 00:17:19,980 I've 2864 00:17:19,980 --> 00:17:20,250 always 2865 00:17:20,250 --> 00:17:20,520 thought 2866 00:17:20,520 --> 00:17:20,610 that 2867 00:17:20,610 --> 00:17:20,820 one 2868 00:17:20,820 --> 00:17:20,880 of 2869 00:17:20,880 --> 00:17:20,970 the 2870 00:17:20,970 --> 00:17:21,390 reasons 2871 00:17:21,390 --> 00:17:21,480 the 2872 00:17:21,480 --> 00:17:21,960 Bedouin 2873 00:17:22,500 --> 00:17:23,190 supported 2874 00:17:23,190 --> 00:17:23,310 the 2875 00:17:23,310 --> 00:17:23,670 Crusader 2876 00:17:23,670 --> 00:17:23,970 states 2877 00:17:23,970 --> 00:17:24,060 in 2878 00:17:24,060 --> 00:17:24,180 their 2879 00:17:24,180 --> 00:17:24,480 early 2880 00:17:24,480 --> 00:17:25,050 years 2881 00:17:25,440 --> 00:17:25,710 is 2882 00:17:25,710 --> 00:17:26,130 probably 2883 00:17:26,130 --> 00:17:26,580 because 2884 00:17:26,580 --> 00:17:26,700 they 2885 00:17:26,700 --> 00:17:26,820 were 2886 00:17:26,820 --> 00:17:27,000 being 2887 00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:27,300 pushed 2888 00:17:27,300 --> 00:17:27,450 off 2889 00:17:27,450 --> 00:17:27,600 their 2890 00:17:27,600 --> 00:17:28,020 grazing 2891 00:17:28,020 --> 00:17:28,500 lands 2892 00:17:28,680 --> 00:17:28,890 by 2893 00:17:28,890 --> 00:17:28,980 the 2894 00:17:28,980 --> 00:17:29,400 incoming 2895 00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:29,910 nomadic 2896 00:17:29,910 --> 00:17:30,510 Turkish 2897 00:17:30,540 --> 00:17:31,110 nomads 2898 00:17:31,110 --> 00:17:31,290 who 2899 00:17:31,290 --> 00:17:31,530 wanted 2900 00:17:31,530 --> 00:17:31,710 those 2901 00:17:31,710 --> 00:17:31,980 lands 2902 00:17:31,980 --> 00:17:32,040 to 2903 00:17:32,040 --> 00:17:32,530 themselves . 2904 00:17:32,560 --> 00:17:32,700 It's 2905 00:17:32,700 --> 00:17:33,240 natural 2906 00:17:33,240 --> 00:17:33,360 for 2907 00:17:33,360 --> 00:17:33,600 them 2908 00:17:33,600 --> 00:17:33,750 to 2909 00:17:33,750 --> 00:17:34,110 align 2910 00:17:34,110 --> 00:17:34,260 with 2911 00:17:34,260 --> 00:17:34,710 someone 2912 00:17:35,010 --> 00:17:35,190 who 2913 00:17:35,190 --> 00:17:35,400 might 2914 00:17:35,400 --> 00:17:35,460 be 2915 00:17:35,460 --> 00:17:35,580 able 2916 00:17:35,580 --> 00:17:35,670 to 2917 00:17:35,670 --> 00:17:35,820 get 2918 00:17:35,820 --> 00:17:35,970 them 2919 00:17:35,970 --> 00:17:36,120 those 2920 00:17:36,120 --> 00:17:36,390 lands 2921 00:17:36,390 --> 00:17:36,750 back . 2922 00:17:37,020 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 2923 00:17:37,020 --> 00:17:37,140 The 2924 00:17:37,140 --> 00:17:37,620 Crusaders 2925 00:17:37,620 --> 00:17:37,890 started 2926 00:17:37,890 --> 00:17:38,040 out 2927 00:17:38,040 --> 00:17:38,310 helping 2928 00:17:38,310 --> 00:17:38,370 the 2929 00:17:38,370 --> 00:17:38,850 Byzantine 2930 00:17:38,850 --> 00:17:39,420 Empire , 2931 00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:39,810 so 2932 00:17:39,810 --> 00:17:39,990 while 2933 00:17:39,990 --> 00:17:40,080 they 2934 00:17:40,080 --> 00:17:40,260 were 2935 00:17:40,260 --> 00:17:40,710 governing 2936 00:17:40,710 --> 00:17:40,800 the 2937 00:17:40,800 --> 00:17:41,280 Crusader 2938 00:17:41,280 --> 00:17:41,820 states , 2939 00:17:41,940 --> 00:17:42,150 Did 2940 00:17:42,150 --> 00:17:42,390 the 2941 00:17:42,390 --> 00:17:42,870 Byzantine 2942 00:17:42,870 --> 00:17:43,230 Empire 2943 00:17:43,230 --> 00:17:43,440 come 2944 00:17:43,440 --> 00:17:43,680 back 2945 00:17:43,680 --> 00:17:43,770 and 2946 00:17:43,770 --> 00:17:44,010 say , 2947 00:17:44,010 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 2948 00:17:44,010 --> 00:17:44,160 Hey , 2949 00:17:44,160 --> 00:17:44,340 this 2950 00:17:44,340 --> 00:17:44,490 is 2951 00:17:44,490 --> 00:17:44,700 our 2952 00:17:44,700 --> 00:17:44,880 land 2953 00:17:44,880 --> 00:17:45,000 that 2954 00:17:45,000 --> 00:17:45,120 you 2955 00:17:45,120 --> 00:17:45,510 conquered 2956 00:17:45,510 --> 00:17:45,690 for 2957 00:17:45,690 --> 00:17:45,990 us , 2958 00:17:45,990 --> 00:17:46,110 and 2959 00:17:46,110 --> 00:17:46,260 try 2960 00:17:46,260 --> 00:17:46,350 to 2961 00:17:46,350 --> 00:17:46,560 take 2962 00:17:46,560 --> 00:17:46,740 that 2963 00:17:46,740 --> 00:17:46,950 land 2964 00:17:46,950 --> 00:17:47,310 back ? 2965 00:17:47,460 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 2966 00:17:47,460 --> 00:17:47,940 Yes , 2967 00:17:48,120 --> 00:17:48,240 the 2968 00:17:48,240 --> 00:17:48,840 Byzantine 2969 00:17:48,840 --> 00:17:49,320 Empire 2970 00:17:49,320 --> 00:17:49,470 is 2971 00:17:49,470 --> 00:17:49,560 the 2972 00:17:49,560 --> 00:17:50,130 direct 2973 00:17:50,130 --> 00:17:50,580 line 2974 00:17:50,580 --> 00:17:51,480 continuation 2975 00:17:52,050 --> 00:17:52,500 of 2976 00:17:52,500 --> 00:17:52,650 the 2977 00:17:52,650 --> 00:17:53,070 Eastern 2978 00:17:53,070 --> 00:17:53,340 Roman 2979 00:17:53,340 --> 00:17:53,720 Empire . 2980 00:17:53,880 --> 00:17:54,060 There's 2981 00:17:54,090 --> 00:17:54,270 no 2982 00:17:54,270 --> 00:17:54,600 break . 2983 00:17:54,600 --> 00:17:54,750 It's 2984 00:17:54,750 --> 00:17:55,050 just 2985 00:17:55,500 --> 00:17:55,620 the 2986 00:17:55,620 --> 00:17:56,010 name 2987 00:17:56,010 --> 00:17:56,700 changes , 2988 00:17:56,700 --> 00:17:57,090 but 2989 00:17:57,420 --> 00:17:57,600 there's 2990 00:17:57,600 --> 00:17:57,780 no 2991 00:17:57,780 --> 00:17:58,440 actual 2992 00:17:58,770 --> 00:17:59,250 rift 2993 00:17:59,250 --> 00:17:59,730 between 2994 00:17:59,940 --> 00:18:00,120 as 2995 00:18:00,120 --> 00:18:00,180 I 2996 00:18:00,180 --> 00:18:00,370 know 2997 00:18:00,480 --> 00:18:00,560 it . 2998 00:18:00,650 --> 00:18:00,790 It 2999 00:18:00,900 --> 00:18:01,230 ceases 3000 00:18:01,230 --> 00:18:01,290 to 3001 00:18:01,290 --> 00:18:01,380 be 3002 00:18:01,380 --> 00:18:01,490 the 3003 00:18:01,500 --> 00:18:01,830 Assyrian 3004 00:18:01,830 --> 00:18:02,070 Empire 3005 00:18:02,070 --> 00:18:02,370 becomes 3006 00:18:02,370 --> 00:18:02,430 the 3007 00:18:02,430 --> 00:18:02,880 Byzantine 3008 00:18:02,880 --> 00:18:03,240 Empire . 3009 00:18:03,750 --> 00:18:03,990 And 3010 00:18:03,990 --> 00:18:04,170 so 3011 00:18:04,170 --> 00:18:04,320 as 3012 00:18:04,320 --> 00:18:04,380 a 3013 00:18:04,380 --> 00:18:04,680 result , 3014 00:18:04,680 --> 00:18:04,740 as 3015 00:18:04,740 --> 00:18:04,890 far 3016 00:18:04,890 --> 00:18:04,980 as 3017 00:18:04,980 --> 00:18:05,040 the 3018 00:18:05,040 --> 00:18:05,700 Byzantines 3019 00:18:05,700 --> 00:18:05,760 are 3020 00:18:05,760 --> 00:18:06,120 concerned , 3021 00:18:06,120 --> 00:18:06,240 they 3022 00:18:06,240 --> 00:18:06,360 have 3023 00:18:06,360 --> 00:18:06,420 a 3024 00:18:06,420 --> 00:18:06,660 right 3025 00:18:06,660 --> 00:18:06,780 to 3026 00:18:06,780 --> 00:18:07,230 rule . 3027 00:18:07,830 --> 00:18:08,340 Much 3028 00:18:08,340 --> 00:18:08,490 of 3029 00:18:08,490 --> 00:18:08,640 the 3030 00:18:08,640 --> 00:18:09,060 area 3031 00:18:09,630 --> 00:18:09,930 and 3032 00:18:10,200 --> 00:18:10,800 formally 3033 00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:10,890 for 3034 00:18:10,890 --> 00:18:11,540 centuries , 3035 00:18:11,540 --> 00:18:11,760 say 3036 00:18:11,760 --> 00:18:12,090 rural 3037 00:18:12,090 --> 00:18:12,480 parts 3038 00:18:12,480 --> 00:18:12,630 of 3039 00:18:12,630 --> 00:18:13,170 Syria 3040 00:18:13,170 --> 00:18:13,440 and 3041 00:18:13,650 --> 00:18:13,950 even 3042 00:18:13,950 --> 00:18:14,130 down 3043 00:18:14,130 --> 00:18:14,250 to 3044 00:18:14,250 --> 00:18:14,520 Egypt 3045 00:18:14,520 --> 00:18:14,610 and 3046 00:18:14,610 --> 00:18:14,820 North 3047 00:18:14,820 --> 00:18:15,330 Africa . 3048 00:18:15,810 --> 00:18:16,200 So 3049 00:18:16,200 --> 00:18:16,290 the 3050 00:18:16,290 --> 00:18:16,920 Byzantines 3051 00:18:16,920 --> 00:18:17,160 do 3052 00:18:17,160 --> 00:18:17,400 see 3053 00:18:17,400 --> 00:18:17,610 this 3054 00:18:17,610 --> 00:18:18,000 area 3055 00:18:18,090 --> 00:18:18,510 as 3056 00:18:18,510 --> 00:18:18,750 being 3057 00:18:18,750 --> 00:18:19,650 historically 3058 00:18:19,680 --> 00:18:20,130 theirs , 3059 00:18:20,130 --> 00:18:20,220 at 3060 00:18:20,220 --> 00:18:20,700 least 3061 00:18:21,270 --> 00:18:21,870 Alexius 3062 00:18:21,870 --> 00:18:21,960 the 3063 00:18:21,960 --> 00:18:22,320 first 3064 00:18:22,320 --> 00:18:23,040 Komnenos . 3065 00:18:23,130 --> 00:18:23,610 He 3066 00:18:24,420 --> 00:18:24,690 was 3067 00:18:24,690 --> 00:18:24,930 part 3068 00:18:24,930 --> 00:18:24,990 of 3069 00:18:24,990 --> 00:18:25,080 the 3070 00:18:25,080 --> 00:18:25,530 call 3071 00:18:25,530 --> 00:18:25,680 for 3072 00:18:25,680 --> 00:18:25,770 the 3073 00:18:25,770 --> 00:18:26,130 first 3074 00:18:26,130 --> 00:18:26,610 crusade , 3075 00:18:26,610 --> 00:18:26,940 trying 3076 00:18:26,940 --> 00:18:27,180 to 3077 00:18:27,180 --> 00:18:27,660 request 3078 00:18:27,660 --> 00:18:27,960 help . 3079 00:18:28,530 --> 00:18:28,680 So 3080 00:18:28,680 --> 00:18:28,770 the 3081 00:18:28,770 --> 00:18:29,280 Crusaders 3082 00:18:29,280 --> 00:18:29,910 arrive 3083 00:18:30,600 --> 00:18:30,870 and 3084 00:18:30,870 --> 00:18:31,470 historians 3085 00:18:31,470 --> 00:18:31,590 have 3086 00:18:31,590 --> 00:18:32,160 generally 3087 00:18:32,160 --> 00:18:32,580 thought 3088 00:18:32,580 --> 00:18:32,760 that 3089 00:18:32,760 --> 00:18:33,300 Alexius 3090 00:18:33,300 --> 00:18:33,750 probably 3091 00:18:33,750 --> 00:18:34,020 wouldn't 3092 00:18:34,020 --> 00:18:34,140 have 3093 00:18:34,140 --> 00:18:34,440 been 3094 00:18:34,440 --> 00:18:35,010 particularly 3095 00:18:35,010 --> 00:18:35,430 pleased 3096 00:18:35,430 --> 00:18:35,610 by 3097 00:18:35,610 --> 00:18:35,700 the 3098 00:18:35,700 --> 00:18:36,060 sight 3099 00:18:36,060 --> 00:18:36,150 of 3100 00:18:36,150 --> 00:18:36,300 this 3101 00:18:36,300 --> 00:18:36,840 enormous 3102 00:18:36,840 --> 00:18:37,290 army 3103 00:18:37,560 --> 00:18:38,190 outside 3104 00:18:38,190 --> 00:18:38,310 the 3105 00:18:38,310 --> 00:18:38,730 walls . 3106 00:18:39,120 --> 00:18:39,570 Yes , 3107 00:18:39,570 --> 00:18:39,720 he 3108 00:18:39,720 --> 00:18:40,080 wanted 3109 00:18:40,080 --> 00:18:40,650 supports , 3110 00:18:40,650 --> 00:18:40,980 but 3111 00:18:41,400 --> 00:18:42,120 historians 3112 00:18:42,120 --> 00:18:42,210 have 3113 00:18:42,210 --> 00:18:42,840 normally 3114 00:18:42,900 --> 00:18:43,380 felt 3115 00:18:43,380 --> 00:18:43,500 that 3116 00:18:43,500 --> 00:18:43,620 he 3117 00:18:43,620 --> 00:18:44,040 probably 3118 00:18:44,040 --> 00:18:44,580 wanted 3119 00:18:45,360 --> 00:18:45,600 two 3120 00:18:45,600 --> 00:18:45,660 or 3121 00:18:45,660 --> 00:18:46,410 3000 3122 00:18:46,410 --> 00:18:47,010 professional 3123 00:18:47,010 --> 00:18:47,460 soldiers 3124 00:18:47,480 --> 00:18:47,630 who 3125 00:18:47,760 --> 00:18:48,000 could 3126 00:18:48,180 --> 00:18:48,840 seamlessly 3127 00:18:48,840 --> 00:18:48,990 be 3128 00:18:48,990 --> 00:18:49,470 integrated 3129 00:18:49,470 --> 00:18:49,620 into 3130 00:18:49,620 --> 00:18:49,800 his 3131 00:18:49,800 --> 00:18:50,250 army , 3132 00:18:50,430 --> 00:18:50,820 rather 3133 00:18:50,820 --> 00:18:51,000 than 3134 00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:51,510 hundreds 3135 00:18:51,510 --> 00:18:51,630 of 3136 00:18:51,630 --> 00:18:52,290 thousands 3137 00:18:52,290 --> 00:18:52,380 of 3138 00:18:52,380 --> 00:18:52,800 people 3139 00:18:53,100 --> 00:18:53,370 with 3140 00:18:53,370 --> 00:18:53,730 large 3141 00:18:53,730 --> 00:18:54,090 numbers 3142 00:18:54,090 --> 00:18:54,180 of 3143 00:18:54,180 --> 00:18:55,200 non-combatants 3144 00:18:55,470 --> 00:18:55,650 who 3145 00:18:55,650 --> 00:18:55,830 have 3146 00:18:55,830 --> 00:18:55,980 their 3147 00:18:55,980 --> 00:18:56,160 own 3148 00:18:56,160 --> 00:18:56,490 ideas 3149 00:18:56,490 --> 00:18:56,640 about 3150 00:18:56,640 --> 00:18:56,820 what 3151 00:18:56,820 --> 00:18:57,000 they're 3152 00:18:57,000 --> 00:18:57,240 doing 3153 00:18:57,240 --> 00:18:57,360 and 3154 00:18:57,360 --> 00:18:57,510 where 3155 00:18:57,510 --> 00:18:57,690 they're 3156 00:18:57,690 --> 00:18:58,050 going . 3157 00:18:58,980 --> 00:18:59,400 So 3158 00:18:59,400 --> 00:18:59,820 things 3159 00:18:59,820 --> 00:19:00,060 do 3160 00:19:00,090 --> 00:19:00,510 get 3161 00:19:00,540 --> 00:19:00,630 a 3162 00:19:00,630 --> 00:19:00,840 little 3163 00:19:00,840 --> 00:19:00,990 bit 3164 00:19:01,020 --> 00:19:01,350 tense 3165 00:19:01,350 --> 00:19:01,440 as 3166 00:19:01,440 --> 00:19:01,650 even 3167 00:19:01,650 --> 00:19:01,830 some 3168 00:19:01,830 --> 00:19:02,460 skirmishes 3169 00:19:02,460 --> 00:19:02,730 fought 3170 00:19:02,730 --> 00:19:03,030 outside 3171 00:19:03,030 --> 00:19:03,120 the 3172 00:19:03,120 --> 00:19:03,720 Byzantine 3173 00:19:03,720 --> 00:19:04,140 capital 3174 00:19:04,140 --> 00:19:04,410 during 3175 00:19:04,410 --> 00:19:04,500 the 3176 00:19:04,500 --> 00:19:04,800 First 3177 00:19:04,800 --> 00:19:05,430 Crusade 3178 00:19:05,460 --> 00:19:05,760 as 3179 00:19:05,760 --> 00:19:06,330 tensions 3180 00:19:06,330 --> 00:19:06,750 emerge . 3181 00:19:07,110 --> 00:19:07,290 But 3182 00:19:07,290 --> 00:19:07,410 the 3183 00:19:07,410 --> 00:19:07,710 bottom 3184 00:19:07,710 --> 00:19:07,950 line 3185 00:19:07,950 --> 00:19:08,130 is 3186 00:19:08,130 --> 00:19:08,700 this 3187 00:19:08,700 --> 00:19:08,880 the 3188 00:19:08,880 --> 00:19:09,510 Crusaders 3189 00:19:09,510 --> 00:19:09,840 agree 3190 00:19:09,840 --> 00:19:09,960 to 3191 00:19:09,960 --> 00:19:10,320 work 3192 00:19:10,320 --> 00:19:10,500 with 3193 00:19:10,500 --> 00:19:10,590 the 3194 00:19:10,590 --> 00:19:11,610 Byzantines 3195 00:19:11,820 --> 00:19:12,240 if 3196 00:19:12,240 --> 00:19:12,600 they 3197 00:19:12,600 --> 00:19:12,720 are 3198 00:19:12,720 --> 00:19:13,050 prepared 3199 00:19:13,050 --> 00:19:13,140 to 3200 00:19:13,140 --> 00:19:13,350 take 3201 00:19:13,350 --> 00:19:13,440 an 3202 00:19:13,440 --> 00:19:13,830 oath 3203 00:19:13,830 --> 00:19:13,950 to 3204 00:19:13,950 --> 00:19:14,070 the 3205 00:19:14,070 --> 00:19:14,820 Byzantine 3206 00:19:14,820 --> 00:19:15,180 Emperor . 3207 00:19:15,180 --> 00:19:15,270 And 3208 00:19:15,270 --> 00:19:15,330 the 3209 00:19:15,330 --> 00:19:15,660 emphasis 3210 00:19:15,660 --> 00:19:15,780 very 3211 00:19:15,780 --> 00:19:16,110 clear 3212 00:19:16,110 --> 00:19:16,260 on 3213 00:19:16,260 --> 00:19:16,620 this , 3214 00:19:16,920 --> 00:19:17,100 and 3215 00:19:17,100 --> 00:19:17,160 in 3216 00:19:17,160 --> 00:19:17,550 return 3217 00:19:17,550 --> 00:19:17,640 the 3218 00:19:17,640 --> 00:19:18,000 Emperor 3219 00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:18,410 offers , 3220 00:19:18,420 --> 00:19:18,720 offers , 3221 00:19:18,720 --> 00:19:19,290 logistical 3222 00:19:19,290 --> 00:19:19,710 support 3223 00:19:19,710 --> 00:19:19,800 and 3224 00:19:19,800 --> 00:19:20,220 supplies 3225 00:19:20,220 --> 00:19:20,310 and 3226 00:19:20,310 --> 00:19:20,580 things 3227 00:19:20,580 --> 00:19:20,730 like 3228 00:19:20,730 --> 00:19:21,090 that . 3229 00:19:21,450 --> 00:19:21,600 A 3230 00:19:21,600 --> 00:19:21,900 key 3231 00:19:21,900 --> 00:19:22,460 clause 3232 00:19:22,470 --> 00:19:22,590 in 3233 00:19:22,590 --> 00:19:23,010 that 3234 00:19:23,040 --> 00:19:23,400 oath 3235 00:19:23,400 --> 00:19:23,550 that 3236 00:19:23,550 --> 00:19:23,730 they're 3237 00:19:23,730 --> 00:19:24,240 expected 3238 00:19:24,240 --> 00:19:24,360 to 3239 00:19:24,360 --> 00:19:24,720 take 3240 00:19:24,720 --> 00:19:24,870 is 3241 00:19:24,870 --> 00:19:24,990 that 3242 00:19:24,990 --> 00:19:25,200 they're 3243 00:19:25,200 --> 00:19:25,560 supposed 3244 00:19:25,560 --> 00:19:25,650 to 3245 00:19:25,650 --> 00:19:26,220 return 3246 00:19:26,520 --> 00:19:26,880 any 3247 00:19:26,880 --> 00:19:27,660 formerly 3248 00:19:27,660 --> 00:19:28,560 Byzantine 3249 00:19:28,560 --> 00:19:29,160 territory . 3250 00:19:29,550 --> 00:19:29,760 And 3251 00:19:29,760 --> 00:19:29,850 I 3252 00:19:29,850 --> 00:19:30,300 suppose 3253 00:19:30,300 --> 00:19:30,450 in 3254 00:19:30,450 --> 00:19:30,840 theory 3255 00:19:30,840 --> 00:19:30,930 the 3256 00:19:30,930 --> 00:19:31,650 Byzantines 3257 00:19:31,650 --> 00:19:32,040 could 3258 00:19:32,220 --> 00:19:32,730 expand 3259 00:19:32,730 --> 00:19:32,880 that 3260 00:19:32,880 --> 00:19:33,000 to 3261 00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:33,200 mean 3262 00:19:33,210 --> 00:19:33,480 pretty 3263 00:19:33,480 --> 00:19:33,720 much 3264 00:19:33,720 --> 00:19:34,200 anywhere . 3265 00:19:34,200 --> 00:19:34,320 But 3266 00:19:34,320 --> 00:19:34,410 the 3267 00:19:34,410 --> 00:19:34,620 thing 3268 00:19:34,620 --> 00:19:34,830 they've 3269 00:19:34,830 --> 00:19:35,160 really 3270 00:19:35,160 --> 00:19:35,340 got 3271 00:19:35,340 --> 00:19:35,610 their 3272 00:19:35,610 --> 00:19:35,790 eye 3273 00:19:35,790 --> 00:19:36,030 on 3274 00:19:36,570 --> 00:19:36,870 is 3275 00:19:36,870 --> 00:19:36,960 the 3276 00:19:36,960 --> 00:19:37,500 territories 3277 00:19:37,500 --> 00:19:37,680 they've 3278 00:19:37,680 --> 00:19:37,920 lost 3279 00:19:37,920 --> 00:19:38,130 very 3280 00:19:38,130 --> 00:19:38,820 recently 3281 00:19:39,060 --> 00:19:39,270 in 3282 00:19:39,270 --> 00:19:39,900 Anatolia 3283 00:19:39,900 --> 00:19:40,070 when 3284 00:19:40,080 --> 00:19:40,190 they 3285 00:19:40,200 --> 00:19:40,560 Turkey , 3286 00:19:41,070 --> 00:19:41,340 but 3287 00:19:41,340 --> 00:19:41,490 in 3288 00:19:41,490 --> 00:19:42,060 particular 3289 00:19:42,060 --> 00:19:42,150 the 3290 00:19:42,150 --> 00:19:42,420 city 3291 00:19:42,420 --> 00:19:42,540 of 3292 00:19:42,540 --> 00:19:43,290 Antioch , 3293 00:19:43,290 --> 00:19:43,650 which 3294 00:19:43,650 --> 00:19:43,890 is 3295 00:19:43,890 --> 00:19:44,130 in 3296 00:19:44,130 --> 00:19:44,370 very 3297 00:19:44,370 --> 00:19:44,510 much 3298 00:19:44,520 --> 00:19:44,610 the 3299 00:19:44,610 --> 00:19:44,970 southern 3300 00:19:44,970 --> 00:19:45,330 borders 3301 00:19:45,330 --> 00:19:45,480 of 3302 00:19:45,480 --> 00:19:45,870 Turkey 3303 00:19:45,870 --> 00:19:46,320 today . 3304 00:19:47,700 --> 00:19:48,000 And 3305 00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:48,210 so 3306 00:19:48,210 --> 00:19:48,360 when 3307 00:19:48,360 --> 00:19:48,450 the 3308 00:19:48,450 --> 00:19:49,020 crusaders 3309 00:19:49,020 --> 00:19:49,500 advance 3310 00:19:49,500 --> 00:19:49,920 across 3311 00:19:49,920 --> 00:19:50,670 Anatolia , 3312 00:19:51,360 --> 00:19:51,630 they 3313 00:19:51,690 --> 00:19:52,050 begin 3314 00:19:52,050 --> 00:19:52,260 by 3315 00:19:52,260 --> 00:19:52,740 handing 3316 00:19:52,740 --> 00:19:53,220 back 3317 00:19:53,280 --> 00:19:53,430 the 3318 00:19:53,430 --> 00:19:53,670 city 3319 00:19:53,670 --> 00:19:53,760 of 3320 00:19:53,760 --> 00:19:54,300 Nicaea , 3321 00:19:54,300 --> 00:19:54,570 which 3322 00:19:54,570 --> 00:19:54,840 they 3323 00:19:54,840 --> 00:19:55,380 conquered , 3324 00:19:55,380 --> 00:19:55,490 that 3325 00:19:55,500 --> 00:19:55,590 the 3326 00:19:55,590 --> 00:19:56,400 Byzantines 3327 00:19:57,060 --> 00:19:57,330 take 3328 00:19:57,330 --> 00:19:57,810 Nicaea 3329 00:19:57,810 --> 00:19:58,170 whilst 3330 00:19:58,170 --> 00:19:58,320 its 3331 00:19:58,320 --> 00:19:58,590 being 3332 00:19:58,590 --> 00:19:59,160 besieged 3333 00:19:59,520 --> 00:19:59,730 by 3334 00:19:59,730 --> 00:19:59,820 the 3335 00:19:59,820 --> 00:20:00,540 Crusaders , 3336 00:20:00,990 --> 00:20:01,140 and 3337 00:20:01,140 --> 00:20:01,260 then 3338 00:20:01,710 --> 00:20:01,980 later 3339 00:20:01,980 --> 00:20:02,070 the 3340 00:20:02,070 --> 00:20:02,490 Crusaders 3341 00:20:02,490 --> 00:20:02,760 move 3342 00:20:02,760 --> 00:20:03,180 south 3343 00:20:03,180 --> 00:20:03,600 towards 3344 00:20:03,600 --> 00:20:04,290 Jerusalem . 3345 00:20:04,620 --> 00:20:04,770 The 3346 00:20:04,770 --> 00:20:05,640 Byzantines 3347 00:20:05,640 --> 00:20:06,000 follow 3348 00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:06,420 behind 3349 00:20:06,420 --> 00:20:06,630 it , 3350 00:20:07,440 --> 00:20:07,860 and 3351 00:20:07,860 --> 00:20:08,100 with 3352 00:20:08,100 --> 00:20:08,190 the 3353 00:20:08,190 --> 00:20:08,610 Crusaders 3354 00:20:08,610 --> 00:20:09,360 defeating 3355 00:20:09,360 --> 00:20:09,510 the 3356 00:20:09,510 --> 00:20:09,810 various 3357 00:20:09,810 --> 00:20:10,470 armies 3358 00:20:10,470 --> 00:20:10,650 who 3359 00:20:10,650 --> 00:20:10,680 are 3360 00:20:10,680 --> 00:20:10,920 sent 3361 00:20:10,920 --> 00:20:11,310 against 3362 00:20:11,310 --> 00:20:11,580 them , 3363 00:20:11,910 --> 00:20:12,060 the 3364 00:20:12,060 --> 00:20:12,780 Byzantines 3365 00:20:12,780 --> 00:20:13,080 decides 3366 00:20:13,080 --> 00:20:13,170 to 3367 00:20:13,170 --> 00:20:13,680 collect 3368 00:20:13,680 --> 00:20:13,800 the 3369 00:20:13,800 --> 00:20:14,190 lands 3370 00:20:14,190 --> 00:20:14,640 basically 3371 00:20:14,640 --> 00:20:14,730 that 3372 00:20:14,730 --> 00:20:14,820 the 3373 00:20:14,820 --> 00:20:15,240 Crusaders 3374 00:20:15,240 --> 00:20:15,300 are 3375 00:20:15,300 --> 00:20:15,720 passing 3376 00:20:15,720 --> 00:20:15,960 through 3377 00:20:16,200 --> 00:20:16,500 and 3378 00:20:16,500 --> 00:20:16,740 to 3379 00:20:16,740 --> 00:20:17,430 consolidate , 3380 00:20:17,430 --> 00:20:17,610 to 3381 00:20:17,610 --> 00:20:18,000 conquer 3382 00:20:18,000 --> 00:20:18,140 any 3383 00:20:18,330 --> 00:20:18,810 remaining 3384 00:20:18,810 --> 00:20:19,440 unconquered 3385 00:20:19,440 --> 00:20:20,070 territories . 3386 00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:20,610 And 3387 00:20:20,610 --> 00:20:20,790 they 3388 00:20:20,790 --> 00:20:21,150 regain 3389 00:20:21,150 --> 00:20:21,210 a 3390 00:20:21,210 --> 00:20:21,330 lot 3391 00:20:21,330 --> 00:20:21,420 of 3392 00:20:21,420 --> 00:20:22,020 territory 3393 00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:22,410 in 3394 00:20:22,410 --> 00:20:23,040 Anatolia 3395 00:20:23,220 --> 00:20:23,550 because 3396 00:20:23,550 --> 00:20:23,730 that 3397 00:20:23,730 --> 00:20:24,270 following 3398 00:20:24,270 --> 00:20:24,540 in 3399 00:20:24,540 --> 00:20:24,630 the 3400 00:20:24,630 --> 00:20:25,020 wake 3401 00:20:25,380 --> 00:20:25,680 of 3402 00:20:25,680 --> 00:20:25,800 the 3403 00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:26,400 crusading 3404 00:20:26,400 --> 00:20:26,880 army . 3405 00:20:27,660 --> 00:20:27,990 And 3406 00:20:27,990 --> 00:20:28,110 so 3407 00:20:28,110 --> 00:20:28,290 that 3408 00:20:28,290 --> 00:20:28,950 works 3409 00:20:28,950 --> 00:20:29,250 very 3410 00:20:29,250 --> 00:20:29,490 well 3411 00:20:29,490 --> 00:20:29,610 for 3412 00:20:29,610 --> 00:20:29,700 the 3413 00:20:29,700 --> 00:20:30,450 Byzantines . 3414 00:20:30,450 --> 00:20:30,570 But 3415 00:20:30,570 --> 00:20:30,930 things 3416 00:20:30,930 --> 00:20:31,230 begin 3417 00:20:31,230 --> 00:20:31,350 to 3418 00:20:31,350 --> 00:20:31,680 come 3419 00:20:31,680 --> 00:20:32,460 unstuck 3420 00:20:32,460 --> 00:20:32,580 in 3421 00:20:32,580 --> 00:20:32,730 that 3422 00:20:32,730 --> 00:20:33,260 relationship 3423 00:20:33,270 --> 00:20:33,540 ship 3424 00:20:34,140 --> 00:20:34,590 during 3425 00:20:34,590 --> 00:20:34,680 the 3426 00:20:34,680 --> 00:20:35,070 siege 3427 00:20:35,070 --> 00:20:35,190 of 3428 00:20:35,190 --> 00:20:35,790 Antioch , 3429 00:20:35,790 --> 00:20:36,030 which 3430 00:20:36,030 --> 00:20:36,210 is 3431 00:20:36,210 --> 00:20:36,390 very 3432 00:20:36,390 --> 00:20:36,600 much 3433 00:20:36,600 --> 00:20:36,690 the 3434 00:20:36,690 --> 00:20:37,020 make 3435 00:20:37,020 --> 00:20:37,170 or 3436 00:20:37,170 --> 00:20:37,530 break 3437 00:20:37,530 --> 00:20:37,950 moment 3438 00:20:37,950 --> 00:20:38,040 of 3439 00:20:38,040 --> 00:20:38,160 the 3440 00:20:38,160 --> 00:20:38,490 first 3441 00:20:38,490 --> 00:20:39,060 crusade , 3442 00:20:39,570 --> 00:20:39,660 the 3443 00:20:39,660 --> 00:20:39,960 siege 3444 00:20:39,960 --> 00:20:40,290 lasts 3445 00:20:40,290 --> 00:20:40,350 a 3446 00:20:40,350 --> 00:20:40,620 seven 3447 00:20:40,620 --> 00:20:40,770 or 3448 00:20:40,770 --> 00:20:40,920 eight 3449 00:20:40,920 --> 00:20:41,430 months . 3450 00:20:42,180 --> 00:20:42,360 It's 3451 00:20:42,360 --> 00:20:42,450 in 3452 00:20:42,450 --> 00:20:42,540 the 3453 00:20:42,540 --> 00:20:42,750 middle 3454 00:20:42,750 --> 00:20:42,870 of 3455 00:20:42,870 --> 00:20:42,930 the 3456 00:20:42,930 --> 00:20:43,380 Syrian 3457 00:20:43,380 --> 00:20:43,770 winter , 3458 00:20:43,770 --> 00:20:43,920 which 3459 00:20:43,920 --> 00:20:44,070 is 3460 00:20:44,070 --> 00:20:44,400 cold 3461 00:20:44,400 --> 00:20:44,520 and 3462 00:20:44,520 --> 00:20:44,880 wet . 3463 00:20:45,450 --> 00:20:45,870 Lots 3464 00:20:45,870 --> 00:20:45,990 of 3465 00:20:45,990 --> 00:20:46,440 crusaders 3466 00:20:46,440 --> 00:20:46,680 die 3467 00:20:46,680 --> 00:20:46,860 from 3468 00:20:46,860 --> 00:20:47,430 exposure 3469 00:20:47,430 --> 00:20:47,580 or 3470 00:20:47,580 --> 00:20:48,210 starvation 3471 00:20:48,210 --> 00:20:48,300 or 3472 00:20:48,300 --> 00:20:48,510 other 3473 00:20:48,510 --> 00:20:48,930 natural 3474 00:20:48,930 --> 00:20:49,410 causes 3475 00:20:49,590 --> 00:20:50,550 alongside 3476 00:20:50,910 --> 00:20:51,450 military 3477 00:20:51,450 --> 00:20:51,990 action . 3478 00:20:52,680 --> 00:20:53,100 And 3479 00:20:53,100 --> 00:20:53,400 although 3480 00:20:53,400 --> 00:20:53,490 the 3481 00:20:53,490 --> 00:20:54,300 Byzantines 3482 00:20:54,300 --> 00:20:54,570 do 3483 00:20:54,570 --> 00:20:54,870 send 3484 00:20:54,870 --> 00:20:55,260 some 3485 00:20:55,260 --> 00:20:56,010 forces 3486 00:20:56,130 --> 00:20:56,490 to 3487 00:20:56,490 --> 00:20:56,940 relieve 3488 00:20:56,940 --> 00:20:57,150 them , 3489 00:20:58,320 --> 00:20:58,530 there 3490 00:20:58,530 --> 00:20:58,920 comes 3491 00:20:58,920 --> 00:20:59,010 a 3492 00:20:59,010 --> 00:20:59,520 point , 3493 00:20:59,790 --> 00:21:00,030 it 3494 00:21:00,030 --> 00:21:00,450 seems , 3495 00:21:00,450 --> 00:21:00,570 where 3496 00:21:00,570 --> 00:21:00,660 the 3497 00:21:00,660 --> 00:21:01,380 Byzantines 3498 00:21:01,380 --> 00:21:02,070 probably 3499 00:21:02,070 --> 00:21:02,460 felt 3500 00:21:02,640 --> 00:21:02,820 that 3501 00:21:02,820 --> 00:21:02,940 the 3502 00:21:02,940 --> 00:21:03,570 Crusaders 3503 00:21:03,570 --> 00:21:03,960 not 3504 00:21:03,960 --> 00:21:04,290 going 3505 00:21:04,290 --> 00:21:04,440 to 3506 00:21:04,440 --> 00:21:05,130 survive . 3507 00:21:06,210 --> 00:21:06,570 And 3508 00:21:06,570 --> 00:21:06,780 this 3509 00:21:06,780 --> 00:21:06,930 is 3510 00:21:06,930 --> 00:21:06,990 a 3511 00:21:06,990 --> 00:21:07,260 very 3512 00:21:07,260 --> 00:21:07,950 contentious 3513 00:21:07,950 --> 00:21:08,460 topic . 3514 00:21:08,820 --> 00:21:09,480 Exactly 3515 00:21:09,480 --> 00:21:09,600 what 3516 00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:09,750 was 3517 00:21:09,750 --> 00:21:09,990 going 3518 00:21:09,990 --> 00:21:10,110 on 3519 00:21:10,110 --> 00:21:10,200 in 3520 00:21:10,200 --> 00:21:10,320 that 3521 00:21:10,320 --> 00:21:11,070 conversation 3522 00:21:11,070 --> 00:21:11,430 isn't 3523 00:21:11,430 --> 00:21:11,850 clear , 3524 00:21:11,850 --> 00:21:12,000 but 3525 00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:12,120 it 3526 00:21:12,120 --> 00:21:12,900 seems 3527 00:21:12,900 --> 00:21:13,050 as 3528 00:21:13,050 --> 00:21:13,260 though 3529 00:21:13,260 --> 00:21:13,380 the 3530 00:21:13,380 --> 00:21:14,100 Crusaders 3531 00:21:14,350 --> 00:21:14,580 on 3532 00:21:14,580 --> 00:21:14,670 the 3533 00:21:14,670 --> 00:21:14,970 verge 3534 00:21:14,970 --> 00:21:15,060 of 3535 00:21:15,060 --> 00:21:15,450 falling 3536 00:21:15,450 --> 00:21:15,840 apart 3537 00:21:15,840 --> 00:21:15,960 and 3538 00:21:15,960 --> 00:21:16,050 the 3539 00:21:16,050 --> 00:21:16,680 Crusaders 3540 00:21:17,070 --> 00:21:17,490 therefore 3541 00:21:17,490 --> 00:21:17,940 accused 3542 00:21:17,940 --> 00:21:18,030 the 3543 00:21:18,030 --> 00:21:18,690 Byzantines 3544 00:21:18,690 --> 00:21:18,810 of 3545 00:21:18,810 --> 00:21:19,050 not 3546 00:21:19,050 --> 00:21:19,590 supplying 3547 00:21:19,590 --> 00:21:19,740 them 3548 00:21:19,740 --> 00:21:19,920 with 3549 00:21:19,920 --> 00:21:20,190 the 3550 00:21:20,370 --> 00:21:20,940 assistance 3551 00:21:20,940 --> 00:21:21,120 they 3552 00:21:21,120 --> 00:21:21,720 require 3553 00:21:22,290 --> 00:21:22,680 at 3554 00:21:22,680 --> 00:21:22,770 the 3555 00:21:22,770 --> 00:21:23,310 critical 3556 00:21:23,310 --> 00:21:23,610 moment 3557 00:21:23,610 --> 00:21:23,760 where 3558 00:21:23,760 --> 00:21:23,910 they're 3559 00:21:23,910 --> 00:21:24,030 in 3560 00:21:24,030 --> 00:21:24,420 most 3561 00:21:24,420 --> 00:21:24,870 need 3562 00:21:25,560 --> 00:21:25,620 of 3563 00:21:25,800 --> 00:21:25,980 the 3564 00:21:25,980 --> 00:21:26,790 Byzantines . 3565 00:21:27,240 --> 00:21:27,420 So 3566 00:21:27,420 --> 00:21:27,720 that 3567 00:21:27,720 --> 00:21:28,080 part 3568 00:21:28,320 --> 00:21:28,860 rejects 3569 00:21:28,860 --> 00:21:29,100 this 3570 00:21:29,100 --> 00:21:29,220 and 3571 00:21:29,220 --> 00:21:29,310 the 3572 00:21:29,310 --> 00:21:29,700 debate 3573 00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:29,820 on 3574 00:21:29,820 --> 00:21:29,970 that 3575 00:21:29,970 --> 00:21:30,210 goes 3576 00:21:30,210 --> 00:21:30,510 round 3577 00:21:30,510 --> 00:21:30,630 and 3578 00:21:30,630 --> 00:21:30,960 round . 3579 00:21:30,960 --> 00:21:31,050 But 3580 00:21:31,050 --> 00:21:31,140 the 3581 00:21:31,140 --> 00:21:31,500 point 3582 00:21:31,500 --> 00:21:31,860 is 3583 00:21:32,340 --> 00:21:32,610 when 3584 00:21:32,610 --> 00:21:32,670 the 3585 00:21:32,670 --> 00:21:33,150 crusaders 3586 00:21:33,150 --> 00:21:33,450 do 3587 00:21:33,450 --> 00:21:34,020 ultimately 3588 00:21:34,020 --> 00:21:34,410 take 3589 00:21:34,410 --> 00:21:35,010 Antioch , 3590 00:21:35,700 --> 00:21:35,880 they 3591 00:21:35,880 --> 00:21:36,300 refuse 3592 00:21:36,300 --> 00:21:36,390 to 3593 00:21:36,390 --> 00:21:36,570 give 3594 00:21:36,570 --> 00:21:36,660 it 3595 00:21:36,660 --> 00:21:36,990 back 3596 00:21:36,990 --> 00:21:37,260 because 3597 00:21:37,260 --> 00:21:37,410 they 3598 00:21:37,410 --> 00:21:37,730 sent 3599 00:21:37,740 --> 00:21:37,920 their 3600 00:21:37,920 --> 00:21:38,280 oath 3601 00:21:38,280 --> 00:21:38,460 to 3602 00:21:38,460 --> 00:21:38,550 the 3603 00:21:38,550 --> 00:21:39,090 Byzantine 3604 00:21:39,090 --> 00:21:39,450 Emperor 3605 00:21:39,600 --> 00:21:39,870 has 3606 00:21:39,870 --> 00:21:40,260 already 3607 00:21:40,260 --> 00:21:40,440 been 3608 00:21:40,440 --> 00:21:40,830 rendered 3609 00:21:40,830 --> 00:21:41,250 void . 3610 00:21:42,240 --> 00:21:42,480 And 3611 00:21:42,480 --> 00:21:42,660 that 3612 00:21:42,660 --> 00:21:43,140 creates 3613 00:21:43,140 --> 00:21:43,200 a 3614 00:21:43,200 --> 00:21:43,470 line 3615 00:21:43,470 --> 00:21:43,590 of 3616 00:21:43,590 --> 00:21:44,160 tension , 3617 00:21:45,210 --> 00:21:45,870 particularly 3618 00:21:45,870 --> 00:21:46,260 between 3619 00:21:46,260 --> 00:21:46,350 the 3620 00:21:46,350 --> 00:21:46,920 Franks 3621 00:21:46,920 --> 00:21:47,100 who 3622 00:21:47,110 --> 00:21:47,700 taken 3623 00:21:47,700 --> 00:21:48,120 rule 3624 00:21:48,120 --> 00:21:48,780 Antioch 3625 00:21:48,780 --> 00:21:49,290 becoming 3626 00:21:49,560 --> 00:21:49,710 the 3627 00:21:49,710 --> 00:21:50,520 principality 3628 00:21:50,520 --> 00:21:50,670 of 3629 00:21:50,670 --> 00:21:51,240 Antioch . 3630 00:21:51,840 --> 00:21:52,080 That 3631 00:21:52,080 --> 00:21:52,410 creates 3632 00:21:52,410 --> 00:21:52,470 a 3633 00:21:52,470 --> 00:21:52,680 lot 3634 00:21:52,680 --> 00:21:52,770 of 3635 00:21:52,770 --> 00:21:53,140 tension 3636 00:21:53,140 --> 00:21:53,250 that 3637 00:21:53,250 --> 00:21:53,430 just 3638 00:21:53,430 --> 00:21:53,850 runs 3639 00:21:53,850 --> 00:21:53,970 and 3640 00:21:53,970 --> 00:21:54,330 runs 3641 00:21:54,330 --> 00:21:54,450 and 3642 00:21:54,450 --> 00:21:55,080 runs 3643 00:21:55,650 --> 00:21:55,920 with 3644 00:21:55,920 --> 00:21:56,010 the 3645 00:21:56,010 --> 00:21:56,550 Byzantine 3646 00:21:56,550 --> 00:21:56,880 emperors 3647 00:21:56,880 --> 00:21:57,000 who 3648 00:21:57,000 --> 00:21:57,390 feel 3649 00:21:57,390 --> 00:21:57,480 they 3650 00:21:57,480 --> 00:21:57,630 have 3651 00:21:57,630 --> 00:21:57,690 a 3652 00:21:57,690 --> 00:21:57,960 right 3653 00:21:57,960 --> 00:21:58,170 to 3654 00:21:58,170 --> 00:21:58,380 it , 3655 00:21:58,560 --> 00:21:58,740 and 3656 00:21:58,740 --> 00:21:58,830 the 3657 00:21:58,830 --> 00:21:59,220 princes 3658 00:21:59,220 --> 00:21:59,340 of 3659 00:21:59,340 --> 00:21:59,940 Antioch 3660 00:22:00,090 --> 00:22:00,270 who 3661 00:22:00,270 --> 00:22:00,570 feel 3662 00:22:00,570 --> 00:22:00,720 they 3663 00:22:00,720 --> 00:22:00,840 have 3664 00:22:00,840 --> 00:22:00,870 a 3665 00:22:00,870 --> 00:22:01,140 right 3666 00:22:01,140 --> 00:22:01,290 to 3667 00:22:01,290 --> 00:22:01,410 it 3668 00:22:01,410 --> 00:22:01,740 too , 3669 00:22:01,830 --> 00:22:02,160 and 3670 00:22:02,160 --> 00:22:02,340 other 3671 00:22:02,340 --> 00:22:02,670 rulers 3672 00:22:02,670 --> 00:22:02,820 in 3673 00:22:02,820 --> 00:22:03,360 place 3674 00:22:04,230 --> 00:22:04,540 as 3675 00:22:04,540 --> 00:22:04,680 so 3676 00:22:04,680 --> 00:22:04,800 the 3677 00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:05,100 other 3678 00:22:05,100 --> 00:22:05,520 Crusader 3679 00:22:05,520 --> 00:22:06,000 states , 3680 00:22:06,300 --> 00:22:06,420 the 3681 00:22:06,420 --> 00:22:07,080 Byzantines , 3682 00:22:07,080 --> 00:22:07,140 are 3683 00:22:07,140 --> 00:22:07,680 much , 3684 00:22:07,680 --> 00:22:08,040 much 3685 00:22:08,040 --> 00:22:08,490 more 3686 00:22:08,520 --> 00:22:09,030 willing 3687 00:22:09,030 --> 00:22:09,240 to 3688 00:22:09,240 --> 00:22:09,540 be 3689 00:22:09,540 --> 00:22:10,200 broadly 3690 00:22:10,200 --> 00:22:11,010 supportive , 3691 00:22:11,370 --> 00:22:11,850 provided 3692 00:22:11,850 --> 00:22:12,210 that 3693 00:22:12,360 --> 00:22:12,740 certain 3694 00:22:12,810 --> 00:22:13,320 conditions 3695 00:22:13,320 --> 00:22:13,380 are 3696 00:22:13,380 --> 00:22:13,710 met 3697 00:22:13,830 --> 00:22:14,010 in 3698 00:22:14,010 --> 00:22:14,310 later 3699 00:22:14,310 --> 00:22:14,550 years . 3700 00:22:14,550 --> 00:22:14,700 So 3701 00:22:14,700 --> 00:22:14,820 the 3702 00:22:14,820 --> 00:22:15,120 Kingdom 3703 00:22:15,120 --> 00:22:15,210 of 3704 00:22:15,210 --> 00:22:15,810 Jerusalem 3705 00:22:16,140 --> 00:22:16,440 and 3706 00:22:16,440 --> 00:22:16,560 the 3707 00:22:16,560 --> 00:22:16,920 county 3708 00:22:16,920 --> 00:22:17,040 of 3709 00:22:17,040 --> 00:22:17,520 Tripoli , 3710 00:22:17,520 --> 00:22:17,730 which 3711 00:22:17,730 --> 00:22:17,970 is 3712 00:22:18,270 --> 00:22:18,960 essentially 3713 00:22:18,960 --> 00:22:19,110 the 3714 00:22:19,110 --> 00:22:19,590 northern 3715 00:22:19,590 --> 00:22:19,860 part 3716 00:22:19,860 --> 00:22:19,920 of 3717 00:22:19,920 --> 00:22:20,220 modern 3718 00:22:20,220 --> 00:22:20,370 day 3719 00:22:20,820 --> 00:22:21,300 Lebanon 3720 00:22:21,480 --> 00:22:21,630 and 3721 00:22:21,630 --> 00:22:21,720 the 3722 00:22:21,720 --> 00:22:22,410 southwestern 3723 00:22:22,410 --> 00:22:22,800 part 3724 00:22:22,800 --> 00:22:23,010 of 3725 00:22:23,280 --> 00:22:23,580 modern 3726 00:22:23,580 --> 00:22:23,790 day 3727 00:22:23,790 --> 00:22:24,270 Syria , 3728 00:22:24,870 --> 00:22:25,380 relations 3729 00:22:25,380 --> 00:22:25,770 that 3730 00:22:25,770 --> 00:22:25,980 are 3731 00:22:25,980 --> 00:22:26,430 also 3732 00:22:26,430 --> 00:22:26,730 fairly 3733 00:22:26,730 --> 00:22:27,150 positive 3734 00:22:27,150 --> 00:22:27,300 with 3735 00:22:27,330 --> 00:22:28,170 Byzantines 3736 00:22:29,040 --> 00:22:29,310 throughout 3737 00:22:29,310 --> 00:22:29,550 much 3738 00:22:29,550 --> 00:22:29,640 of 3739 00:22:29,640 --> 00:22:29,790 their 3740 00:22:29,790 --> 00:22:30,330 history . 3741 00:22:30,330 --> 00:22:30,690 So 3742 00:22:31,050 --> 00:22:31,260 it's 3743 00:22:31,260 --> 00:22:31,320 a 3744 00:22:31,320 --> 00:22:31,620 mixed 3745 00:22:31,620 --> 00:22:31,950 picture . 3746 00:22:31,950 --> 00:22:32,130 But 3747 00:22:32,760 --> 00:22:32,850 the 3748 00:22:32,850 --> 00:22:33,030 sort 3749 00:22:33,030 --> 00:22:33,060 of 3750 00:22:33,090 --> 00:22:33,870 origins 3751 00:22:33,900 --> 00:22:34,200 of 3752 00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:34,350 that 3753 00:22:34,350 --> 00:22:35,070 relationship , 3754 00:22:35,070 --> 00:22:35,280 we . 3755 00:22:35,280 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 3756 00:22:35,280 --> 00:22:35,390 You 3757 00:22:35,390 --> 00:22:35,580 can't 3758 00:22:35,580 --> 00:22:35,940 visit 3759 00:22:36,360 --> 00:22:36,780 those 3760 00:22:36,780 --> 00:22:37,290 crusader 3761 00:22:37,290 --> 00:22:37,650 states 3762 00:22:37,650 --> 00:22:37,740 that 3763 00:22:37,740 --> 00:22:37,800 are 3764 00:22:37,800 --> 00:22:38,010 not 3765 00:22:38,010 --> 00:22:38,490 nations 3766 00:22:38,490 --> 00:22:38,850 today . 3767 00:22:38,850 --> 00:22:39,030 So 3768 00:22:39,030 --> 00:22:39,180 what 3769 00:22:39,180 --> 00:22:39,360 was 3770 00:22:39,360 --> 00:22:39,450 the 3771 00:22:39,570 --> 00:22:40,020 beginning 3772 00:22:40,020 --> 00:22:40,110 of 3773 00:22:40,110 --> 00:22:40,170 the 3774 00:22:40,170 --> 00:22:40,740 downfall 3775 00:22:40,740 --> 00:22:40,860 for 3776 00:22:40,860 --> 00:22:41,040 them ? 3777 00:22:41,040 --> 00:22:41,220 How 3778 00:22:41,220 --> 00:22:41,520 long 3779 00:22:41,520 --> 00:22:41,640 were 3780 00:22:41,640 --> 00:22:42,000 they 3781 00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:42,660 states ? 3782 00:22:43,020 --> 00:22:43,260 And 3783 00:22:43,260 --> 00:22:43,380 then 3784 00:22:43,380 --> 00:22:43,650 where 3785 00:22:43,650 --> 00:22:43,830 did 3786 00:22:43,830 --> 00:22:43,920 the 3787 00:22:43,920 --> 00:22:44,460 resistance 3788 00:22:44,460 --> 00:22:44,700 come 3789 00:22:44,700 --> 00:22:44,910 from 3790 00:22:44,910 --> 00:22:45,060 if 3791 00:22:45,060 --> 00:22:45,150 it 3792 00:22:45,150 --> 00:22:45,390 didn't 3793 00:22:45,390 --> 00:22:45,630 come 3794 00:22:45,630 --> 00:22:45,870 from 3795 00:22:45,870 --> 00:22:46,290 within ? 3796 00:22:46,290 --> 00:22:46,470 That 3797 00:22:46,470 --> 00:22:46,860 started 3798 00:22:46,860 --> 00:22:46,950 the 3799 00:22:46,950 --> 00:22:47,700 downfall 3800 00:22:47,700 --> 00:22:48,220 of 3801 00:22:48,240 --> 00:22:48,330 the 3802 00:22:48,330 --> 00:22:48,780 Crusader 3803 00:22:48,780 --> 00:22:49,260 states . 3804 00:22:50,040 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 3805 00:22:50,040 --> 00:22:50,400 Okay . 3806 00:22:50,400 --> 00:22:50,610 Yeah , 3807 00:22:50,640 --> 00:22:50,820 great 3808 00:22:50,820 --> 00:22:51,210 question . 3809 00:22:51,420 --> 00:22:51,780 So 3810 00:22:52,260 --> 00:22:52,350 for 3811 00:22:52,350 --> 00:22:52,440 the 3812 00:22:52,440 --> 00:22:52,950 first 3813 00:22:53,100 --> 00:22:53,460 30 3814 00:22:53,460 --> 00:22:53,940 years , 3815 00:22:54,270 --> 00:22:54,390 the 3816 00:22:54,390 --> 00:22:54,750 Crusader 3817 00:22:54,750 --> 00:22:55,020 states 3818 00:22:55,020 --> 00:22:55,080 are 3819 00:22:55,080 --> 00:22:55,170 on 3820 00:22:55,170 --> 00:22:55,230 the 3821 00:22:55,230 --> 00:22:55,500 front 3822 00:22:55,500 --> 00:22:55,860 foot . 3823 00:22:56,460 --> 00:22:56,610 They 3824 00:22:56,610 --> 00:22:56,760 win 3825 00:22:56,760 --> 00:22:57,000 most 3826 00:22:57,000 --> 00:22:57,060 of 3827 00:22:57,060 --> 00:22:57,120 the 3828 00:22:57,120 --> 00:22:57,540 battles . 3829 00:22:57,540 --> 00:22:57,660 They're 3830 00:22:57,660 --> 00:22:58,050 taking 3831 00:22:58,080 --> 00:22:58,680 territory . 3832 00:22:59,100 --> 00:22:59,340 There's 3833 00:22:59,340 --> 00:22:59,820 various 3834 00:22:59,820 --> 00:23:00,330 reasons 3835 00:23:00,330 --> 00:23:00,450 for 3836 00:23:00,450 --> 00:23:00,870 that . 3837 00:23:01,200 --> 00:23:01,650 The 3838 00:23:01,650 --> 00:23:01,980 fact 3839 00:23:01,980 --> 00:23:02,160 that 3840 00:23:02,160 --> 00:23:02,280 the 3841 00:23:02,280 --> 00:23:02,880 generation 3842 00:23:02,880 --> 00:23:03,000 of 3843 00:23:03,000 --> 00:23:03,090 the 3844 00:23:03,090 --> 00:23:03,420 first 3845 00:23:03,420 --> 00:23:03,870 crusade 3846 00:23:03,870 --> 00:23:03,960 is 3847 00:23:03,960 --> 00:23:04,260 still 3848 00:23:04,260 --> 00:23:04,800 around 3849 00:23:05,160 --> 00:23:05,400 and 3850 00:23:05,400 --> 00:23:05,580 can 3851 00:23:05,580 --> 00:23:05,970 pass 3852 00:23:05,970 --> 00:23:06,240 on 3853 00:23:06,270 --> 00:23:06,420 a 3854 00:23:06,420 --> 00:23:06,750 great 3855 00:23:06,750 --> 00:23:06,960 deal 3856 00:23:06,960 --> 00:23:07,050 of 3857 00:23:07,050 --> 00:23:07,350 knowledge 3858 00:23:07,350 --> 00:23:07,470 and 3859 00:23:07,470 --> 00:23:08,070 experience 3860 00:23:08,070 --> 00:23:08,430 seems 3861 00:23:08,430 --> 00:23:08,550 to 3862 00:23:08,550 --> 00:23:08,640 have 3863 00:23:08,640 --> 00:23:08,820 been 3864 00:23:08,820 --> 00:23:08,880 a 3865 00:23:08,880 --> 00:23:09,390 factor . 3866 00:23:10,140 --> 00:23:10,530 Another 3867 00:23:10,530 --> 00:23:10,950 factor 3868 00:23:10,950 --> 00:23:11,250 is 3869 00:23:11,250 --> 00:23:11,760 that 3870 00:23:11,760 --> 00:23:12,030 there's 3871 00:23:12,030 --> 00:23:12,240 not 3872 00:23:12,240 --> 00:23:12,540 much 3873 00:23:12,540 --> 00:23:13,590 consolidation , 3874 00:23:14,370 --> 00:23:14,940 particularly 3875 00:23:14,940 --> 00:23:15,090 in 3876 00:23:15,090 --> 00:23:15,630 Syria 3877 00:23:15,630 --> 00:23:15,990 among 3878 00:23:15,990 --> 00:23:16,080 the 3879 00:23:16,080 --> 00:23:16,710 various 3880 00:23:16,710 --> 00:23:17,160 Turkish 3881 00:23:17,160 --> 00:23:17,490 rulers 3882 00:23:17,490 --> 00:23:17,580 that 3883 00:23:17,580 --> 00:23:17,730 they 3884 00:23:17,730 --> 00:23:18,180 face 3885 00:23:18,180 --> 00:23:18,360 on 3886 00:23:18,360 --> 00:23:18,480 their 3887 00:23:18,480 --> 00:23:18,840 eastern 3888 00:23:18,840 --> 00:23:19,440 frontier . 3889 00:23:20,250 --> 00:23:20,370 The 3890 00:23:20,370 --> 00:23:20,670 Franks 3891 00:23:20,670 --> 00:23:20,940 managed 3892 00:23:20,940 --> 00:23:21,000 to 3893 00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:21,360 defeat 3894 00:23:21,360 --> 00:23:21,450 the 3895 00:23:21,450 --> 00:23:21,900 Fatimid 3896 00:23:21,900 --> 00:23:22,320 empire 3897 00:23:22,320 --> 00:23:22,500 in 3898 00:23:22,500 --> 00:23:23,030 Egypt , 3899 00:23:23,070 --> 00:23:23,370 many 3900 00:23:23,370 --> 00:23:23,880 battlefield 3901 00:23:23,880 --> 00:23:24,600 encounters 3902 00:23:24,990 --> 00:23:25,230 and 3903 00:23:25,230 --> 00:23:25,410 from 3904 00:23:25,410 --> 00:23:25,620 about 3905 00:23:25,620 --> 00:23:26,580 1105 3906 00:23:26,580 --> 00:23:27,240 onwards , 3907 00:23:27,420 --> 00:23:27,690 there's 3908 00:23:27,690 --> 00:23:27,960 not 3909 00:23:27,960 --> 00:23:28,320 much 3910 00:23:28,320 --> 00:23:28,890 fighting 3911 00:23:28,890 --> 00:23:29,100 in 3912 00:23:29,100 --> 00:23:29,190 the 3913 00:23:29,190 --> 00:23:29,550 South , 3914 00:23:29,550 --> 00:23:29,760 which 3915 00:23:29,760 --> 00:23:30,330 consolidates 3916 00:23:30,330 --> 00:23:30,450 as 3917 00:23:30,450 --> 00:23:30,780 southern 3918 00:23:30,780 --> 00:23:31,350 borders 3919 00:23:31,920 --> 00:23:32,160 and 3920 00:23:32,160 --> 00:23:32,250 the 3921 00:23:32,250 --> 00:23:32,730 momentum 3922 00:23:32,730 --> 00:23:32,820 of 3923 00:23:32,820 --> 00:23:33,450 conquest 3924 00:23:33,450 --> 00:23:33,900 carries 3925 00:23:33,900 --> 00:23:34,110 them 3926 00:23:34,110 --> 00:23:34,820 forwards 3927 00:23:35,670 --> 00:23:36,000 where 3928 00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:36,090 the 3929 00:23:36,090 --> 00:23:36,750 franks 3930 00:23:36,750 --> 00:23:37,230 begin 3931 00:23:37,230 --> 00:23:37,380 to 3932 00:23:37,380 --> 00:23:37,710 come 3933 00:23:38,280 --> 00:23:38,510 in . 3934 00:23:38,520 --> 00:23:38,610 The 3935 00:23:38,610 --> 00:23:39,420 difficulty 3936 00:23:39,810 --> 00:23:40,110 is 3937 00:23:40,110 --> 00:23:40,380 once 3938 00:23:40,380 --> 00:23:40,530 they 3939 00:23:40,530 --> 00:23:40,860 start 3940 00:23:40,860 --> 00:23:41,040 to 3941 00:23:41,040 --> 00:23:41,610 reach 3942 00:23:41,610 --> 00:23:41,880 the 3943 00:23:41,880 --> 00:23:42,660 borders 3944 00:23:42,930 --> 00:23:43,230 of 3945 00:23:43,230 --> 00:23:43,350 the 3946 00:23:43,350 --> 00:23:43,650 big 3947 00:23:43,650 --> 00:23:44,190 Syrian 3948 00:23:44,190 --> 00:23:44,670 cities 3949 00:23:44,670 --> 00:23:44,880 of 3950 00:23:45,150 --> 00:23:45,660 Aleppo 3951 00:23:45,660 --> 00:23:45,780 in 3952 00:23:45,780 --> 00:23:45,870 the 3953 00:23:45,870 --> 00:23:46,200 north 3954 00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:46,290 and 3955 00:23:46,290 --> 00:23:46,860 Damascus 3956 00:23:46,860 --> 00:23:46,950 in 3957 00:23:46,950 --> 00:23:47,040 the 3958 00:23:47,040 --> 00:23:47,400 south . 3959 00:23:47,400 --> 00:23:47,490 Now 3960 00:23:47,490 --> 00:23:47,670 these 3961 00:23:47,670 --> 00:23:47,760 are 3962 00:23:47,760 --> 00:23:48,060 really 3963 00:23:48,060 --> 00:23:48,330 big 3964 00:23:48,330 --> 00:23:48,900 cities 3965 00:23:49,560 --> 00:23:49,800 by 3966 00:23:49,800 --> 00:23:50,190 medieval 3967 00:23:50,190 --> 00:23:50,820 standards , 3968 00:23:51,120 --> 00:23:51,390 maybe 3969 00:23:51,390 --> 00:23:51,480 as 3970 00:23:51,480 --> 00:23:51,690 many 3971 00:23:51,690 --> 00:23:51,780 as 3972 00:23:51,780 --> 00:23:52,770 60,000 3973 00:23:52,770 --> 00:23:53,670 population , 3974 00:23:53,700 --> 00:23:53,970 which 3975 00:23:53,970 --> 00:23:54,120 is 3976 00:23:54,120 --> 00:23:54,690 huge 3977 00:23:55,140 --> 00:23:55,380 by 3978 00:23:55,380 --> 00:23:55,500 the 3979 00:23:55,500 --> 00:23:55,860 standards 3980 00:23:55,860 --> 00:23:55,950 of 3981 00:23:55,950 --> 00:23:56,040 the 3982 00:23:56,040 --> 00:23:56,340 day . 3983 00:23:56,610 --> 00:23:56,730 And 3984 00:23:56,730 --> 00:23:56,910 just 3985 00:23:56,910 --> 00:23:57,000 the 3986 00:23:57,000 --> 00:23:57,720 context . 3987 00:23:58,420 --> 00:23:58,890 Armies 3988 00:23:58,890 --> 00:23:59,280 deployed 3989 00:23:59,280 --> 00:23:59,400 by 3990 00:23:59,400 --> 00:23:59,460 the 3991 00:23:59,460 --> 00:23:59,820 Crusader 3992 00:23:59,820 --> 00:24:00,240 states 3993 00:24:00,570 --> 00:24:00,810 in 3994 00:24:00,810 --> 00:24:01,080 this 3995 00:24:01,080 --> 00:24:01,350 era 3996 00:24:01,350 --> 00:24:01,620 never 3997 00:24:01,620 --> 00:24:01,830 got 3998 00:24:01,830 --> 00:24:02,070 bigger 3999 00:24:02,070 --> 00:24:02,190 than 4000 00:24:02,190 --> 00:24:02,430 about 4001 00:24:02,430 --> 00:24:03,270 10,000 . 4002 00:24:03,270 --> 00:24:03,660 So 4003 00:24:03,810 --> 00:24:03,990 they're 4004 00:24:03,990 --> 00:24:04,260 looking 4005 00:24:04,260 --> 00:24:04,380 at 4006 00:24:04,380 --> 00:24:04,860 tackling 4007 00:24:04,860 --> 00:24:05,280 cities 4008 00:24:05,280 --> 00:24:05,400 where 4009 00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:05,490 the 4010 00:24:05,490 --> 00:24:05,760 very 4011 00:24:06,030 --> 00:24:06,870 population , 4012 00:24:06,870 --> 00:24:07,260 before 4013 00:24:07,260 --> 00:24:07,410 you 4014 00:24:07,410 --> 00:24:07,620 bring 4015 00:24:07,620 --> 00:24:07,710 in 4016 00:24:07,710 --> 00:24:07,860 any 4017 00:24:07,860 --> 00:24:08,130 really 4018 00:24:08,150 --> 00:24:08,640 reforms 4019 00:24:08,640 --> 00:24:08,670 or 4020 00:24:08,670 --> 00:24:08,880 anyone 4021 00:24:08,880 --> 00:24:09,150 else 4022 00:24:09,450 --> 00:24:09,720 is 4023 00:24:09,720 --> 00:24:10,080 still 4024 00:24:10,080 --> 00:24:10,410 six 4025 00:24:10,410 --> 00:24:10,800 times 4026 00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:11,220 larger 4027 00:24:11,460 --> 00:24:11,640 than 4028 00:24:11,640 --> 00:24:11,730 the 4029 00:24:11,730 --> 00:24:12,030 army 4030 00:24:12,030 --> 00:24:12,420 attacking 4031 00:24:12,420 --> 00:24:12,690 it . 4032 00:24:13,470 --> 00:24:13,680 They 4033 00:24:13,680 --> 00:24:14,040 struggled 4034 00:24:14,040 --> 00:24:14,190 to 4035 00:24:14,190 --> 00:24:14,520 conquer 4036 00:24:14,520 --> 00:24:14,700 those 4037 00:24:14,700 --> 00:24:15,180 cities 4038 00:24:15,480 --> 00:24:15,780 with 4039 00:24:15,780 --> 00:24:15,990 their 4040 00:24:15,990 --> 00:24:16,380 failure 4041 00:24:16,380 --> 00:24:16,530 to 4042 00:24:16,530 --> 00:24:16,770 do 4043 00:24:16,770 --> 00:24:17,190 so . 4044 00:24:17,430 --> 00:24:17,580 The 4045 00:24:17,580 --> 00:24:17,940 tide 4046 00:24:17,940 --> 00:24:18,300 began 4047 00:24:18,300 --> 00:24:18,420 to 4048 00:24:18,420 --> 00:24:18,840 turn 4049 00:24:18,840 --> 00:24:18,960 a 4050 00:24:18,960 --> 00:24:19,260 bit . 4051 00:24:19,260 --> 00:24:19,410 That 4052 00:24:19,410 --> 00:24:19,530 was 4053 00:24:19,530 --> 00:24:19,650 sort 4054 00:24:19,650 --> 00:24:19,710 of 4055 00:24:19,710 --> 00:24:19,800 the 4056 00:24:19,800 --> 00:24:20,160 moment 4057 00:24:20,160 --> 00:24:20,250 of 4058 00:24:20,250 --> 00:24:20,640 which 4059 00:24:21,330 --> 00:24:21,480 I 4060 00:24:21,480 --> 00:24:21,750 believe 4061 00:24:21,750 --> 00:24:21,840 the 4062 00:24:21,840 --> 00:24:22,260 military 4063 00:24:22,260 --> 00:24:22,650 jargon 4064 00:24:22,650 --> 00:24:22,770 is 4065 00:24:22,770 --> 00:24:22,890 to 4066 00:24:22,890 --> 00:24:23,460 culminate . 4067 00:24:23,460 --> 00:24:23,730 Their 4068 00:24:24,180 --> 00:24:24,840 invasions 4069 00:24:24,840 --> 00:24:25,650 culminated . 4070 00:24:25,800 --> 00:24:26,220 After 4071 00:24:26,220 --> 00:24:26,430 that 4072 00:24:26,430 --> 00:24:26,580 you 4073 00:24:26,580 --> 00:24:26,820 have 4074 00:24:26,820 --> 00:24:26,910 the 4075 00:24:26,910 --> 00:24:27,510 beginnings 4076 00:24:27,510 --> 00:24:27,630 of 4077 00:24:27,630 --> 00:24:28,470 consolidation 4078 00:24:28,470 --> 00:24:28,680 in 4079 00:24:28,680 --> 00:24:29,190 Syria 4080 00:24:29,190 --> 00:24:29,340 with 4081 00:24:29,340 --> 00:24:29,400 the 4082 00:24:29,400 --> 00:24:29,850 rise 4083 00:24:29,880 --> 00:24:30,210 of 4084 00:24:30,210 --> 00:24:30,300 a 4085 00:24:30,300 --> 00:24:30,600 ruler 4086 00:24:30,600 --> 00:24:30,870 called 4087 00:24:30,870 --> 00:24:31,430 Ascending . 4088 00:24:31,560 --> 00:24:31,830 He's 4089 00:24:31,830 --> 00:24:32,070 a 4090 00:24:32,070 --> 00:24:32,430 Turkish 4091 00:24:32,430 --> 00:24:32,700 ruler 4092 00:24:32,700 --> 00:24:32,790 and 4093 00:24:32,790 --> 00:24:32,940 he 4094 00:24:32,940 --> 00:24:33,360 manages 4095 00:24:33,360 --> 00:24:33,660 to 4096 00:24:33,660 --> 00:24:33,960 build 4097 00:24:33,960 --> 00:24:34,080 up 4098 00:24:34,080 --> 00:24:34,140 a 4099 00:24:34,140 --> 00:24:34,950 powerbase 4100 00:24:35,730 --> 00:24:36,480 across 4101 00:24:36,480 --> 00:24:37,140 Syria 4102 00:24:37,140 --> 00:24:37,500 and 4103 00:24:37,500 --> 00:24:37,620 the 4104 00:24:37,620 --> 00:24:38,250 Jazeera , 4105 00:24:38,250 --> 00:24:38,550 which 4106 00:24:38,550 --> 00:24:38,700 is 4107 00:24:38,700 --> 00:24:38,820 the 4108 00:24:38,820 --> 00:24:39,120 area 4109 00:24:39,120 --> 00:24:39,210 of 4110 00:24:39,210 --> 00:24:39,420 land 4111 00:24:39,420 --> 00:24:39,690 between 4112 00:24:39,690 --> 00:24:39,780 the 4113 00:24:39,810 --> 00:24:40,350 Euphrates 4114 00:24:40,350 --> 00:24:40,440 and 4115 00:24:40,440 --> 00:24:40,860 Tigris 4116 00:24:40,860 --> 00:24:41,160 River 4117 00:24:41,460 --> 00:24:41,670 all 4118 00:24:41,670 --> 00:24:41,760 the 4119 00:24:41,760 --> 00:24:41,880 way 4120 00:24:41,880 --> 00:24:42,240 across 4121 00:24:42,240 --> 00:24:42,390 to 4122 00:24:42,390 --> 00:24:42,840 Mosul . 4123 00:24:43,500 --> 00:24:43,770 And 4124 00:24:43,770 --> 00:24:43,980 with 4125 00:24:43,980 --> 00:24:44,190 that 4126 00:24:44,190 --> 00:24:44,400 big 4127 00:24:44,400 --> 00:24:44,820 empire 4128 00:24:44,820 --> 00:24:44,940 that 4129 00:24:44,940 --> 00:24:45,090 he's 4130 00:24:45,090 --> 00:24:45,450 carved 4131 00:24:45,450 --> 00:24:45,540 out 4132 00:24:45,540 --> 00:24:45,630 of 4133 00:24:45,630 --> 00:24:45,960 Muslim 4134 00:24:45,960 --> 00:24:46,560 territory 4135 00:24:46,860 --> 00:24:47,100 that 4136 00:24:47,100 --> 00:24:47,460 gives 4137 00:24:47,460 --> 00:24:47,640 him 4138 00:24:47,640 --> 00:24:48,510 enormous 4139 00:24:48,510 --> 00:24:49,080 military 4140 00:24:49,080 --> 00:24:49,560 force , 4141 00:24:49,920 --> 00:24:50,220 which 4142 00:24:50,220 --> 00:24:50,670 tipped 4143 00:24:50,670 --> 00:24:50,910 the 4144 00:24:50,910 --> 00:24:51,360 balance 4145 00:24:51,360 --> 00:24:51,480 of 4146 00:24:51,480 --> 00:24:51,810 power 4147 00:24:51,810 --> 00:24:52,050 very 4148 00:24:52,050 --> 00:24:52,530 much 4149 00:24:52,530 --> 00:24:52,770 in 4150 00:24:52,770 --> 00:24:53,040 his 4151 00:24:53,040 --> 00:24:53,520 favor . 4152 00:24:53,850 --> 00:24:54,030 Now , 4153 00:24:54,030 --> 00:24:54,240 he's 4154 00:24:54,240 --> 00:24:54,420 not 4155 00:24:54,420 --> 00:24:54,540 that 4156 00:24:54,540 --> 00:24:55,230 interested 4157 00:24:55,770 --> 00:24:56,040 in 4158 00:24:56,040 --> 00:24:56,490 fighting 4159 00:24:56,490 --> 00:24:56,580 the 4160 00:24:56,580 --> 00:24:56,940 Franks . 4161 00:24:56,940 --> 00:24:57,000 He 4162 00:24:57,000 --> 00:24:57,150 does 4163 00:24:57,150 --> 00:24:57,240 it 4164 00:24:57,240 --> 00:24:57,930 occasionally , 4165 00:24:57,930 --> 00:24:58,050 but 4166 00:24:58,050 --> 00:24:58,230 not 4167 00:24:58,230 --> 00:24:58,470 very 4168 00:24:58,470 --> 00:24:58,920 much . 4169 00:24:59,460 --> 00:24:59,670 But 4170 00:24:59,670 --> 00:25:00,510 nonetheless , 4171 00:25:00,510 --> 00:25:00,720 it 4172 00:25:00,720 --> 00:25:00,990 means 4173 00:25:00,990 --> 00:25:01,110 there's 4174 00:25:01,110 --> 00:25:01,230 going 4175 00:25:01,230 --> 00:25:01,290 to 4176 00:25:01,290 --> 00:25:01,350 be 4177 00:25:01,350 --> 00:25:01,530 no 4178 00:25:01,530 --> 00:25:01,740 more 4179 00:25:01,740 --> 00:25:02,460 expansion 4180 00:25:02,460 --> 00:25:02,610 for 4181 00:25:02,610 --> 00:25:02,670 the 4182 00:25:02,670 --> 00:25:03,180 Franks 4183 00:25:03,180 --> 00:25:03,420 on 4184 00:25:03,420 --> 00:25:03,630 that 4185 00:25:03,630 --> 00:25:04,260 frontier . 4186 00:25:05,070 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 4187 00:25:05,070 --> 00:25:05,400 And 4188 00:25:05,400 --> 00:25:05,700 under 4189 00:25:05,700 --> 00:25:05,910 his 4190 00:25:05,910 --> 00:25:06,300 son 4191 00:25:06,300 --> 00:25:06,570 called 4192 00:25:06,570 --> 00:25:06,870 Nur 4193 00:25:06,870 --> 00:25:07,050 al 4194 00:25:07,050 --> 00:25:07,410 Din , 4195 00:25:07,590 --> 00:25:07,660 Nur 4196 00:25:07,660 --> 00:25:07,800 al-DIn 4197 00:25:07,810 --> 00:25:07,850 are 4198 00:25:07,850 --> 00:25:08,030 other 4199 00:25:08,040 --> 00:25:08,610 begins 4200 00:25:08,610 --> 00:25:08,760 to 4201 00:25:08,760 --> 00:25:09,120 make 4202 00:25:09,120 --> 00:25:09,570 more 4203 00:25:09,570 --> 00:25:10,320 inroads 4204 00:25:10,410 --> 00:25:10,710 on 4205 00:25:10,710 --> 00:25:10,770 the 4206 00:25:10,770 --> 00:25:11,160 acquisitive 4207 00:25:11,160 --> 00:25:11,520 states , 4208 00:25:11,520 --> 00:25:11,730 although 4209 00:25:11,730 --> 00:25:11,790 it 4210 00:25:11,790 --> 00:25:12,030 has 4211 00:25:12,030 --> 00:25:12,090 to 4212 00:25:12,090 --> 00:25:12,210 be 4213 00:25:12,210 --> 00:25:12,450 something 4214 00:25:12,450 --> 00:25:12,570 which 4215 00:25:12,570 --> 00:25:12,660 because 4216 00:25:12,660 --> 00:25:12,810 it's 4217 00:25:12,810 --> 00:25:12,990 getting 4218 00:25:13,050 --> 00:25:13,350 more 4219 00:25:13,350 --> 00:25:13,440 and 4220 00:25:13,440 --> 00:25:13,650 more 4221 00:25:13,650 --> 00:25:14,190 powerful 4222 00:25:14,550 --> 00:25:14,880 pretty 4223 00:25:14,880 --> 00:25:15,240 much 4224 00:25:15,240 --> 00:25:15,870 until 4225 00:25:16,140 --> 00:25:16,410 they 4226 00:25:16,410 --> 00:25:16,890 fall . 4227 00:25:18,060 --> 00:25:18,390 What 4228 00:25:18,390 --> 00:25:18,960 really 4229 00:25:18,960 --> 00:25:19,710 shifts 4230 00:25:19,710 --> 00:25:19,830 the 4231 00:25:19,830 --> 00:25:20,460 needle , 4232 00:25:20,460 --> 00:25:20,790 as 4233 00:25:20,790 --> 00:25:20,880 it 4234 00:25:20,880 --> 00:25:21,270 were , 4235 00:25:21,420 --> 00:25:21,960 is 4236 00:25:21,960 --> 00:25:22,200 that 4237 00:25:22,200 --> 00:25:22,590 Nur 4238 00:25:22,590 --> 00:25:23,130 al-Din , 4239 00:25:23,130 --> 00:25:23,400 who 4240 00:25:23,400 --> 00:25:23,580 is 4241 00:25:23,580 --> 00:25:23,670 the 4242 00:25:23,670 --> 00:25:24,000 ruler 4243 00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:24,300 of 4244 00:25:24,300 --> 00:25:24,870 Syria . 4245 00:25:25,290 --> 00:25:25,430 I 4246 00:25:25,450 --> 00:25:25,560 would 4247 00:25:25,560 --> 00:25:25,770 talk 4248 00:25:25,790 --> 00:25:26,250 now 4249 00:25:26,250 --> 00:25:26,430 in 4250 00:25:26,430 --> 00:25:26,690 about 4251 00:25:26,880 --> 00:25:26,970 the 4252 00:25:26,970 --> 00:25:27,780 1150s , 4253 00:25:27,780 --> 00:25:28,830 1160s . 4254 00:25:29,640 --> 00:25:29,850 He 4255 00:25:29,850 --> 00:25:30,150 has 4256 00:25:30,150 --> 00:25:30,540 two 4257 00:25:30,540 --> 00:25:30,990 main 4258 00:25:30,990 --> 00:25:31,800 clusters 4259 00:25:31,800 --> 00:25:32,220 of 4260 00:25:32,220 --> 00:25:33,000 opponents . 4261 00:25:33,180 --> 00:25:33,750 Yes , 4262 00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:34,380 he 4263 00:25:34,380 --> 00:25:35,430 recognizes 4264 00:25:35,430 --> 00:25:35,580 the 4265 00:25:35,580 --> 00:25:36,030 threat 4266 00:25:36,030 --> 00:25:36,240 from 4267 00:25:36,240 --> 00:25:36,330 the 4268 00:25:36,330 --> 00:25:36,870 Franks 4269 00:25:37,480 --> 00:25:37,650 is 4270 00:25:37,750 --> 00:25:37,860 that 4271 00:25:37,860 --> 00:25:37,980 he 4272 00:25:37,980 --> 00:25:38,340 also 4273 00:25:38,340 --> 00:25:38,550 has 4274 00:25:38,550 --> 00:25:38,940 various 4275 00:25:38,940 --> 00:25:39,330 Turkish 4276 00:25:39,330 --> 00:25:39,840 rivals , 4277 00:25:39,840 --> 00:25:40,290 particularly 4278 00:25:40,290 --> 00:25:40,350 in 4279 00:25:40,350 --> 00:25:41,010 Anatolia . 4280 00:25:41,640 --> 00:25:41,880 But 4281 00:25:41,880 --> 00:25:42,090 he's 4282 00:25:42,090 --> 00:25:42,750 also 4283 00:25:42,750 --> 00:25:43,200 very 4284 00:25:43,530 --> 00:25:44,070 keen 4285 00:25:44,100 --> 00:25:44,580 to 4286 00:25:44,580 --> 00:25:45,060 conquer 4287 00:25:45,060 --> 00:25:45,630 Egypt 4288 00:25:46,530 --> 00:25:46,680 and 4289 00:25:46,710 --> 00:25:47,190 Egypt's 4290 00:25:47,190 --> 00:25:47,580 really , 4291 00:25:47,580 --> 00:25:47,970 really 4292 00:25:47,970 --> 00:25:48,540 important 4293 00:25:48,540 --> 00:25:48,990 because 4294 00:25:48,990 --> 00:25:49,530 Egypt 4295 00:25:49,530 --> 00:25:49,980 is 4296 00:25:49,980 --> 00:25:50,190 the 4297 00:25:50,190 --> 00:25:50,640 economic 4298 00:25:50,670 --> 00:25:51,210 powerhouse 4299 00:25:51,210 --> 00:25:51,300 of 4300 00:25:51,300 --> 00:25:51,420 the 4301 00:25:51,420 --> 00:25:51,810 entire 4302 00:25:51,810 --> 00:25:52,290 region . 4303 00:25:53,070 --> 00:25:53,220 The 4304 00:25:53,220 --> 00:25:53,670 crops 4305 00:25:53,670 --> 00:25:53,760 of 4306 00:25:53,760 --> 00:25:53,850 the 4307 00:25:53,850 --> 00:25:54,180 Nile 4308 00:25:54,180 --> 00:25:54,780 Delta , 4309 00:25:55,320 --> 00:25:55,440 the 4310 00:25:55,440 --> 00:25:56,100 industrial 4311 00:25:56,100 --> 00:25:56,630 product 4312 00:25:56,940 --> 00:25:57,210 of 4313 00:25:57,210 --> 00:25:57,300 the 4314 00:25:57,300 --> 00:25:57,630 big 4315 00:25:57,630 --> 00:25:58,080 cities 4316 00:25:58,080 --> 00:25:58,200 of 4317 00:25:58,200 --> 00:25:58,740 Egypt , 4318 00:25:59,010 --> 00:25:59,520 and 4319 00:25:59,760 --> 00:26:00,300 Egypt's 4320 00:26:00,300 --> 00:26:00,690 central 4321 00:26:00,690 --> 00:26:01,320 position 4322 00:26:01,320 --> 00:26:01,770 on 4323 00:26:02,250 --> 00:26:02,370 the 4324 00:26:02,370 --> 00:26:02,850 spice 4325 00:26:02,850 --> 00:26:03,150 routes 4326 00:26:03,150 --> 00:26:03,450 across 4327 00:26:03,450 --> 00:26:03,600 the 4328 00:26:03,600 --> 00:26:03,960 Indian 4329 00:26:03,960 --> 00:26:04,440 Ocean . 4330 00:26:05,130 --> 00:26:05,280 The 4331 00:26:05,280 --> 00:26:05,580 silk 4332 00:26:05,580 --> 00:26:06,000 roads 4333 00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:06,270 from 4334 00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:07,200 Central 4335 00:26:07,200 --> 00:26:07,620 Asia , 4336 00:26:07,950 --> 00:26:08,070 the 4337 00:26:08,070 --> 00:26:08,370 Trans 4338 00:26:08,370 --> 00:26:08,700 Sahara 4339 00:26:08,700 --> 00:26:08,820 and 4340 00:26:08,820 --> 00:26:09,120 gold 4341 00:26:09,120 --> 00:26:09,540 routes . 4342 00:26:09,810 --> 00:26:10,020 There's 4343 00:26:10,020 --> 00:26:10,110 a 4344 00:26:10,110 --> 00:26:10,440 lot 4345 00:26:10,440 --> 00:26:10,590 of 4346 00:26:10,590 --> 00:26:10,950 money , 4347 00:26:10,950 --> 00:26:11,220 whether 4348 00:26:11,220 --> 00:26:11,430 through 4349 00:26:11,430 --> 00:26:11,940 trade , 4350 00:26:12,000 --> 00:26:12,690 commerce , 4351 00:26:12,690 --> 00:26:13,320 industrial 4352 00:26:13,320 --> 00:26:13,980 agriculture 4353 00:26:13,980 --> 00:26:14,100 in 4354 00:26:14,100 --> 00:26:14,490 Egypt . 4355 00:26:14,490 --> 00:26:14,790 So 4356 00:26:15,300 --> 00:26:15,480 if 4357 00:26:15,480 --> 00:26:15,600 you've 4358 00:26:15,600 --> 00:26:15,810 got 4359 00:26:15,810 --> 00:26:16,230 control 4360 00:26:16,230 --> 00:26:16,320 of 4361 00:26:16,320 --> 00:26:16,800 Egypt , 4362 00:26:17,280 --> 00:26:17,580 then 4363 00:26:17,580 --> 00:26:17,850 that's 4364 00:26:17,850 --> 00:26:17,970 going 4365 00:26:17,970 --> 00:26:18,090 to 4366 00:26:18,090 --> 00:26:18,840 substantially 4367 00:26:18,840 --> 00:26:19,260 enhance 4368 00:26:19,260 --> 00:26:19,410 your 4369 00:26:19,410 --> 00:26:19,830 economic 4370 00:26:19,830 --> 00:26:20,400 position 4371 00:26:20,880 --> 00:26:21,090 and 4372 00:26:21,090 --> 00:26:21,150 the 4373 00:26:21,160 --> 00:26:21,450 world 4374 00:26:21,450 --> 00:26:21,570 and 4375 00:26:21,570 --> 00:26:21,780 wants 4376 00:26:21,780 --> 00:26:21,870 to 4377 00:26:21,870 --> 00:26:22,200 conquer 4378 00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:22,740 Egypt . 4379 00:26:24,090 --> 00:26:24,200 Now , 4380 00:26:24,240 --> 00:26:24,360 it's 4381 00:26:24,360 --> 00:26:24,450 not 4382 00:26:24,450 --> 00:26:25,020 necessarily 4383 00:26:25,020 --> 00:26:25,140 for 4384 00:26:25,140 --> 00:26:25,560 Egypt's 4385 00:26:25,560 --> 00:26:26,070 wealth , 4386 00:26:26,070 --> 00:26:26,310 it 4387 00:26:26,310 --> 00:26:26,570 seems 4388 00:26:26,590 --> 00:26:26,670 it 4389 00:26:26,680 --> 00:26:26,790 was 4390 00:26:27,090 --> 00:26:27,480 equally 4391 00:26:27,480 --> 00:26:27,570 as 4392 00:26:27,570 --> 00:26:28,080 interested 4393 00:26:28,290 --> 00:26:28,530 as 4394 00:26:28,530 --> 00:26:28,590 a 4395 00:26:28,590 --> 00:26:28,920 Sunni 4396 00:26:28,920 --> 00:26:29,250 Muslim 4397 00:26:29,250 --> 00:26:29,610 ruler 4398 00:26:29,850 --> 00:26:30,060 in 4399 00:26:30,060 --> 00:26:30,690 conquering 4400 00:26:30,720 --> 00:26:30,870 a 4401 00:26:30,870 --> 00:26:31,260 Shia 4402 00:26:31,260 --> 00:26:31,710 empire , 4403 00:26:31,710 --> 00:26:31,950 which 4404 00:26:31,950 --> 00:26:32,190 is 4405 00:26:32,680 --> 00:26:32,760 the 4406 00:26:32,760 --> 00:26:32,910 price 4407 00:26:32,910 --> 00:26:32,970 of 4408 00:26:32,970 --> 00:26:33,030 an 4409 00:26:33,030 --> 00:26:33,420 empire 4410 00:26:33,420 --> 00:26:33,810 was . 4411 00:26:34,140 --> 00:26:34,440 And 4412 00:26:34,440 --> 00:26:34,620 so 4413 00:26:34,620 --> 00:26:34,770 he 4414 00:26:34,770 --> 00:26:35,010 sends 4415 00:26:35,010 --> 00:26:35,040 a 4416 00:26:35,040 --> 00:26:35,430 series 4417 00:26:35,430 --> 00:26:35,550 of 4418 00:26:35,550 --> 00:26:35,910 armies 4419 00:26:35,910 --> 00:26:36,180 into 4420 00:26:36,180 --> 00:26:36,630 Egypt . 4421 00:26:36,900 --> 00:26:37,290 So 4422 00:26:37,290 --> 00:26:37,620 too 4423 00:26:37,650 --> 00:26:37,860 does 4424 00:26:37,860 --> 00:26:37,950 the 4425 00:26:37,950 --> 00:26:38,280 Kingdom 4426 00:26:38,280 --> 00:26:38,400 of 4427 00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:39,030 Jerusalem . 4428 00:26:39,420 --> 00:26:39,740 And 4429 00:26:39,750 --> 00:26:39,990 during 4430 00:26:39,990 --> 00:26:40,080 the 4431 00:26:40,230 --> 00:26:41,100 1160s , 4432 00:26:41,100 --> 00:26:41,160 a 4433 00:26:41,160 --> 00:26:41,310 lot 4434 00:26:41,310 --> 00:26:41,400 of 4435 00:26:41,580 --> 00:26:42,090 fighting 4436 00:26:42,090 --> 00:26:42,360 over 4437 00:26:42,810 --> 00:26:43,110 who's 4438 00:26:43,110 --> 00:26:43,350 going 4439 00:26:43,350 --> 00:26:43,710 to 4440 00:26:43,710 --> 00:26:44,100 rule 4441 00:26:44,100 --> 00:26:44,550 Egypt . 4442 00:26:44,850 --> 00:26:44,960 Well , 4443 00:26:44,970 --> 00:26:45,030 the 4444 00:26:45,030 --> 00:26:45,210 fact 4445 00:26:45,210 --> 00:26:45,300 that 4446 00:26:45,300 --> 00:26:45,420 it's 4447 00:26:45,420 --> 00:26:45,750 retained 4448 00:26:45,750 --> 00:26:46,290 control , 4449 00:26:47,220 --> 00:26:47,400 will 4450 00:26:47,400 --> 00:26:47,460 it 4451 00:26:47,460 --> 00:26:47,550 be 4452 00:26:47,550 --> 00:26:47,640 the 4453 00:26:47,640 --> 00:26:48,000 crusader 4454 00:26:48,000 --> 00:26:48,540 states ? 4455 00:26:48,780 --> 00:26:49,080 Will 4456 00:26:49,080 --> 00:26:49,170 it 4457 00:26:49,170 --> 00:26:49,530 be 4458 00:26:49,560 --> 00:26:50,160 neutral ? 4459 00:26:50,160 --> 00:26:50,490 Did 4460 00:26:51,390 --> 00:26:51,510 the 4461 00:26:51,510 --> 00:26:51,870 crusader 4462 00:26:51,870 --> 00:26:52,200 states 4463 00:26:52,200 --> 00:26:52,440 and 4464 00:26:52,440 --> 00:26:52,530 the 4465 00:26:52,530 --> 00:26:53,130 Fatimids 4466 00:26:53,130 --> 00:26:53,460 lose 4467 00:26:53,460 --> 00:26:53,820 that 4468 00:26:53,820 --> 00:26:54,600 contest 4469 00:26:55,020 --> 00:26:55,450 because 4470 00:26:55,450 --> 00:26:55,610 no 4471 00:26:55,620 --> 00:26:56,040 audience 4472 00:26:56,040 --> 00:26:56,400 armies 4473 00:26:56,400 --> 00:26:56,640 do 4474 00:26:56,640 --> 00:26:56,970 take 4475 00:26:57,180 --> 00:26:57,690 control 4476 00:26:57,690 --> 00:26:57,780 of 4477 00:26:57,780 --> 00:26:58,350 Cairo 4478 00:26:58,350 --> 00:26:58,560 in 4479 00:26:58,560 --> 00:26:59,520 1168 4480 00:26:59,820 --> 00:27:00,060 and 4481 00:27:00,060 --> 00:27:00,600 consolidate 4482 00:27:00,600 --> 00:27:00,720 their 4483 00:27:00,720 --> 00:27:01,080 position 4484 00:27:01,080 --> 00:27:01,170 in 4485 00:27:01,170 --> 00:27:01,260 the 4486 00:27:01,260 --> 00:27:01,650 following 4487 00:27:01,650 --> 00:27:02,160 months 4488 00:27:02,700 --> 00:27:03,030 and 4489 00:27:03,030 --> 00:27:03,420 yet , 4490 00:27:03,420 --> 00:27:03,690 in 4491 00:27:03,690 --> 00:27:04,230 fact , 4492 00:27:04,680 --> 00:27:05,220 neutral 4493 00:27:05,220 --> 00:27:05,430 didn't 4494 00:27:05,430 --> 00:27:05,670 doesn't 4495 00:27:05,670 --> 00:27:05,820 get 4496 00:27:05,820 --> 00:27:05,910 to 4497 00:27:05,910 --> 00:27:06,150 rule 4498 00:27:06,150 --> 00:27:06,510 Egypt 4499 00:27:06,510 --> 00:27:06,960 either , 4500 00:27:07,830 --> 00:27:08,310 because 4501 00:27:08,310 --> 00:27:08,670 his 4502 00:27:08,700 --> 00:27:09,390 lieutenant , 4503 00:27:09,390 --> 00:27:09,540 who 4504 00:27:09,540 --> 00:27:10,050 commanded 4505 00:27:10,050 --> 00:27:10,200 the 4506 00:27:10,200 --> 00:27:10,620 army 4507 00:27:10,620 --> 00:27:10,800 of 4508 00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:11,340 invasion 4509 00:27:11,340 --> 00:27:11,580 into 4510 00:27:11,580 --> 00:27:12,120 Egypt , 4511 00:27:12,630 --> 00:27:13,110 is 4512 00:27:13,110 --> 00:27:13,290 a 4513 00:27:13,290 --> 00:27:13,710 Kurdish 4514 00:27:13,710 --> 00:27:14,100 commander 4515 00:27:14,100 --> 00:27:14,310 called 4516 00:27:14,310 --> 00:27:14,910 Shaka 4517 00:27:15,780 --> 00:27:16,050 and 4518 00:27:16,050 --> 00:27:16,410 should 4519 00:27:16,410 --> 00:27:16,590 die 4520 00:27:16,710 --> 00:27:17,010 fairly 4521 00:27:17,010 --> 00:27:17,310 soon 4522 00:27:17,310 --> 00:27:17,550 after 4523 00:27:17,550 --> 00:27:18,000 conquering 4524 00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:18,420 Egypt 4525 00:27:18,420 --> 00:27:18,540 and 4526 00:27:18,540 --> 00:27:18,840 power 4527 00:27:18,840 --> 00:27:19,260 passes 4528 00:27:19,260 --> 00:27:19,500 onto 4529 00:27:19,500 --> 00:27:19,650 his 4530 00:27:19,650 --> 00:27:20,250 nephew . 4531 00:27:20,790 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 4532 00:27:20,790 --> 00:27:20,970 His 4533 00:27:20,970 --> 00:27:21,480 nephew's 4534 00:27:21,480 --> 00:27:21,810 name 4535 00:27:22,110 --> 00:27:22,440 is 4536 00:27:22,440 --> 00:27:22,630 Salah 4537 00:27:22,630 --> 00:27:22,860 ad-Din 4538 00:27:22,860 --> 00:27:22,970 ibn 4539 00:27:22,970 --> 00:27:23,190 Ayyub . 4540 00:27:23,610 --> 00:27:23,770 Are 4541 00:27:23,790 --> 00:27:24,120 you 4542 00:27:24,930 --> 00:27:25,470 Saladin ? 4543 00:27:25,740 --> 00:27:26,070 As 4544 00:27:26,130 --> 00:27:26,520 Saladin 4545 00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:26,850 takes 4546 00:27:26,850 --> 00:27:27,240 control 4547 00:27:27,240 --> 00:27:27,330 of 4548 00:27:27,330 --> 00:27:27,780 Egypt , 4549 00:27:27,780 --> 00:27:27,870 they 4550 00:27:27,870 --> 00:27:28,110 never 4551 00:27:28,110 --> 00:27:28,410 really 4552 00:27:28,410 --> 00:27:28,680 let 4553 00:27:29,100 --> 00:27:29,280 me . 4554 00:27:29,280 --> 00:27:29,550 Whilst 4555 00:27:29,550 --> 00:27:29,640 he 4556 00:27:29,640 --> 00:27:30,120 always 4557 00:27:30,390 --> 00:27:31,140 acknowledges 4558 00:27:31,140 --> 00:27:31,620 neuralgia 4559 00:27:31,620 --> 00:27:31,730 in 4560 00:27:31,730 --> 00:27:31,790 Din's 4561 00:27:31,800 --> 00:27:32,730 Overlordship , 4562 00:27:33,150 --> 00:27:33,720 nonetheless , 4563 00:27:33,720 --> 00:27:33,810 he 4564 00:27:33,810 --> 00:27:34,110 pretty 4565 00:27:34,110 --> 00:27:34,380 much 4566 00:27:34,380 --> 00:27:34,830 rules 4567 00:27:34,830 --> 00:27:35,430 Egypt 4568 00:27:35,430 --> 00:27:35,850 as 4569 00:27:35,850 --> 00:27:35,970 an 4570 00:27:35,970 --> 00:27:36,540 independent 4571 00:27:36,540 --> 00:27:37,050 power . 4572 00:27:38,400 --> 00:27:38,610 And 4573 00:27:38,610 --> 00:27:38,690 in 4574 00:27:38,710 --> 00:27:39,900 1170s 4575 00:27:40,140 --> 00:27:40,710 and 4576 00:27:40,710 --> 00:27:41,160 eighties 4577 00:27:41,160 --> 00:27:41,250 he 4578 00:27:41,250 --> 00:27:41,670 manages 4579 00:27:41,670 --> 00:27:41,790 to 4580 00:27:41,790 --> 00:27:42,360 conquer 4581 00:27:42,780 --> 00:27:43,140 much 4582 00:27:43,140 --> 00:27:43,290 of 4583 00:27:43,290 --> 00:27:43,830 Syria 4584 00:27:43,830 --> 00:27:44,040 as 4585 00:27:44,040 --> 00:27:44,340 well . 4586 00:27:44,340 --> 00:27:44,640 After 4587 00:27:44,640 --> 00:27:44,910 his 4588 00:27:44,910 --> 00:27:45,480 Masters 4589 00:27:45,480 --> 00:27:45,870 death , 4590 00:27:46,230 --> 00:27:46,680 Saladin 4591 00:27:46,700 --> 00:27:47,460 invades 4592 00:27:47,460 --> 00:27:48,000 Syria 4593 00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:48,450 and 4594 00:27:48,450 --> 00:27:48,990 conquers 4595 00:27:48,990 --> 00:27:49,350 many 4596 00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:50,250 towns 4597 00:27:50,250 --> 00:27:50,370 and 4598 00:27:50,370 --> 00:27:50,820 cities 4599 00:27:50,820 --> 00:27:51,060 from 4600 00:27:51,060 --> 00:27:51,390 Neurath . 4601 00:27:51,390 --> 00:27:51,480 It 4602 00:27:51,480 --> 00:27:51,780 is 4603 00:27:51,780 --> 00:27:52,290 as 4604 00:27:52,830 --> 00:27:53,040 and 4605 00:27:53,040 --> 00:27:53,220 this 4606 00:27:53,220 --> 00:27:53,340 is 4607 00:27:53,340 --> 00:27:53,460 the 4608 00:27:53,460 --> 00:27:53,730 key 4609 00:27:53,730 --> 00:27:54,060 point . 4610 00:27:54,060 --> 00:27:54,300 By 4611 00:27:54,300 --> 00:27:54,660 doing 4612 00:27:54,660 --> 00:27:55,050 that , 4613 00:27:55,320 --> 00:27:55,530 he 4614 00:27:55,530 --> 00:27:55,860 builds 4615 00:27:55,860 --> 00:27:56,010 this 4616 00:27:56,010 --> 00:27:56,550 enormous 4617 00:27:56,550 --> 00:27:57,300 consolidation 4618 00:27:57,300 --> 00:27:57,420 of 4619 00:27:57,420 --> 00:27:57,780 power . 4620 00:27:57,990 --> 00:27:58,590 Syria , 4621 00:27:59,010 --> 00:27:59,180 which 4622 00:27:59,190 --> 00:27:59,280 can 4623 00:27:59,280 --> 00:27:59,460 call 4624 00:27:59,460 --> 00:27:59,640 upon 4625 00:27:59,640 --> 00:28:00,030 large 4626 00:28:00,030 --> 00:28:00,720 reserves 4627 00:28:00,990 --> 00:28:01,260 of 4628 00:28:01,260 --> 00:28:01,800 troops 4629 00:28:01,800 --> 00:28:01,920 from 4630 00:28:01,920 --> 00:28:01,980 the 4631 00:28:02,430 --> 00:28:02,820 Turkic 4632 00:28:02,820 --> 00:28:03,540 population , 4633 00:28:04,410 --> 00:28:05,040 Egypt 4634 00:28:05,130 --> 00:28:05,340 with 4635 00:28:05,340 --> 00:28:05,460 its 4636 00:28:05,460 --> 00:28:06,000 enormous 4637 00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:06,630 economic 4638 00:28:06,630 --> 00:28:07,530 resources . 4639 00:28:07,830 --> 00:28:08,070 And 4640 00:28:08,070 --> 00:28:08,220 so 4641 00:28:08,220 --> 00:28:08,400 you're 4642 00:28:08,400 --> 00:28:08,820 putting 4643 00:28:08,820 --> 00:28:09,330 troops 4644 00:28:09,330 --> 00:28:09,480 and 4645 00:28:09,480 --> 00:28:09,810 money 4646 00:28:09,810 --> 00:28:10,350 together 4647 00:28:10,590 --> 00:28:10,800 by 4648 00:28:10,800 --> 00:28:11,040 having 4649 00:28:11,040 --> 00:28:11,280 both 4650 00:28:11,280 --> 00:28:11,700 Syria 4651 00:28:11,700 --> 00:28:11,850 and 4652 00:28:11,850 --> 00:28:12,360 Egypt 4653 00:28:12,660 --> 00:28:12,930 that 4654 00:28:12,930 --> 00:28:13,260 gives 4655 00:28:13,260 --> 00:28:13,470 him 4656 00:28:13,470 --> 00:28:13,560 the 4657 00:28:13,560 --> 00:28:13,980 force 4658 00:28:13,980 --> 00:28:14,130 to 4659 00:28:14,130 --> 00:28:14,490 raise 4660 00:28:14,490 --> 00:28:15,090 enormous 4661 00:28:15,090 --> 00:28:15,630 armies . 4662 00:28:16,170 --> 00:28:16,350 And 4663 00:28:16,350 --> 00:28:16,470 it's 4664 00:28:16,470 --> 00:28:16,590 in 4665 00:28:16,590 --> 00:28:16,650 the 4666 00:28:16,650 --> 00:28:17,550 1180s 4667 00:28:18,210 --> 00:28:18,750 that 4668 00:28:18,750 --> 00:28:19,050 he 4669 00:28:19,050 --> 00:28:19,230 can 4670 00:28:19,230 --> 00:28:19,890 really 4671 00:28:19,890 --> 00:28:20,250 begin 4672 00:28:20,250 --> 00:28:20,370 to 4673 00:28:20,370 --> 00:28:20,640 take 4674 00:28:20,640 --> 00:28:20,760 the 4675 00:28:20,760 --> 00:28:21,450 offensive 4676 00:28:21,450 --> 00:28:21,630 in 4677 00:28:21,630 --> 00:28:21,690 a 4678 00:28:21,690 --> 00:28:21,930 very 4679 00:28:21,930 --> 00:28:22,470 serious 4680 00:28:22,470 --> 00:28:22,860 way 4681 00:28:22,890 --> 00:28:23,370 against 4682 00:28:23,370 --> 00:28:23,490 the 4683 00:28:23,490 --> 00:28:23,940 Crusader 4684 00:28:23,940 --> 00:28:24,480 states 4685 00:28:24,930 --> 00:28:25,230 and 4686 00:28:25,230 --> 00:28:25,410 with 4687 00:28:25,410 --> 00:28:25,470 a 4688 00:28:25,470 --> 00:28:26,040 serious 4689 00:28:26,040 --> 00:28:26,280 hope 4690 00:28:26,280 --> 00:28:26,400 of 4691 00:28:26,400 --> 00:28:27,030 reconquering 4692 00:28:27,030 --> 00:28:27,690 Jerusalem , 4693 00:28:27,840 --> 00:28:28,080 that 4694 00:28:28,080 --> 00:28:28,620 enormous 4695 00:28:28,620 --> 00:28:29,370 consolidation 4696 00:28:29,370 --> 00:28:29,610 of 4697 00:28:29,610 --> 00:28:30,150 power 4698 00:28:30,150 --> 00:28:30,270 that 4699 00:28:30,270 --> 00:28:30,450 he's 4700 00:28:30,450 --> 00:28:30,630 able 4701 00:28:30,630 --> 00:28:30,720 to 4702 00:28:30,720 --> 00:28:30,960 put 4703 00:28:30,960 --> 00:28:31,560 together 4704 00:28:31,560 --> 00:28:31,830 that 4705 00:28:31,830 --> 00:28:32,760 ultimately 4706 00:28:33,180 --> 00:28:33,840 destroys 4707 00:28:33,840 --> 00:28:33,930 the 4708 00:28:33,930 --> 00:28:34,260 kingdom 4709 00:28:34,260 --> 00:28:34,350 of 4710 00:28:34,350 --> 00:28:34,950 Jerusalem . 4711 00:28:35,340 --> 00:28:35,670 Kingdom 4712 00:28:35,670 --> 00:28:35,760 of 4713 00:28:35,760 --> 00:28:36,240 Jerusalem 4714 00:28:36,780 --> 00:28:37,260 continues 4715 00:28:37,260 --> 00:28:37,380 to 4716 00:28:37,380 --> 00:28:37,860 grow 4717 00:28:37,860 --> 00:28:38,190 even 4718 00:28:38,190 --> 00:28:38,330 into 4719 00:28:38,340 --> 00:28:38,400 the 4720 00:28:38,400 --> 00:28:39,060 1180s , 4721 00:28:39,060 --> 00:28:39,210 but 4722 00:28:39,210 --> 00:28:39,420 it's 4723 00:28:39,420 --> 00:28:39,660 just 4724 00:28:39,660 --> 00:28:40,400 outmatched 4725 00:28:40,410 --> 00:28:40,620 by 4726 00:28:40,620 --> 00:28:40,980 Saladin . 4727 00:28:40,980 --> 00:28:41,130 His 4728 00:28:41,130 --> 00:28:41,510 empire 4729 00:28:41,520 --> 00:28:41,640 is 4730 00:28:41,640 --> 00:28:41,970 growing 4731 00:28:41,970 --> 00:28:42,690 faster . 4732 00:28:43,380 --> 00:28:43,680 And 4733 00:28:43,680 --> 00:28:43,890 so 4734 00:28:43,890 --> 00:28:43,950 in 4735 00:28:43,950 --> 00:28:44,790 1187 , 4736 00:28:45,120 --> 00:28:45,230 at 4737 00:28:45,300 --> 00:28:45,390 the 4738 00:28:45,390 --> 00:28:45,720 Battle 4739 00:28:45,720 --> 00:28:45,870 of 4740 00:28:45,870 --> 00:28:46,470 18 , 4741 00:28:46,950 --> 00:28:47,430 Saladin 4742 00:28:47,430 --> 00:28:47,910 stores 4743 00:28:47,910 --> 00:28:47,970 an 4744 00:28:47,970 --> 00:28:48,750 overwhelming 4745 00:28:48,750 --> 00:28:49,350 victory 4746 00:28:49,740 --> 00:28:50,160 against 4747 00:28:50,160 --> 00:28:50,250 the 4748 00:28:50,250 --> 00:28:50,580 Kingdom 4749 00:28:50,580 --> 00:28:50,670 of 4750 00:28:50,670 --> 00:28:51,270 Jerusalem . 4751 00:28:51,870 --> 00:28:52,230 Kingdom 4752 00:28:52,230 --> 00:28:52,350 of 4753 00:28:52,350 --> 00:28:52,740 Jerusalem 4754 00:28:52,740 --> 00:28:52,830 is 4755 00:28:52,830 --> 00:28:52,920 the 4756 00:28:52,920 --> 00:28:53,400 biggest 4757 00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:53,520 of 4758 00:28:53,520 --> 00:28:53,580 the 4759 00:28:53,580 --> 00:28:53,910 Crusader 4760 00:28:53,910 --> 00:28:54,360 states . 4761 00:28:54,570 --> 00:28:54,660 The 4762 00:28:54,660 --> 00:28:55,020 northern 4763 00:28:55,020 --> 00:28:55,320 ones 4764 00:28:55,320 --> 00:28:55,590 can't 4765 00:28:55,590 --> 00:28:56,010 survive 4766 00:28:56,010 --> 00:28:56,400 alone . 4767 00:28:56,670 --> 00:28:56,970 And 4768 00:28:56,970 --> 00:28:57,240 so 4769 00:28:57,240 --> 00:28:57,540 this 4770 00:28:57,540 --> 00:28:57,810 then 4771 00:28:57,810 --> 00:28:58,350 sees 4772 00:28:58,710 --> 00:28:58,860 the 4773 00:28:58,860 --> 00:28:59,760 substantial 4774 00:28:59,790 --> 00:29:00,600 demolition 4775 00:29:01,140 --> 00:29:01,440 of 4776 00:29:01,440 --> 00:29:01,800 much 4777 00:29:01,800 --> 00:29:02,070 of 4778 00:29:02,100 --> 00:29:02,250 the 4779 00:29:02,250 --> 00:29:02,610 Crusader 4780 00:29:02,610 --> 00:29:03,090 states . 4781 00:29:03,420 --> 00:29:03,600 And 4782 00:29:03,600 --> 00:29:03,780 that 4783 00:29:03,780 --> 00:29:04,410 brings 4784 00:29:04,410 --> 00:29:04,710 to 4785 00:29:04,710 --> 00:29:04,830 an 4786 00:29:04,830 --> 00:29:05,250 end 4787 00:29:05,370 --> 00:29:05,550 a 4788 00:29:05,550 --> 00:29:06,120 chapter 4789 00:29:06,120 --> 00:29:06,240 in 4790 00:29:06,240 --> 00:29:06,330 the 4791 00:29:06,330 --> 00:29:06,900 history 4792 00:29:07,320 --> 00:29:07,590 of 4793 00:29:07,590 --> 00:29:07,680 the 4794 00:29:07,680 --> 00:29:07,980 Crusader 4795 00:29:07,980 --> 00:29:08,250 states . 4796 00:29:08,250 --> 00:29:08,430 Although 4797 00:29:08,430 --> 00:29:08,580 just 4798 00:29:08,580 --> 00:29:08,640 to 4799 00:29:08,640 --> 00:29:08,790 make 4800 00:29:08,790 --> 00:29:09,000 things 4801 00:29:09,000 --> 00:29:09,150 more 4802 00:29:09,150 --> 00:29:09,900 complicated , 4803 00:29:10,170 --> 00:29:10,380 there's 4804 00:29:10,380 --> 00:29:10,500 an 4805 00:29:10,500 --> 00:29:10,800 another 4806 00:29:10,800 --> 00:29:11,040 big 4807 00:29:11,040 --> 00:29:11,550 crusade 4808 00:29:11,550 --> 00:29:11,730 called 4809 00:29:11,730 --> 00:29:11,790 the 4810 00:29:11,790 --> 00:29:12,060 Third 4811 00:29:12,060 --> 00:29:12,690 Crusade , 4812 00:29:13,230 --> 00:29:13,680 which 4813 00:29:14,040 --> 00:29:14,790 rebelled 4814 00:29:14,790 --> 00:29:14,880 to 4815 00:29:14,880 --> 00:29:15,090 some 4816 00:29:15,090 --> 00:29:15,430 extent 4817 00:29:15,430 --> 00:29:15,510 the 4818 00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:16,140 states 4819 00:29:16,140 --> 00:29:16,320 which 4820 00:29:16,320 --> 00:29:16,470 then 4821 00:29:16,470 --> 00:29:16,830 carry 4822 00:29:16,830 --> 00:29:17,100 on 4823 00:29:17,460 --> 00:29:17,730 for 4824 00:29:17,730 --> 00:29:18,000 another 4825 00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:18,750 century 4826 00:29:18,750 --> 00:29:19,170 until 4827 00:29:19,170 --> 00:29:19,320 their 4828 00:29:19,320 --> 00:29:19,890 eventual 4829 00:29:19,890 --> 00:29:20,490 collapse 4830 00:29:20,970 --> 00:29:21,360 in 4831 00:29:21,360 --> 00:29:22,020 1291 . 4832 00:29:22,290 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 4833 00:29:22,290 --> 00:29:22,920 Saladin 4834 00:29:22,920 --> 00:29:23,250 takes 4835 00:29:23,250 --> 00:29:23,700 over . 4836 00:29:23,940 --> 00:29:24,360 Egypt 4837 00:29:24,360 --> 00:29:24,480 is 4838 00:29:24,480 --> 00:29:24,750 right 4839 00:29:24,750 --> 00:29:25,140 below 4840 00:29:25,140 --> 00:29:25,320 kind 4841 00:29:25,320 --> 00:29:25,380 of 4842 00:29:25,380 --> 00:29:25,860 borders , 4843 00:29:25,860 --> 00:29:25,950 the 4844 00:29:25,950 --> 00:29:26,310 kingdom 4845 00:29:26,310 --> 00:29:26,400 of 4846 00:29:26,400 --> 00:29:26,910 Jerusalem 4847 00:29:26,910 --> 00:29:27,030 on 4848 00:29:27,030 --> 00:29:27,090 the 4849 00:29:27,090 --> 00:29:27,360 south 4850 00:29:27,360 --> 00:29:27,780 side . 4851 00:29:28,110 --> 00:29:28,330 And 4852 00:29:28,350 --> 00:29:28,440 if 4853 00:29:28,440 --> 00:29:28,530 he 4854 00:29:28,530 --> 00:29:28,860 takes 4855 00:29:28,860 --> 00:29:29,340 Syria 4856 00:29:29,340 --> 00:29:29,490 as 4857 00:29:29,490 --> 00:29:29,730 well , 4858 00:29:29,730 --> 00:29:29,970 he 4859 00:29:29,970 --> 00:29:30,660 surrounds 4860 00:29:30,660 --> 00:29:30,810 the 4861 00:29:30,810 --> 00:29:31,320 crusader 4862 00:29:31,320 --> 00:29:31,680 states . 4863 00:29:31,680 --> 00:29:31,830 For 4864 00:29:31,830 --> 00:29:31,890 the 4865 00:29:31,890 --> 00:29:32,130 most 4866 00:29:32,130 --> 00:29:32,460 part , 4867 00:29:32,550 --> 00:29:32,790 he's 4868 00:29:32,790 --> 00:29:32,970 got 4869 00:29:32,970 --> 00:29:33,150 them 4870 00:29:33,150 --> 00:29:33,270 all 4871 00:29:33,270 --> 00:29:33,870 surrounded . 4872 00:29:34,260 --> 00:29:34,410 They 4873 00:29:34,410 --> 00:29:34,590 can't 4874 00:29:34,590 --> 00:29:34,710 go 4875 00:29:34,710 --> 00:29:34,950 anywhere 4876 00:29:34,950 --> 00:29:35,220 except 4877 00:29:35,220 --> 00:29:35,340 the 4878 00:29:35,340 --> 00:29:35,670 ocean 4879 00:29:35,670 --> 00:29:35,760 or 4880 00:29:35,760 --> 00:29:36,060 fight . 4881 00:29:36,150 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 4882 00:29:36,150 --> 00:29:36,350 That's 4883 00:29:36,390 --> 00:29:36,730 correct . 4884 00:29:36,750 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 4885 00:29:36,750 --> 00:29:37,110 Yeah . 4886 00:29:37,110 --> 00:29:37,290 The 4887 00:29:37,290 --> 00:29:37,590 Third 4888 00:29:37,590 --> 00:29:38,070 Crusade 4889 00:29:38,070 --> 00:29:38,190 and 4890 00:29:38,190 --> 00:29:38,640 Richard , 4891 00:29:38,640 --> 00:29:38,820 the 4892 00:29:38,820 --> 00:29:39,150 first 4893 00:29:39,150 --> 00:29:39,480 comes 4894 00:29:39,480 --> 00:29:39,870 in . 4895 00:29:39,870 --> 00:29:40,050 And 4896 00:29:40,050 --> 00:29:40,170 so 4897 00:29:40,170 --> 00:29:40,290 how 4898 00:29:40,290 --> 00:29:40,440 does 4899 00:29:40,440 --> 00:29:40,590 he 4900 00:29:40,590 --> 00:29:41,430 regrow 4901 00:29:41,430 --> 00:29:41,670 or 4902 00:29:41,670 --> 00:29:41,790 how 4903 00:29:41,790 --> 00:29:41,940 does 4904 00:29:41,940 --> 00:29:42,120 he 4905 00:29:42,120 --> 00:29:42,600 help 4906 00:29:42,600 --> 00:29:43,230 solidify 4907 00:29:43,230 --> 00:29:43,320 the 4908 00:29:43,320 --> 00:29:43,770 crusader 4909 00:29:43,770 --> 00:29:44,070 state 4910 00:29:44,080 --> 00:29:44,250 so 4911 00:29:44,250 --> 00:29:44,430 they 4912 00:29:44,430 --> 00:29:44,640 don't 4913 00:29:44,640 --> 00:29:45,210 fall 4914 00:29:45,210 --> 00:29:45,420 for 4915 00:29:45,420 --> 00:29:45,810 another 4916 00:29:45,810 --> 00:29:46,170 100 4917 00:29:46,170 --> 00:29:46,380 years 4918 00:29:46,380 --> 00:29:46,500 or 4919 00:29:46,500 --> 00:29:46,830 so . 4920 00:29:47,160 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 4921 00:29:47,160 --> 00:29:47,550 Within 4922 00:29:47,550 --> 00:29:47,790 about 4923 00:29:47,790 --> 00:29:47,880 a 4924 00:29:47,880 --> 00:29:48,360 year , 4925 00:29:48,390 --> 00:29:48,840 18 4926 00:29:48,840 --> 00:29:49,380 months 4927 00:29:49,380 --> 00:29:49,680 of 4928 00:29:49,680 --> 00:29:49,770 the 4929 00:29:49,770 --> 00:29:50,100 Battle 4930 00:29:50,100 --> 00:29:50,220 of 4931 00:29:50,220 --> 00:29:50,730 Hattin , 4932 00:29:50,730 --> 00:29:50,880 the 4933 00:29:50,880 --> 00:29:51,240 Kingdom 4934 00:29:51,240 --> 00:29:51,330 of 4935 00:29:51,330 --> 00:29:51,990 Jerusalem 4936 00:29:52,500 --> 00:29:52,800 has 4937 00:29:52,800 --> 00:29:53,010 been 4938 00:29:53,010 --> 00:29:53,670 reduced 4939 00:29:53,970 --> 00:29:54,600 from 4940 00:29:55,830 --> 00:29:56,670 encompassing 4941 00:29:56,670 --> 00:29:57,060 tens 4942 00:29:57,060 --> 00:29:57,180 of 4943 00:29:57,180 --> 00:29:57,900 cities , 4944 00:29:57,960 --> 00:29:58,440 dozens 4945 00:29:58,440 --> 00:29:58,560 of 4946 00:29:58,560 --> 00:29:59,340 towns , 4947 00:29:59,340 --> 00:29:59,640 huge 4948 00:29:59,640 --> 00:29:59,910 areas 4949 00:29:59,910 --> 00:30:00,000 of 4950 00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:00,750 agricultural 4951 00:30:00,750 --> 00:30:01,140 lands , 4952 00:30:01,740 --> 00:30:01,950 and 4953 00:30:01,950 --> 00:30:02,220 many , 4954 00:30:02,220 --> 00:30:02,490 many 4955 00:30:02,490 --> 00:30:02,970 castles 4956 00:30:02,970 --> 00:30:03,060 and 4957 00:30:03,060 --> 00:30:03,660 strongholds . 4958 00:30:03,660 --> 00:30:03,780 It's 4959 00:30:03,780 --> 00:30:03,960 been 4960 00:30:03,960 --> 00:30:04,470 reduced 4961 00:30:04,470 --> 00:30:04,590 it 4962 00:30:05,100 --> 00:30:05,670 basically 4963 00:30:05,670 --> 00:30:05,820 to 4964 00:30:05,820 --> 00:30:06,180 one 4965 00:30:06,180 --> 00:30:06,660 city . 4966 00:30:06,750 --> 00:30:06,960 That's 4967 00:30:06,960 --> 00:30:07,020 the 4968 00:30:07,020 --> 00:30:07,350 city 4969 00:30:07,350 --> 00:30:07,500 of 4970 00:30:07,500 --> 00:30:07,980 Tyre , 4971 00:30:07,980 --> 00:30:08,100 a 4972 00:30:08,100 --> 00:30:08,340 modern 4973 00:30:08,340 --> 00:30:08,520 day 4974 00:30:08,520 --> 00:30:08,970 Syria . 4975 00:30:09,270 --> 00:30:09,720 In 4976 00:30:09,720 --> 00:30:10,080 modern 4977 00:30:10,080 --> 00:30:10,230 day 4978 00:30:10,230 --> 00:30:10,530 southern 4979 00:30:10,530 --> 00:30:10,920 Lebanon , 4980 00:30:11,760 --> 00:30:11,910 the 4981 00:30:11,910 --> 00:30:12,510 northern 4982 00:30:12,510 --> 00:30:12,900 crusader 4983 00:30:12,900 --> 00:30:13,440 states 4984 00:30:13,440 --> 00:30:13,740 of 4985 00:30:13,740 --> 00:30:14,220 Tripoli , 4986 00:30:14,220 --> 00:30:14,550 Tripoli 4987 00:30:14,550 --> 00:30:14,640 is 4988 00:30:14,640 --> 00:30:14,970 reduced 4989 00:30:14,970 --> 00:30:15,030 to 4990 00:30:15,030 --> 00:30:15,360 Tripoli 4991 00:30:15,360 --> 00:30:15,780 itself 4992 00:30:15,780 --> 00:30:15,870 in 4993 00:30:15,870 --> 00:30:15,900 a 4994 00:30:15,900 --> 00:30:16,080 few 4995 00:30:16,080 --> 00:30:16,830 strongholds , 4996 00:30:17,310 --> 00:30:17,970 Antiochus 4997 00:30:17,970 --> 00:30:18,360 reduced 4998 00:30:18,360 --> 00:30:18,570 to 4999 00:30:18,570 --> 00:30:19,050 Antioch 5000 00:30:19,050 --> 00:30:19,440 itself . 5001 00:30:19,440 --> 00:30:19,530 In 5002 00:30:19,530 --> 00:30:19,590 a 5003 00:30:19,590 --> 00:30:19,800 few 5004 00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:20,460 strongholds , 5005 00:30:20,940 --> 00:30:21,090 the 5006 00:30:21,090 --> 00:30:21,510 county 5007 00:30:21,510 --> 00:30:21,600 of 5008 00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:22,230 Edessa 5009 00:30:22,500 --> 00:30:22,800 fell 5010 00:30:22,800 --> 00:30:23,040 some 5011 00:30:23,040 --> 00:30:23,280 time 5012 00:30:23,280 --> 00:30:23,640 before 5013 00:30:23,640 --> 00:30:23,970 that . 5014 00:30:24,360 --> 00:30:25,140 Saladin's 5015 00:30:25,590 --> 00:30:26,220 advance 5016 00:30:26,220 --> 00:30:26,460 is 5017 00:30:26,460 --> 00:30:26,910 also 5018 00:30:26,910 --> 00:30:27,090 has 5019 00:30:27,090 --> 00:30:27,320 him 5020 00:30:27,330 --> 00:30:27,690 very , 5021 00:30:27,690 --> 00:30:27,960 very 5022 00:30:27,960 --> 00:30:28,680 effective 5023 00:30:29,070 --> 00:30:29,280 at 5024 00:30:29,280 --> 00:30:29,760 destroying 5025 00:30:29,760 --> 00:30:29,850 the 5026 00:30:29,850 --> 00:30:30,270 greater 5027 00:30:30,270 --> 00:30:30,750 part 5028 00:30:31,260 --> 00:30:31,590 of 5029 00:30:31,590 --> 00:30:31,710 the 5030 00:30:31,710 --> 00:30:32,100 Crusader 5031 00:30:32,100 --> 00:30:32,430 states . 5032 00:30:32,430 --> 00:30:32,550 And 5033 00:30:32,550 --> 00:30:32,700 it's 5034 00:30:32,700 --> 00:30:33,030 clear 5035 00:30:33,030 --> 00:30:33,120 the 5036 00:30:33,120 --> 00:30:33,420 Crusader 5037 00:30:33,420 --> 00:30:33,720 states 5038 00:30:33,720 --> 00:30:33,780 are 5039 00:30:33,780 --> 00:30:33,870 on 5040 00:30:33,870 --> 00:30:33,960 the 5041 00:30:33,960 --> 00:30:34,320 point 5042 00:30:34,320 --> 00:30:34,440 of 5043 00:30:34,440 --> 00:30:34,920 falling . 5044 00:30:34,920 --> 00:30:35,400 But 5045 00:30:35,730 --> 00:30:36,180 within 5046 00:30:36,180 --> 00:30:36,900 months 5047 00:30:36,900 --> 00:30:37,170 of 5048 00:30:37,170 --> 00:30:38,010 Saladin's 5049 00:30:38,010 --> 00:30:38,620 victory 5050 00:30:38,670 --> 00:30:39,300 18 5051 00:30:39,930 --> 00:30:40,230 and 5052 00:30:40,230 --> 00:30:40,380 by 5053 00:30:40,380 --> 00:30:40,470 the 5054 00:30:40,470 --> 00:30:40,830 time 5055 00:30:40,830 --> 00:30:40,920 that 5056 00:30:40,920 --> 00:30:41,430 Saladin 5057 00:30:41,430 --> 00:30:41,730 has 5058 00:30:42,240 --> 00:30:42,780 reconquered 5059 00:30:42,780 --> 00:30:43,470 Jerusalem , 5060 00:30:45,300 --> 00:30:45,480 the 5061 00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:45,930 armies 5062 00:30:45,930 --> 00:30:46,020 of 5063 00:30:46,020 --> 00:30:46,140 the 5064 00:30:46,140 --> 00:30:46,500 Third 5065 00:30:46,500 --> 00:30:47,160 Crusade 5066 00:30:47,160 --> 00:30:47,250 are 5067 00:30:47,250 --> 00:30:48,120 already 5068 00:30:48,690 --> 00:30:49,110 being 5069 00:30:49,110 --> 00:30:49,620 raised . 5070 00:30:49,620 --> 00:30:49,710 They're 5071 00:30:49,710 --> 00:30:50,160 already 5072 00:30:50,160 --> 00:30:50,730 gathering , 5073 00:30:51,420 --> 00:30:51,690 and 5074 00:30:51,690 --> 00:30:51,840 they're 5075 00:30:51,840 --> 00:30:52,080 led 5076 00:30:52,080 --> 00:30:52,590 by 5077 00:30:52,650 --> 00:30:53,340 commanders 5078 00:30:53,340 --> 00:30:53,700 such 5079 00:30:53,700 --> 00:30:53,940 as 5080 00:30:54,300 --> 00:30:54,690 Emperor , 5081 00:30:54,930 --> 00:30:55,020 the 5082 00:30:55,020 --> 00:30:55,380 first 5083 00:30:55,380 --> 00:30:55,470 of 5084 00:30:55,470 --> 00:30:56,040 Germany , 5085 00:30:56,460 --> 00:30:56,610 but 5086 00:30:56,610 --> 00:30:56,700 at 5087 00:30:56,700 --> 00:30:56,760 the 5088 00:30:56,760 --> 00:30:57,030 second 5089 00:30:57,030 --> 00:30:57,120 to 5090 00:30:57,120 --> 00:30:57,570 France , 5091 00:30:57,570 --> 00:30:57,660 and 5092 00:30:57,660 --> 00:30:57,870 most 5093 00:30:57,870 --> 00:30:58,290 famously , 5094 00:30:58,290 --> 00:30:58,650 perhaps , 5095 00:30:58,650 --> 00:30:58,890 Richard , 5096 00:30:58,890 --> 00:30:58,980 the 5097 00:30:58,980 --> 00:30:59,280 first 5098 00:30:59,280 --> 00:30:59,370 of 5099 00:30:59,370 --> 00:30:59,790 England . 5100 00:31:00,660 --> 00:31:01,020 And 5101 00:31:01,020 --> 00:31:01,320 so 5102 00:31:01,320 --> 00:31:01,620 these 5103 00:31:01,620 --> 00:31:02,100 armies 5104 00:31:02,100 --> 00:31:02,790 arrive 5105 00:31:02,880 --> 00:31:03,180 in 5106 00:31:03,180 --> 00:31:03,270 the 5107 00:31:03,270 --> 00:31:03,540 Middle 5108 00:31:03,540 --> 00:31:03,870 East 5109 00:31:04,020 --> 00:31:04,530 and 5110 00:31:04,740 --> 00:31:05,040 a 5111 00:31:05,040 --> 00:31:05,670 massive 5112 00:31:05,700 --> 00:31:06,060 war 5113 00:31:06,060 --> 00:31:06,600 begins 5114 00:31:06,600 --> 00:31:07,140 to 5115 00:31:07,680 --> 00:31:08,520 emerge 5116 00:31:08,640 --> 00:31:09,060 along 5117 00:31:09,060 --> 00:31:09,180 the 5118 00:31:09,180 --> 00:31:09,990 coastline 5119 00:31:10,260 --> 00:31:10,650 as 5120 00:31:10,650 --> 00:31:10,740 the 5121 00:31:10,740 --> 00:31:11,190 crusaders 5122 00:31:11,190 --> 00:31:11,460 try 5123 00:31:11,460 --> 00:31:11,610 to 5124 00:31:11,610 --> 00:31:12,090 regain 5125 00:31:12,090 --> 00:31:12,720 territory 5126 00:31:13,020 --> 00:31:13,260 and 5127 00:31:13,260 --> 00:31:13,740 Saladin 5128 00:31:13,740 --> 00:31:13,920 and 5129 00:31:13,920 --> 00:31:14,160 his 5130 00:31:14,160 --> 00:31:14,480 army 5131 00:31:14,490 --> 00:31:14,820 tries 5132 00:31:14,820 --> 00:31:14,910 to 5133 00:31:14,910 --> 00:31:15,210 prevent 5134 00:31:15,210 --> 00:31:15,420 them . 5135 00:31:16,090 --> 00:31:16,350 It's 5136 00:31:16,350 --> 00:31:16,920 fascinating 5137 00:31:17,130 --> 00:31:17,250 how 5138 00:31:17,250 --> 00:31:17,310 a 5139 00:31:17,310 --> 00:31:18,060 database 5140 00:31:18,720 --> 00:31:18,930 in 5141 00:31:18,930 --> 00:31:19,140 which 5142 00:31:19,140 --> 00:31:19,260 they 5143 00:31:19,260 --> 00:31:19,860 record 5144 00:31:20,250 --> 00:31:20,760 every 5145 00:31:20,760 --> 00:31:21,270 battle , 5146 00:31:21,270 --> 00:31:21,840 skirmish 5147 00:31:21,840 --> 00:31:21,930 and 5148 00:31:21,930 --> 00:31:22,260 raid 5149 00:31:22,260 --> 00:31:22,380 I 5150 00:31:22,380 --> 00:31:22,560 can 5151 00:31:22,560 --> 00:31:23,130 find 5152 00:31:23,460 --> 00:31:23,850 across 5153 00:31:23,850 --> 00:31:23,970 the 5154 00:31:23,970 --> 00:31:24,480 entire 5155 00:31:24,480 --> 00:31:24,780 Middle 5156 00:31:24,780 --> 00:31:25,170 East 5157 00:31:25,170 --> 00:31:25,470 between 5158 00:31:25,470 --> 00:31:25,670 about 5159 00:31:25,680 --> 00:31:27,060 1013 5160 00:31:27,060 --> 00:31:27,510 hundred . 5161 00:31:28,140 --> 00:31:28,290 But 5162 00:31:28,290 --> 00:31:28,410 in 5163 00:31:28,410 --> 00:31:28,500 the 5164 00:31:28,500 --> 00:31:28,830 years 5165 00:31:28,830 --> 00:31:28,920 of 5166 00:31:28,920 --> 00:31:29,010 the 5167 00:31:29,010 --> 00:31:29,370 Third 5168 00:31:29,370 --> 00:31:30,120 Crusade , 5169 00:31:30,540 --> 00:31:30,900 which 5170 00:31:30,900 --> 00:31:31,170 are 5171 00:31:31,170 --> 00:31:31,680 basically 5172 00:31:31,680 --> 00:31:32,190 between 5173 00:31:32,610 --> 00:31:32,710 well , 5174 00:31:32,730 --> 00:31:32,820 the 5175 00:31:32,820 --> 00:31:33,240 fighting 5176 00:31:33,240 --> 00:31:33,360 was 5177 00:31:33,360 --> 00:31:33,540 really 5178 00:31:33,540 --> 00:31:33,840 between 5179 00:31:33,840 --> 00:31:33,960 about 5180 00:31:33,960 --> 00:31:34,830 1199 5181 00:31:35,160 --> 00:31:35,340 and 5182 00:31:35,340 --> 00:31:36,270 1192 . 5183 00:31:36,750 --> 00:31:36,990 There's 5184 00:31:36,990 --> 00:31:37,590 scarcely 5185 00:31:37,590 --> 00:31:37,890 any 5186 00:31:37,890 --> 00:31:38,430 conflict 5187 00:31:38,430 --> 00:31:38,970 anywhere 5188 00:31:38,970 --> 00:31:39,300 else 5189 00:31:39,300 --> 00:31:39,810 except 5190 00:31:39,810 --> 00:31:39,900 in 5191 00:31:39,900 --> 00:31:39,990 a 5192 00:31:39,990 --> 00:31:40,350 very , 5193 00:31:40,350 --> 00:31:40,590 very 5194 00:31:40,590 --> 00:31:40,950 narrow 5195 00:31:40,950 --> 00:31:41,100 bit 5196 00:31:41,100 --> 00:31:41,220 of 5197 00:31:41,220 --> 00:31:41,610 land . 5198 00:31:41,910 --> 00:31:42,120 It's 5199 00:31:42,120 --> 00:31:42,660 remarkable 5200 00:31:42,660 --> 00:31:42,780 to 5201 00:31:42,780 --> 00:31:42,960 what 5202 00:31:42,960 --> 00:31:43,620 extent 5203 00:31:44,130 --> 00:31:44,250 the 5204 00:31:44,250 --> 00:31:44,730 struggle 5205 00:31:44,730 --> 00:31:45,120 between 5206 00:31:45,120 --> 00:31:45,540 Saladin 5207 00:31:45,540 --> 00:31:45,630 and 5208 00:31:45,630 --> 00:31:45,750 the 5209 00:31:45,750 --> 00:31:46,020 armies 5210 00:31:46,020 --> 00:31:46,080 of 5211 00:31:46,080 --> 00:31:46,140 the 5212 00:31:46,140 --> 00:31:46,410 Third 5213 00:31:46,410 --> 00:31:46,950 Crusade 5214 00:31:46,950 --> 00:31:47,220 drew 5215 00:31:47,220 --> 00:31:47,820 fighters 5216 00:31:48,150 --> 00:31:48,330 from 5217 00:31:48,330 --> 00:31:48,490 so 5218 00:31:48,490 --> 00:31:48,600 many 5219 00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:48,900 different 5220 00:31:48,900 --> 00:31:49,320 areas . 5221 00:31:49,320 --> 00:31:49,440 There's 5222 00:31:49,440 --> 00:31:49,620 just 5223 00:31:49,620 --> 00:31:49,800 not 5224 00:31:49,800 --> 00:31:49,950 much 5225 00:31:49,950 --> 00:31:50,100 more 5226 00:31:50,100 --> 00:31:50,400 fighting 5227 00:31:50,400 --> 00:31:50,880 anywhere 5228 00:31:50,880 --> 00:31:51,270 else . 5229 00:31:52,170 --> 00:31:52,440 And 5230 00:31:52,440 --> 00:31:52,770 so 5231 00:31:52,770 --> 00:31:52,920 there 5232 00:31:52,920 --> 00:31:53,070 are 5233 00:31:53,070 --> 00:31:53,340 some 5234 00:31:53,340 --> 00:31:53,970 enormous 5235 00:31:53,970 --> 00:31:54,540 battles 5236 00:31:54,540 --> 00:31:55,050 fought 5237 00:31:56,010 --> 00:31:56,310 in 5238 00:31:56,310 --> 00:31:56,910 battle . 5239 00:31:56,910 --> 00:31:57,450 Richard 5240 00:31:57,450 --> 00:31:57,840 tends 5241 00:31:57,840 --> 00:31:57,930 to 5242 00:31:57,930 --> 00:31:58,170 do 5243 00:31:58,170 --> 00:31:58,620 better 5244 00:31:59,610 --> 00:31:59,910 around 5245 00:31:59,910 --> 00:31:59,970 the 5246 00:31:59,970 --> 00:32:00,720 negotiating 5247 00:32:00,750 --> 00:32:01,260 table . 5248 00:32:01,260 --> 00:32:01,770 Saladin 5249 00:32:01,770 --> 00:32:02,160 tends 5250 00:32:02,160 --> 00:32:02,250 to 5251 00:32:02,250 --> 00:32:02,460 do 5252 00:32:02,460 --> 00:32:02,880 better . 5253 00:32:03,690 --> 00:32:04,110 And 5254 00:32:04,110 --> 00:32:04,320 the 5255 00:32:04,320 --> 00:32:05,100 upshot 5256 00:32:05,160 --> 00:32:05,490 of 5257 00:32:05,490 --> 00:32:05,700 this 5258 00:32:05,700 --> 00:32:06,090 is 5259 00:32:06,090 --> 00:32:06,270 that 5260 00:32:06,270 --> 00:32:06,390 a 5261 00:32:06,390 --> 00:32:06,870 treaty 5262 00:32:06,870 --> 00:32:07,020 is 5263 00:32:07,020 --> 00:32:07,560 forged 5264 00:32:07,920 --> 00:32:08,160 in 5265 00:32:08,160 --> 00:32:09,270 1192 . 5266 00:32:10,320 --> 00:32:10,530 But 5267 00:32:10,560 --> 00:32:10,770 in 5268 00:32:10,770 --> 00:32:10,920 that 5269 00:32:10,920 --> 00:32:11,490 treaty , 5270 00:32:11,490 --> 00:32:11,580 the 5271 00:32:11,580 --> 00:32:12,150 Crusaders 5272 00:32:12,150 --> 00:32:12,540 do 5273 00:32:12,750 --> 00:32:13,290 regain 5274 00:32:13,290 --> 00:32:13,530 some 5275 00:32:13,530 --> 00:32:13,650 of 5276 00:32:13,650 --> 00:32:13,890 their 5277 00:32:13,890 --> 00:32:14,490 former 5278 00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:15,300 port 5279 00:32:15,300 --> 00:32:15,900 cities , 5280 00:32:16,200 --> 00:32:16,380 but 5281 00:32:16,380 --> 00:32:16,470 they 5282 00:32:16,470 --> 00:32:16,650 don't 5283 00:32:16,650 --> 00:32:16,830 get 5284 00:32:16,830 --> 00:32:17,400 Jerusalem . 5285 00:32:17,820 --> 00:32:18,300 Saladin 5286 00:32:18,300 --> 00:32:18,570 gets 5287 00:32:18,570 --> 00:32:18,660 to 5288 00:32:18,660 --> 00:32:18,900 keep 5289 00:32:18,900 --> 00:32:19,440 Jerusalem , 5290 00:32:19,440 --> 00:32:19,620 and 5291 00:32:19,620 --> 00:32:19,770 that 5292 00:32:19,770 --> 00:32:19,920 is 5293 00:32:19,920 --> 00:32:20,010 the 5294 00:32:20,010 --> 00:32:20,850 compromise 5295 00:32:21,240 --> 00:32:21,510 that 5296 00:32:21,510 --> 00:32:21,720 is 5297 00:32:21,720 --> 00:32:22,260 settled 5298 00:32:22,710 --> 00:32:22,890 for 5299 00:32:22,890 --> 00:32:23,010 the 5300 00:32:23,010 --> 00:32:23,370 time 5301 00:32:23,370 --> 00:32:23,460 at 5302 00:32:23,460 --> 00:32:23,970 least . 5303 00:32:24,840 --> 00:32:25,050 But 5304 00:32:25,050 --> 00:32:25,140 of 5305 00:32:25,140 --> 00:32:25,470 equal 5306 00:32:25,470 --> 00:32:26,430 importance 5307 00:32:26,430 --> 00:32:26,850 is 5308 00:32:26,850 --> 00:32:27,090 that 5309 00:32:27,090 --> 00:32:27,690 within 5310 00:32:27,720 --> 00:32:27,870 a 5311 00:32:27,870 --> 00:32:28,140 year 5312 00:32:28,140 --> 00:32:28,290 or 5313 00:32:28,290 --> 00:32:28,680 so 5314 00:32:29,010 --> 00:32:29,520 of 5315 00:32:29,700 --> 00:32:29,910 the 5316 00:32:29,910 --> 00:32:30,240 third 5317 00:32:30,240 --> 00:32:30,990 Crusades 5318 00:32:30,990 --> 00:32:31,520 ending 5319 00:32:31,950 --> 00:32:32,100 the 5320 00:32:32,100 --> 00:32:33,000 strain , 5321 00:32:33,210 --> 00:32:33,390 the 5322 00:32:33,390 --> 00:32:33,720 Third 5323 00:32:33,720 --> 00:32:34,290 Crusade 5324 00:32:34,290 --> 00:32:34,440 would 5325 00:32:34,440 --> 00:32:34,530 have 5326 00:32:34,530 --> 00:32:34,830 put 5327 00:32:34,830 --> 00:32:35,010 on 5328 00:32:35,010 --> 00:32:35,490 all 5329 00:32:35,650 --> 00:32:35,940 all 5330 00:32:35,940 --> 00:32:36,000 the 5331 00:32:36,000 --> 00:32:36,540 commanders 5332 00:32:36,540 --> 00:32:37,080 involved 5333 00:32:37,080 --> 00:32:37,230 would 5334 00:32:37,230 --> 00:32:37,320 have 5335 00:32:37,350 --> 00:32:37,590 been 5336 00:32:37,950 --> 00:32:38,790 incredible , 5337 00:32:38,790 --> 00:32:39,000 just 5338 00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:39,090 the 5339 00:32:39,090 --> 00:32:39,630 sheer 5340 00:32:39,630 --> 00:32:40,170 effort 5341 00:32:40,170 --> 00:32:40,380 that 5342 00:32:40,380 --> 00:32:40,530 would 5343 00:32:40,530 --> 00:32:40,650 have 5344 00:32:40,650 --> 00:32:41,130 required 5345 00:32:41,130 --> 00:32:41,310 for 5346 00:32:41,460 --> 00:32:42,000 everyone 5347 00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:42,630 involved . 5348 00:32:43,230 --> 00:32:43,380 And 5349 00:32:43,380 --> 00:32:43,500 I've 5350 00:32:43,500 --> 00:32:43,740 always 5351 00:32:43,740 --> 00:32:44,010 rather 5352 00:32:44,010 --> 00:32:44,670 suspected 5353 00:32:44,670 --> 00:32:44,790 that 5354 00:32:44,790 --> 00:32:44,940 it's 5355 00:32:44,940 --> 00:32:45,150 just 5356 00:32:45,150 --> 00:32:45,630 sheer 5357 00:32:45,630 --> 00:32:46,620 exhaustion 5358 00:32:46,710 --> 00:32:46,920 that 5359 00:32:46,920 --> 00:32:47,220 played 5360 00:32:47,220 --> 00:32:47,280 a 5361 00:32:47,280 --> 00:32:47,730 part 5362 00:32:47,730 --> 00:32:47,940 in 5363 00:32:47,940 --> 00:32:48,420 Saladin's 5364 00:32:48,420 --> 00:32:48,840 death 5365 00:32:48,840 --> 00:32:49,260 fairly 5366 00:32:49,260 --> 00:32:49,620 soon 5367 00:32:49,620 --> 00:32:50,490 afterwards , 5368 00:32:50,490 --> 00:32:50,700 in 5369 00:32:50,700 --> 00:32:50,790 the 5370 00:32:50,790 --> 00:32:51,060 wake 5371 00:32:51,060 --> 00:32:51,150 of 5372 00:32:51,150 --> 00:32:51,630 Saladin's 5373 00:32:51,630 --> 00:32:51,870 death , 5374 00:32:51,870 --> 00:32:51,990 his 5375 00:32:51,990 --> 00:32:52,440 empire 5376 00:32:52,440 --> 00:32:52,710 falls 5377 00:32:52,710 --> 00:32:53,220 apart , 5378 00:32:53,430 --> 00:32:53,610 or 5379 00:32:53,610 --> 00:32:53,670 at 5380 00:32:53,670 --> 00:32:53,890 least 5381 00:32:53,890 --> 00:32:53,970 it 5382 00:32:53,970 --> 00:32:54,270 falls 5383 00:32:54,270 --> 00:32:54,600 apart 5384 00:32:54,600 --> 00:32:54,750 as 5385 00:32:54,750 --> 00:32:54,840 a 5386 00:32:54,840 --> 00:32:55,350 single 5387 00:32:55,350 --> 00:32:55,890 unified 5388 00:32:55,890 --> 00:32:56,400 entity , 5389 00:32:56,400 --> 00:32:56,520 as 5390 00:32:56,520 --> 00:32:56,670 his 5391 00:32:56,670 --> 00:32:57,150 brother 5392 00:32:57,540 --> 00:32:57,840 and 5393 00:32:57,840 --> 00:32:58,320 sons 5394 00:32:58,320 --> 00:32:58,620 take 5395 00:32:58,620 --> 00:32:59,070 various 5396 00:32:59,070 --> 00:32:59,310 different 5397 00:32:59,310 --> 00:32:59,760 parts 5398 00:32:59,760 --> 00:32:59,880 of 5399 00:32:59,880 --> 00:33:00,120 it 5400 00:33:00,390 --> 00:33:00,600 and 5401 00:33:00,600 --> 00:33:00,750 then 5402 00:33:00,750 --> 00:33:01,050 fight 5403 00:33:01,050 --> 00:33:01,470 amongst 5404 00:33:01,470 --> 00:33:02,250 themselves 5405 00:33:03,000 --> 00:33:03,180 and 5406 00:33:03,180 --> 00:33:03,300 they 5407 00:33:03,300 --> 00:33:03,570 fight 5408 00:33:03,570 --> 00:33:03,900 amongst 5409 00:33:03,900 --> 00:33:04,470 themselves 5410 00:33:04,920 --> 00:33:05,160 for 5411 00:33:05,160 --> 00:33:05,250 the 5412 00:33:05,250 --> 00:33:05,760 next 5413 00:33:05,820 --> 00:33:06,180 almost 5414 00:33:06,180 --> 00:33:06,540 60 5415 00:33:06,540 --> 00:33:07,170 years 5416 00:33:07,530 --> 00:33:07,920 because 5417 00:33:07,920 --> 00:33:08,100 they're 5418 00:33:08,100 --> 00:33:08,430 fighting 5419 00:33:08,430 --> 00:33:08,670 amongst 5420 00:33:08,670 --> 00:33:09,150 themselves . 5421 00:33:09,150 --> 00:33:09,270 They 5422 00:33:09,270 --> 00:33:09,540 actually 5423 00:33:09,540 --> 00:33:09,810 show 5424 00:33:09,810 --> 00:33:10,020 very 5425 00:33:10,020 --> 00:33:10,260 little 5426 00:33:10,260 --> 00:33:10,860 interest . 5427 00:33:10,860 --> 00:33:11,160 It's 5428 00:33:11,160 --> 00:33:11,460 very 5429 00:33:11,460 --> 00:33:12,210 periodic 5430 00:33:12,210 --> 00:33:12,450 their 5431 00:33:12,450 --> 00:33:12,990 interest 5432 00:33:12,990 --> 00:33:13,320 in 5433 00:33:13,650 --> 00:33:13,890 either 5434 00:33:13,890 --> 00:33:14,370 defending 5435 00:33:14,370 --> 00:33:14,880 against 5436 00:33:14,880 --> 00:33:15,090 or 5437 00:33:15,090 --> 00:33:15,690 attacking 5438 00:33:16,140 --> 00:33:16,560 what's 5439 00:33:16,560 --> 00:33:16,890 left 5440 00:33:16,890 --> 00:33:17,010 of 5441 00:33:17,010 --> 00:33:17,100 the 5442 00:33:17,100 --> 00:33:17,550 Crusader 5443 00:33:17,550 --> 00:33:18,000 states , 5444 00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:18,180 which 5445 00:33:18,180 --> 00:33:18,780 creates 5446 00:33:19,410 --> 00:33:19,560 a 5447 00:33:19,560 --> 00:33:19,920 window 5448 00:33:19,920 --> 00:33:20,040 of 5449 00:33:20,040 --> 00:33:20,820 opportunity 5450 00:33:21,360 --> 00:33:21,660 for 5451 00:33:21,660 --> 00:33:21,750 the 5452 00:33:21,750 --> 00:33:22,440 crusaders 5453 00:33:22,440 --> 00:33:22,710 to 5454 00:33:22,710 --> 00:33:23,340 rebuild 5455 00:33:23,340 --> 00:33:23,550 their 5456 00:33:23,550 --> 00:33:24,120 position 5457 00:33:24,450 --> 00:33:24,810 along 5458 00:33:24,810 --> 00:33:24,900 the 5459 00:33:24,900 --> 00:33:25,350 coast , 5460 00:33:25,710 --> 00:33:26,100 even 5461 00:33:26,100 --> 00:33:26,190 to 5462 00:33:26,190 --> 00:33:26,310 the 5463 00:33:26,310 --> 00:33:26,760 point 5464 00:33:26,820 --> 00:33:27,210 where 5465 00:33:27,210 --> 00:33:27,510 the 5466 00:33:27,510 --> 00:33:28,350 Crusaders 5467 00:33:28,350 --> 00:33:28,890 regained 5468 00:33:28,890 --> 00:33:29,580 Jerusalem 5469 00:33:29,910 --> 00:33:30,150 by 5470 00:33:30,150 --> 00:33:30,810 treaty 5471 00:33:31,080 --> 00:33:31,440 in 5472 00:33:31,440 --> 00:33:32,250 1229 , 5473 00:33:32,490 --> 00:33:32,730 only 5474 00:33:32,730 --> 00:33:32,940 hold 5475 00:33:32,940 --> 00:33:33,060 it 5476 00:33:33,060 --> 00:33:33,210 for 5477 00:33:33,210 --> 00:33:33,510 about 5478 00:33:33,510 --> 00:33:33,870 15 5479 00:33:33,870 --> 00:33:34,290 years . 5480 00:33:34,890 --> 00:33:35,160 What 5481 00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:35,730 ultimately 5482 00:33:35,730 --> 00:33:36,060 brings 5483 00:33:36,060 --> 00:33:36,330 about 5484 00:33:36,330 --> 00:33:36,450 the 5485 00:33:36,450 --> 00:33:36,930 fall 5486 00:33:36,930 --> 00:33:37,200 of 5487 00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:37,290 the 5488 00:33:37,290 --> 00:33:37,680 Crusader 5489 00:33:37,680 --> 00:33:38,160 states 5490 00:33:38,160 --> 00:33:38,370 is , 5491 00:33:38,370 --> 00:33:38,910 interestingly 5492 00:33:38,910 --> 00:33:39,150 enough , 5493 00:33:39,150 --> 00:33:39,450 nothing 5494 00:33:39,450 --> 00:33:39,540 to 5495 00:33:39,540 --> 00:33:39,720 do 5496 00:33:39,720 --> 00:33:39,840 with 5497 00:33:39,840 --> 00:33:39,900 the 5498 00:33:39,900 --> 00:33:40,220 Crusaders 5499 00:33:40,230 --> 00:33:40,470 states 5500 00:33:40,470 --> 00:33:41,070 themselves . 5501 00:33:41,880 --> 00:33:42,060 A 5502 00:33:42,060 --> 00:33:42,300 new 5503 00:33:42,300 --> 00:33:42,750 empire 5504 00:33:42,750 --> 00:33:43,320 forms 5505 00:33:43,320 --> 00:33:43,530 in 5506 00:33:43,530 --> 00:33:44,190 Egypt , 5507 00:33:44,520 --> 00:33:44,820 which 5508 00:33:44,820 --> 00:33:45,300 rises 5509 00:33:45,300 --> 00:33:45,570 up . 5510 00:33:45,570 --> 00:33:45,680 It 5511 00:33:45,690 --> 00:33:46,080 takes 5512 00:33:46,080 --> 00:33:46,470 over 5513 00:33:46,470 --> 00:33:46,860 Egypt 5514 00:33:46,860 --> 00:33:47,250 from 5515 00:33:47,430 --> 00:33:48,060 Saladin's 5516 00:33:48,060 --> 00:33:48,630 dynasty 5517 00:33:49,200 --> 00:33:49,560 by 5518 00:33:49,560 --> 00:33:49,920 the 5519 00:33:50,010 --> 00:33:50,280 by 5520 00:33:50,280 --> 00:33:50,450 about 5521 00:33:50,460 --> 00:33:51,330 1250 , 5522 00:33:51,330 --> 00:33:51,510 which 5523 00:33:51,510 --> 00:33:51,630 is 5524 00:33:51,630 --> 00:33:51,960 when 5525 00:33:52,110 --> 00:33:52,310 are 5526 00:33:52,320 --> 00:33:52,510 you 5527 00:33:52,590 --> 00:33:52,740 the 5528 00:33:52,740 --> 00:33:53,010 IU 5529 00:33:53,010 --> 00:33:53,130 but 5530 00:33:53,230 --> 00:33:53,540 dynasty 5531 00:33:53,540 --> 00:33:54,000 stallions 5532 00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:54,330 dynasty 5533 00:33:54,330 --> 00:33:54,420 in 5534 00:33:54,420 --> 00:33:54,840 Egypt 5535 00:33:54,840 --> 00:33:55,530 Falls . 5536 00:33:56,340 --> 00:33:56,610 Their 5537 00:33:56,610 --> 00:33:57,000 armies 5538 00:33:57,000 --> 00:33:57,360 depend 5539 00:33:57,360 --> 00:33:57,570 very 5540 00:33:57,570 --> 00:33:58,080 heavily 5541 00:33:58,110 --> 00:33:58,410 on 5542 00:33:58,410 --> 00:33:59,010 enslaved 5543 00:33:59,040 --> 00:33:59,490 people 5544 00:33:59,550 --> 00:33:59,700 who 5545 00:33:59,700 --> 00:33:59,800 they 5546 00:33:59,800 --> 00:33:59,910 have 5547 00:33:59,910 --> 00:34:00,600 purchased 5548 00:34:00,900 --> 00:34:01,080 and 5549 00:34:01,080 --> 00:34:01,230 then 5550 00:34:01,230 --> 00:34:01,620 raised 5551 00:34:01,620 --> 00:34:01,710 and 5552 00:34:01,710 --> 00:34:02,040 trained 5553 00:34:02,040 --> 00:34:02,160 to 5554 00:34:02,160 --> 00:34:02,280 be 5555 00:34:02,280 --> 00:34:02,910 soldiers . 5556 00:34:03,030 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 5557 00:34:03,030 --> 00:34:03,220 And 5558 00:34:03,220 --> 00:34:03,300 they're 5559 00:34:03,300 --> 00:34:03,510 called 5560 00:34:03,510 --> 00:34:04,170 Mamluks . 5561 00:34:04,740 --> 00:34:05,070 And 5562 00:34:05,070 --> 00:34:05,280 these 5563 00:34:05,280 --> 00:34:05,730 soldiers 5564 00:34:05,730 --> 00:34:05,760 are 5565 00:34:05,760 --> 00:34:05,970 very 5566 00:34:05,970 --> 00:34:06,420 effective 5567 00:34:06,420 --> 00:34:06,510 on 5568 00:34:06,510 --> 00:34:06,570 the 5569 00:34:06,570 --> 00:34:07,260 battlefield , 5570 00:34:07,830 --> 00:34:08,130 but 5571 00:34:08,130 --> 00:34:08,340 they 5572 00:34:08,340 --> 00:34:08,580 have 5573 00:34:08,580 --> 00:34:08,790 too 5574 00:34:08,790 --> 00:34:09,060 many 5575 00:34:09,060 --> 00:34:09,210 of 5576 00:34:09,210 --> 00:34:09,450 them , 5577 00:34:09,570 --> 00:34:09,720 and 5578 00:34:09,720 --> 00:34:09,830 they 5579 00:34:09,840 --> 00:34:09,930 can 5580 00:34:09,930 --> 00:34:10,110 simply 5581 00:34:10,110 --> 00:34:10,320 guess 5582 00:34:10,320 --> 00:34:10,470 what's 5583 00:34:10,470 --> 00:34:10,740 coming 5584 00:34:10,740 --> 00:34:11,220 next . 5585 00:34:11,220 --> 00:34:11,310 The 5586 00:34:11,310 --> 00:34:11,730 Mamluks 5587 00:34:11,730 --> 00:34:12,270 realized , 5588 00:34:12,270 --> 00:34:12,420 well , 5589 00:34:12,420 --> 00:34:12,690 actually , 5590 00:34:12,690 --> 00:34:12,780 they 5591 00:34:12,780 --> 00:34:12,930 don't 5592 00:34:12,930 --> 00:34:13,230 have 5593 00:34:13,230 --> 00:34:13,530 to 5594 00:34:13,530 --> 00:34:13,740 obey 5595 00:34:13,740 --> 00:34:14,130 anyone's 5596 00:34:14,130 --> 00:34:14,910 instructions . 5597 00:34:15,330 --> 00:34:15,540 And 5598 00:34:15,540 --> 00:34:15,720 so 5599 00:34:15,720 --> 00:34:16,020 they 5600 00:34:16,110 --> 00:34:16,650 rebelled . 5601 00:34:16,680 --> 00:34:17,040 Take 5602 00:34:17,040 --> 00:34:17,280 over 5603 00:34:17,280 --> 00:34:17,610 Egypt 5604 00:34:17,610 --> 00:34:17,730 and 5605 00:34:17,730 --> 00:34:18,000 form 5606 00:34:18,000 --> 00:34:18,060 the 5607 00:34:18,060 --> 00:34:18,480 Mamluk 5608 00:34:18,480 --> 00:34:18,960 empire . 5609 00:34:19,320 --> 00:34:19,590 So 5610 00:34:20,010 --> 00:34:20,100 the 5611 00:34:20,100 --> 00:34:20,670 mamluks 5612 00:34:20,670 --> 00:34:20,940 in 5613 00:34:20,940 --> 00:34:21,510 Egypt 5614 00:34:22,170 --> 00:34:22,560 and 5615 00:34:22,560 --> 00:34:22,920 then 5616 00:34:23,340 --> 00:34:23,610 to 5617 00:34:23,610 --> 00:34:23,700 the 5618 00:34:23,700 --> 00:34:24,060 north 5619 00:34:24,060 --> 00:34:24,630 east , 5620 00:34:25,020 --> 00:34:25,230 you 5621 00:34:25,230 --> 00:34:25,590 have 5622 00:34:25,590 --> 00:34:25,920 the 5623 00:34:25,920 --> 00:34:26,490 rapidly 5624 00:34:26,490 --> 00:34:27,360 expanding 5625 00:34:27,360 --> 00:34:28,080 empire 5626 00:34:28,470 --> 00:34:28,770 of 5627 00:34:28,770 --> 00:34:28,830 the 5628 00:34:28,830 --> 00:34:29,490 Mongols 5629 00:34:30,000 --> 00:34:30,210 and 5630 00:34:30,210 --> 00:34:30,300 the 5631 00:34:30,300 --> 00:34:30,810 Mongols 5632 00:34:30,810 --> 00:34:31,170 begin 5633 00:34:31,170 --> 00:34:31,320 their 5634 00:34:31,320 --> 00:34:31,920 expansion 5635 00:34:31,920 --> 00:34:32,090 into 5636 00:34:32,100 --> 00:34:32,190 the 5637 00:34:32,190 --> 00:34:32,460 Middle 5638 00:34:32,460 --> 00:34:32,670 East 5639 00:34:32,670 --> 00:34:32,760 in 5640 00:34:32,760 --> 00:34:32,820 the 5641 00:34:32,820 --> 00:34:33,630 1220s . 5642 00:34:33,630 --> 00:34:33,990 By 5643 00:34:34,020 --> 00:34:35,070 1260 , 5644 00:34:35,550 --> 00:34:35,670 the 5645 00:34:35,670 --> 00:34:36,330 Mongols 5646 00:34:36,330 --> 00:34:37,140 control 5647 00:34:38,460 --> 00:34:38,700 the 5648 00:34:38,700 --> 00:34:38,880 pretty 5649 00:34:38,880 --> 00:34:39,060 much 5650 00:34:39,060 --> 00:34:39,120 the 5651 00:34:39,120 --> 00:34:39,540 entire 5652 00:34:39,540 --> 00:34:39,810 Middle 5653 00:34:39,810 --> 00:34:40,110 East 5654 00:34:40,110 --> 00:34:40,380 up 5655 00:34:40,380 --> 00:34:40,800 to 5656 00:34:41,190 --> 00:34:41,640 much 5657 00:34:41,640 --> 00:34:41,760 of 5658 00:34:41,760 --> 00:34:42,360 Syria 5659 00:34:42,390 --> 00:34:42,630 and 5660 00:34:42,630 --> 00:34:42,930 all 5661 00:34:42,930 --> 00:34:43,170 that's 5662 00:34:43,170 --> 00:34:43,680 left 5663 00:34:44,130 --> 00:34:44,440 of 5664 00:34:44,460 --> 00:34:44,970 territory 5665 00:34:44,970 --> 00:34:45,100 is 5666 00:34:45,100 --> 00:34:45,180 that 5667 00:34:45,180 --> 00:34:45,270 the 5668 00:34:45,270 --> 00:34:45,550 Mongols 5669 00:34:45,550 --> 00:34:45,570 are 5670 00:34:45,570 --> 00:34:45,810 either 5671 00:34:45,810 --> 00:34:46,470 control 5672 00:34:46,680 --> 00:34:46,860 or 5673 00:34:46,860 --> 00:34:47,220 have 5674 00:34:47,220 --> 00:34:48,150 overlordship 5675 00:34:48,630 --> 00:34:48,750 the 5676 00:34:48,750 --> 00:34:49,110 Crusader 5677 00:34:49,110 --> 00:34:49,470 states 5678 00:34:49,470 --> 00:34:49,620 which 5679 00:34:49,620 --> 00:34:49,710 are 5680 00:34:49,710 --> 00:34:50,100 fairly 5681 00:34:50,100 --> 00:34:50,550 small , 5682 00:34:50,700 --> 00:34:50,820 not 5683 00:34:50,910 --> 00:34:51,270 anything 5684 00:34:51,270 --> 00:34:51,570 like 5685 00:34:51,570 --> 00:34:51,840 strong 5686 00:34:51,840 --> 00:34:52,080 enough 5687 00:34:52,080 --> 00:34:52,200 to 5688 00:34:52,200 --> 00:34:52,530 fight 5689 00:34:52,530 --> 00:34:52,800 off 5690 00:34:53,130 --> 00:34:53,280 the 5691 00:34:53,280 --> 00:34:53,820 Mongols 5692 00:34:54,030 --> 00:34:54,240 and 5693 00:34:54,240 --> 00:34:54,300 the 5694 00:34:54,300 --> 00:34:54,810 Mamluks 5695 00:34:54,810 --> 00:34:54,930 in 5696 00:34:54,930 --> 00:34:55,440 Egypt . 5697 00:34:56,460 --> 00:34:56,850 And 5698 00:34:57,120 --> 00:34:57,300 a 5699 00:34:57,300 --> 00:34:57,810 deal 5700 00:34:57,810 --> 00:34:58,440 emerges 5701 00:34:58,440 --> 00:34:58,560 in 5702 00:34:58,560 --> 00:34:58,650 the 5703 00:34:58,650 --> 00:34:59,130 Mamluks 5704 00:34:59,130 --> 00:34:59,220 and 5705 00:34:59,220 --> 00:34:59,310 the 5706 00:34:59,310 --> 00:34:59,770 Mongols 5707 00:34:59,790 --> 00:35:00,110 last 5708 00:35:00,120 --> 00:35:00,180 for 5709 00:35:00,180 --> 00:35:00,570 60 5710 00:35:00,570 --> 00:35:01,110 years 5711 00:35:01,530 --> 00:35:01,740 and 5712 00:35:01,740 --> 00:35:01,890 there's 5713 00:35:01,890 --> 00:35:02,310 victory 5714 00:35:02,310 --> 00:35:02,430 and 5715 00:35:02,430 --> 00:35:02,730 defeat 5716 00:35:02,730 --> 00:35:02,880 on 5717 00:35:03,150 --> 00:35:03,750 sides , 5718 00:35:04,080 --> 00:35:04,740 massive 5719 00:35:04,740 --> 00:35:05,490 armies . 5720 00:35:05,850 --> 00:35:06,180 And 5721 00:35:06,180 --> 00:35:06,270 the 5722 00:35:06,270 --> 00:35:06,660 major 5723 00:35:06,660 --> 00:35:07,320 contest 5724 00:35:07,320 --> 00:35:07,380 is 5725 00:35:07,380 --> 00:35:07,590 between 5726 00:35:07,590 --> 00:35:07,650 the 5727 00:35:07,650 --> 00:35:08,190 Mongols 5728 00:35:08,190 --> 00:35:08,370 and 5729 00:35:08,370 --> 00:35:08,430 the 5730 00:35:08,430 --> 00:35:09,060 Mamluks , 5731 00:35:09,480 --> 00:35:09,810 who's 5732 00:35:09,810 --> 00:35:10,140 therefore 5733 00:35:10,140 --> 00:35:10,350 going 5734 00:35:10,350 --> 00:35:10,470 to 5735 00:35:10,470 --> 00:35:10,770 be 5736 00:35:11,100 --> 00:35:11,250 the 5737 00:35:11,250 --> 00:35:11,640 ruler 5738 00:35:11,640 --> 00:35:11,760 of 5739 00:35:11,760 --> 00:35:11,850 the 5740 00:35:11,850 --> 00:35:12,090 Middle 5741 00:35:12,090 --> 00:35:12,250 East , 5742 00:35:12,270 --> 00:35:12,420 sort 5743 00:35:12,420 --> 00:35:12,480 of 5744 00:35:12,480 --> 00:35:12,930 control 5745 00:35:12,930 --> 00:35:13,050 the 5746 00:35:13,050 --> 00:35:13,530 entire 5747 00:35:13,530 --> 00:35:14,010 area . 5748 00:35:14,670 --> 00:35:14,880 And 5749 00:35:14,880 --> 00:35:15,030 it 5750 00:35:15,030 --> 00:35:15,390 ends 5751 00:35:15,390 --> 00:35:15,480 in 5752 00:35:15,480 --> 00:35:15,540 a 5753 00:35:15,540 --> 00:35:16,380 stalemate . 5754 00:35:16,920 --> 00:35:17,100 But 5755 00:35:17,100 --> 00:35:17,730 essentially 5756 00:35:17,730 --> 00:35:18,030 within 5757 00:35:18,030 --> 00:35:18,210 that 5758 00:35:18,210 --> 00:35:19,020 context , 5759 00:35:19,560 --> 00:35:19,770 when 5760 00:35:19,770 --> 00:35:19,830 the 5761 00:35:19,830 --> 00:35:20,270 Mamluks 5762 00:35:20,280 --> 00:35:20,550 are 5763 00:35:20,580 --> 00:35:21,090 fighting 5764 00:35:21,090 --> 00:35:21,210 the 5765 00:35:21,210 --> 00:35:21,840 Mongols , 5766 00:35:22,050 --> 00:35:22,200 they 5767 00:35:22,200 --> 00:35:22,380 send 5768 00:35:22,380 --> 00:35:22,500 their 5769 00:35:22,500 --> 00:35:22,860 armies 5770 00:35:22,860 --> 00:35:23,460 against 5771 00:35:23,910 --> 00:35:24,210 what's 5772 00:35:24,210 --> 00:35:24,510 left 5773 00:35:24,510 --> 00:35:24,570 of 5774 00:35:24,570 --> 00:35:24,660 the 5775 00:35:24,660 --> 00:35:25,020 Crusader 5776 00:35:25,020 --> 00:35:25,320 state 5777 00:35:25,320 --> 00:35:25,470 to 5778 00:35:25,470 --> 00:35:25,560 the 5779 00:35:25,560 --> 00:35:25,840 present . 5780 00:35:25,840 --> 00:35:25,910 So 5781 00:35:25,920 --> 00:35:26,040 it's 5782 00:35:26,040 --> 00:35:26,280 a 5783 00:35:26,280 --> 00:35:26,430 sort 5784 00:35:26,430 --> 00:35:26,550 of 5785 00:35:26,910 --> 00:35:27,330 worn 5786 00:35:27,330 --> 00:35:27,600 down 5787 00:35:27,600 --> 00:35:27,690 and 5788 00:35:27,690 --> 00:35:27,960 eventually 5789 00:35:27,960 --> 00:35:28,710 destroyed 5790 00:35:29,040 --> 00:35:29,250 as 5791 00:35:29,250 --> 00:35:29,340 a 5792 00:35:29,340 --> 00:35:30,210 sideshow 5793 00:35:30,420 --> 00:35:30,630 to 5794 00:35:30,630 --> 00:35:30,720 a 5795 00:35:30,720 --> 00:35:31,110 much 5796 00:35:31,110 --> 00:35:31,530 bigger 5797 00:35:31,530 --> 00:35:32,220 contest 5798 00:35:32,550 --> 00:35:33,000 taking 5799 00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:33,420 place 5800 00:35:33,420 --> 00:35:33,780 between 5801 00:35:33,780 --> 00:35:33,870 the 5802 00:35:33,870 --> 00:35:34,500 Mamluks 5803 00:35:34,500 --> 00:35:34,740 and 5804 00:35:34,740 --> 00:35:34,830 the 5805 00:35:34,830 --> 00:35:35,370 Mongols . 5806 00:35:35,460 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 5807 00:35:35,460 --> 00:35:35,820 Stop 5808 00:35:35,910 --> 00:35:36,150 getting 5809 00:35:36,150 --> 00:35:36,510 bored . 5810 00:35:36,510 --> 00:35:36,630 They 5811 00:35:36,630 --> 00:35:36,750 just 5812 00:35:36,750 --> 00:35:37,110 go 5813 00:35:37,110 --> 00:35:37,410 pick 5814 00:35:37,410 --> 00:35:37,530 on 5815 00:35:37,530 --> 00:35:37,590 the 5816 00:35:37,590 --> 00:35:38,070 Crusader 5817 00:35:38,070 --> 00:35:38,490 states . 5818 00:35:38,490 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 5819 00:35:38,490 --> 00:35:38,670 There 5820 00:35:38,670 --> 00:35:38,880 may 5821 00:35:38,880 --> 00:35:38,970 be 5822 00:35:38,970 --> 00:35:39,060 an 5823 00:35:39,060 --> 00:35:39,330 element 5824 00:35:39,330 --> 00:35:39,390 to 5825 00:35:39,390 --> 00:35:39,510 that 5826 00:35:39,510 --> 00:35:39,700 because 5827 00:35:39,700 --> 00:35:39,830 there's 5828 00:35:39,840 --> 00:35:40,170 big 5829 00:35:40,170 --> 00:35:40,620 lulls 5830 00:35:40,620 --> 00:35:40,740 in 5831 00:35:40,740 --> 00:35:40,830 the 5832 00:35:40,830 --> 00:35:41,430 fighting 5833 00:35:41,530 --> 00:35:41,730 between 5834 00:35:41,730 --> 00:35:41,820 the 5835 00:35:41,820 --> 00:35:42,270 Mamluks 5836 00:35:42,270 --> 00:35:42,360 and 5837 00:35:42,360 --> 00:35:42,450 the 5838 00:35:42,450 --> 00:35:43,080 Mongols 5839 00:35:43,080 --> 00:35:43,650 and 5840 00:35:43,650 --> 00:35:43,800 the 5841 00:35:43,800 --> 00:35:44,190 Mamluks 5842 00:35:44,190 --> 00:35:44,550 use 5843 00:35:44,550 --> 00:35:44,820 those 5844 00:35:44,820 --> 00:35:45,420 lulls 5845 00:35:45,720 --> 00:35:45,870 to 5846 00:35:45,870 --> 00:35:46,170 fight 5847 00:35:46,170 --> 00:35:46,290 the 5848 00:35:46,290 --> 00:35:46,590 Crusader 5849 00:35:46,590 --> 00:35:46,890 states , 5850 00:35:46,890 --> 00:35:46,980 and 5851 00:35:46,980 --> 00:35:47,130 as 5852 00:35:47,130 --> 00:35:47,220 you 5853 00:35:47,220 --> 00:35:47,550 say , 5854 00:35:47,730 --> 00:35:48,000 that 5855 00:35:48,000 --> 00:35:48,150 would 5856 00:35:48,150 --> 00:35:48,420 give 5857 00:35:48,420 --> 00:35:48,720 them 5858 00:35:48,840 --> 00:35:49,080 some 5859 00:35:49,080 --> 00:35:49,320 very 5860 00:35:49,320 --> 00:35:49,500 good 5861 00:35:49,500 --> 00:35:50,100 training 5862 00:35:50,220 --> 00:35:50,670 in 5863 00:35:50,670 --> 00:35:51,180 siege 5864 00:35:51,180 --> 00:35:51,660 craft 5865 00:35:51,670 --> 00:35:51,840 and 5866 00:35:51,840 --> 00:35:52,470 battlefield 5867 00:35:52,470 --> 00:35:52,980 tactics 5868 00:35:53,190 --> 00:35:53,370 that 5869 00:35:53,370 --> 00:35:53,520 they 5870 00:35:53,520 --> 00:35:53,670 could 5871 00:35:53,670 --> 00:35:53,820 then 5872 00:35:53,820 --> 00:35:54,240 apply 5873 00:35:54,240 --> 00:35:54,600 to 5874 00:35:54,840 --> 00:35:55,170 fighting 5875 00:35:55,170 --> 00:35:55,260 the 5876 00:35:55,260 --> 00:35:55,560 Mongols 5877 00:35:55,560 --> 00:35:55,770 later . 5878 00:35:55,770 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 5879 00:35:55,770 --> 00:35:56,000 All 5880 00:35:56,010 --> 00:35:56,130 the 5881 00:35:56,130 --> 00:35:56,400 writing 5882 00:35:56,400 --> 00:35:56,520 was 5883 00:35:56,520 --> 00:35:56,670 kind 5884 00:35:56,670 --> 00:35:56,760 of 5885 00:35:56,760 --> 00:35:56,850 on 5886 00:35:56,850 --> 00:35:56,910 the 5887 00:35:56,910 --> 00:35:57,180 wall 5888 00:35:57,180 --> 00:35:57,330 when 5889 00:35:57,330 --> 00:35:57,390 the 5890 00:35:57,390 --> 00:35:57,840 Mongols 5891 00:35:57,840 --> 00:35:58,050 come 5892 00:35:58,050 --> 00:35:58,200 in 5893 00:35:58,410 --> 00:35:58,650 from 5894 00:35:58,650 --> 00:35:58,710 the 5895 00:35:58,710 --> 00:35:59,130 north 5896 00:35:59,130 --> 00:35:59,310 and 5897 00:35:59,310 --> 00:35:59,400 the 5898 00:35:59,400 --> 00:35:59,910 east , 5899 00:35:59,910 --> 00:36:00,150 and 5900 00:36:00,150 --> 00:36:00,300 then 5901 00:36:00,300 --> 00:36:00,420 you 5902 00:36:00,420 --> 00:36:00,810 have 5903 00:36:00,810 --> 00:36:01,440 Mamluks 5904 00:36:01,440 --> 00:36:01,650 in 5905 00:36:01,650 --> 00:36:01,710 the 5906 00:36:01,710 --> 00:36:02,280 south . 5907 00:36:02,730 --> 00:36:02,970 Once 5908 00:36:02,970 --> 00:36:03,150 you're 5909 00:36:03,150 --> 00:36:03,720 surrounded 5910 00:36:03,720 --> 00:36:03,930 by 5911 00:36:03,930 --> 00:36:04,380 those 5912 00:36:04,380 --> 00:36:04,920 two 5913 00:36:04,920 --> 00:36:05,730 armies 5914 00:36:05,730 --> 00:36:06,000 and 5915 00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:06,150 you 5916 00:36:06,150 --> 00:36:06,360 only 5917 00:36:06,360 --> 00:36:06,780 have 5918 00:36:06,930 --> 00:36:06,960 a 5919 00:36:06,960 --> 00:36:07,190 couple 5920 00:36:07,190 --> 00:36:07,230 of 5921 00:36:07,230 --> 00:36:07,620 thousand 5922 00:36:07,620 --> 00:36:08,070 people , 5923 00:36:08,190 --> 00:36:08,460 you're 5924 00:36:08,460 --> 00:36:08,550 in 5925 00:36:08,550 --> 00:36:08,970 trouble . 5926 00:36:09,510 --> 00:36:09,720 Well , 5927 00:36:09,720 --> 00:36:09,870 so 5928 00:36:09,870 --> 00:36:10,020 what 5929 00:36:10,020 --> 00:36:10,200 was 5930 00:36:10,200 --> 00:36:10,320 the 5931 00:36:10,320 --> 00:36:10,920 downfall ? 5932 00:36:10,920 --> 00:36:11,130 They 5933 00:36:11,130 --> 00:36:11,490 lasted 5934 00:36:11,490 --> 00:36:11,670 through 5935 00:36:11,670 --> 00:36:11,880 some 5936 00:36:11,880 --> 00:36:11,940 of 5937 00:36:11,940 --> 00:36:12,120 those 5938 00:36:12,120 --> 00:36:12,690 battles . 5939 00:36:12,690 --> 00:36:12,870 The 5940 00:36:12,870 --> 00:36:13,350 Mongols 5941 00:36:13,350 --> 00:36:13,440 were 5942 00:36:13,440 --> 00:36:13,710 there 5943 00:36:13,710 --> 00:36:13,830 and 5944 00:36:13,830 --> 00:36:13,980 then 5945 00:36:13,980 --> 00:36:14,130 they 5946 00:36:14,130 --> 00:36:14,430 pull 5947 00:36:14,430 --> 00:36:14,730 out 5948 00:36:14,730 --> 00:36:14,970 who 5949 00:36:14,970 --> 00:36:15,480 eventually 5950 00:36:15,480 --> 00:36:15,690 took 5951 00:36:15,690 --> 00:36:15,960 over 5952 00:36:15,960 --> 00:36:16,170 those 5953 00:36:16,170 --> 00:36:16,680 crusader 5954 00:36:16,680 --> 00:36:17,140 states 5955 00:36:17,340 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 5956 00:36:17,340 --> 00:36:17,430 I 5957 00:36:17,430 --> 00:36:17,760 mentioned . 5958 00:36:17,760 --> 00:36:17,850 The 5959 00:36:17,850 --> 00:36:18,090 big 5960 00:36:18,090 --> 00:36:18,600 contest 5961 00:36:18,600 --> 00:36:18,690 is 5962 00:36:18,690 --> 00:36:18,780 the 5963 00:36:18,780 --> 00:36:19,200 Mamluks 5964 00:36:19,200 --> 00:36:19,290 in 5965 00:36:19,290 --> 00:36:19,740 Egypt 5966 00:36:19,740 --> 00:36:19,980 and 5967 00:36:19,980 --> 00:36:20,290 later 5968 00:36:20,310 --> 00:36:20,400 in 5969 00:36:20,400 --> 00:36:21,180 Syria 5970 00:36:21,390 --> 00:36:21,810 fighting 5971 00:36:21,810 --> 00:36:21,900 the 5972 00:36:21,900 --> 00:36:22,380 Mongols . 5973 00:36:22,380 --> 00:36:22,500 The 5974 00:36:22,500 --> 00:36:22,710 main 5975 00:36:22,710 --> 00:36:23,280 frontier 5976 00:36:23,280 --> 00:36:23,400 in 5977 00:36:23,400 --> 00:36:23,550 that 5978 00:36:23,550 --> 00:36:23,840 war 5979 00:36:23,850 --> 00:36:23,970 is 5980 00:36:23,970 --> 00:36:24,090 the 5981 00:36:24,090 --> 00:36:24,720 Euphrates 5982 00:36:24,720 --> 00:36:25,140 River , 5983 00:36:25,500 --> 00:36:25,620 the 5984 00:36:25,620 --> 00:36:26,070 Mamluks 5985 00:36:26,070 --> 00:36:26,190 and 5986 00:36:26,190 --> 00:36:26,310 their 5987 00:36:26,310 --> 00:36:26,640 troops 5988 00:36:26,640 --> 00:36:26,940 against 5989 00:36:26,940 --> 00:36:27,000 the 5990 00:36:27,210 --> 00:36:27,600 states 5991 00:36:27,960 --> 00:36:28,290 during 5992 00:36:28,290 --> 00:36:28,440 sort 5993 00:36:28,440 --> 00:36:28,500 of 5994 00:36:28,500 --> 00:36:28,890 periods 5995 00:36:28,890 --> 00:36:29,040 of 5996 00:36:29,460 --> 00:36:29,760 peace 5997 00:36:29,760 --> 00:36:29,850 with 5998 00:36:29,850 --> 00:36:29,910 the 5999 00:36:29,910 --> 00:36:30,150 Mongols 6000 00:36:30,150 --> 00:36:30,450 anyway . 6001 00:36:30,840 --> 00:36:31,230 But 6002 00:36:31,230 --> 00:36:31,590 basically 6003 00:36:31,590 --> 00:36:31,680 they 6004 00:36:31,680 --> 00:36:31,800 just 6005 00:36:31,800 --> 00:36:31,980 take 6006 00:36:31,980 --> 00:36:32,040 the 6007 00:36:32,040 --> 00:36:32,250 position 6008 00:36:32,250 --> 00:36:32,310 of , 6009 00:36:32,310 --> 00:36:32,400 say , 6010 00:36:32,400 --> 00:36:32,520 it's 6011 00:36:32,520 --> 00:36:32,580 a 6012 00:36:32,580 --> 00:36:32,970 pot 6013 00:36:33,120 --> 00:36:33,450 every 6014 00:36:33,450 --> 00:36:33,660 year , 6015 00:36:33,660 --> 00:36:33,870 every 6016 00:36:33,870 --> 00:36:34,170 few 6017 00:36:34,170 --> 00:36:34,410 years , 6018 00:36:34,410 --> 00:36:34,500 they 6019 00:36:34,500 --> 00:36:34,740 might 6020 00:36:35,040 --> 00:36:35,280 take 6021 00:36:35,280 --> 00:36:35,340 a 6022 00:36:35,340 --> 00:36:35,610 few 6023 00:36:35,610 --> 00:36:36,150 towns , 6024 00:36:36,300 --> 00:36:36,420 a 6025 00:36:36,420 --> 00:36:36,660 few 6026 00:36:36,660 --> 00:36:37,200 strongholds . 6027 00:36:37,380 --> 00:36:37,500 The 6028 00:36:37,500 --> 00:36:37,740 next 6029 00:36:37,740 --> 00:36:37,860 year 6030 00:36:37,860 --> 00:36:37,950 they 6031 00:36:37,950 --> 00:36:38,070 do 6032 00:36:38,070 --> 00:36:38,190 the 6033 00:36:38,190 --> 00:36:38,460 same 6034 00:36:38,460 --> 00:36:38,760 thing 6035 00:36:39,060 --> 00:36:39,360 because 6036 00:36:39,360 --> 00:36:39,480 there's 6037 00:36:39,480 --> 00:36:39,660 no 6038 00:36:39,660 --> 00:36:39,960 real 6039 00:36:39,960 --> 00:36:41,070 counter-offensive . 6040 00:36:41,430 --> 00:36:41,580 The 6041 00:36:41,580 --> 00:36:42,060 Franks 6042 00:36:42,060 --> 00:36:42,270 by 6043 00:36:42,270 --> 00:36:42,480 this 6044 00:36:42,480 --> 00:36:42,900 stage 6045 00:36:42,900 --> 00:36:43,380 lack 6046 00:36:43,590 --> 00:36:43,770 the 6047 00:36:43,770 --> 00:36:44,460 numbers 6048 00:36:44,850 --> 00:36:45,240 to 6049 00:36:45,240 --> 00:36:45,510 meet 6050 00:36:45,510 --> 00:36:45,600 the 6051 00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:46,200 mamluks 6052 00:36:46,200 --> 00:36:46,350 on 6053 00:36:46,350 --> 00:36:46,650 equal 6054 00:36:46,650 --> 00:36:47,010 terms 6055 00:36:47,010 --> 00:36:47,100 on 6056 00:36:47,100 --> 00:36:47,160 the 6057 00:36:47,160 --> 00:36:47,820 battlefield . 6058 00:36:48,030 --> 00:36:48,240 They 6059 00:36:48,240 --> 00:36:48,450 made 6060 00:36:48,450 --> 00:36:48,540 the 6061 00:36:48,540 --> 00:36:48,750 front 6062 00:36:48,750 --> 00:36:48,810 a 6063 00:36:48,810 --> 00:36:49,110 few 6064 00:36:49,110 --> 00:36:49,680 raids , 6065 00:36:49,890 --> 00:36:50,040 but 6066 00:36:50,040 --> 00:36:50,130 they're 6067 00:36:50,130 --> 00:36:50,280 never 6068 00:36:50,280 --> 00:36:50,400 going 6069 00:36:50,400 --> 00:36:50,460 to 6070 00:36:50,460 --> 00:36:50,610 get 6071 00:36:50,610 --> 00:36:50,790 these 6072 00:36:50,790 --> 00:36:51,330 territories 6073 00:36:51,330 --> 00:36:51,750 back . 6074 00:36:52,230 --> 00:36:52,860 And 6075 00:36:52,860 --> 00:36:53,160 by 6076 00:36:53,160 --> 00:36:53,250 the 6077 00:36:53,250 --> 00:36:53,430 late 6078 00:36:53,430 --> 00:36:53,880 13th 6079 00:36:53,880 --> 00:36:54,420 century , 6080 00:36:54,420 --> 00:36:54,570 which 6081 00:36:54,570 --> 00:36:54,690 is 6082 00:36:54,690 --> 00:36:54,870 this 6083 00:36:54,870 --> 00:36:55,020 sort 6084 00:36:55,020 --> 00:36:55,140 of 6085 00:36:55,140 --> 00:36:55,500 era 6086 00:36:56,100 --> 00:36:57,300 enthusiasm 6087 00:36:57,300 --> 00:36:57,450 for 6088 00:36:57,450 --> 00:36:58,200 crusading 6089 00:36:58,200 --> 00:36:58,470 all 6090 00:36:58,470 --> 00:36:58,560 the 6091 00:36:58,560 --> 00:36:58,740 way 6092 00:36:58,740 --> 00:36:59,160 across 6093 00:36:59,160 --> 00:36:59,280 to 6094 00:36:59,280 --> 00:36:59,370 the 6095 00:36:59,370 --> 00:36:59,640 eastern 6096 00:36:59,640 --> 00:37:00,360 Mediterranean's 6097 00:37:00,360 --> 00:37:00,450 at 6098 00:37:00,450 --> 00:37:00,520 a 6099 00:37:00,520 --> 00:37:00,840 fairly 6100 00:37:00,840 --> 00:37:01,200 low 6101 00:37:01,200 --> 00:37:01,440 ebb 6102 00:37:01,830 --> 00:37:02,040 in 6103 00:37:02,040 --> 00:37:02,430 western 6104 00:37:02,430 --> 00:37:03,030 Christendom , 6105 00:37:03,300 --> 00:37:03,750 so 6106 00:37:03,750 --> 00:37:04,170 no 6107 00:37:04,170 --> 00:37:04,560 big 6108 00:37:04,560 --> 00:37:05,010 armies 6109 00:37:05,010 --> 00:37:05,280 set 6110 00:37:05,280 --> 00:37:05,520 out 6111 00:37:05,520 --> 00:37:05,790 during 6112 00:37:05,790 --> 00:37:05,970 that 6113 00:37:05,970 --> 00:37:06,360 era 6114 00:37:07,020 --> 00:37:07,290 to 6115 00:37:07,290 --> 00:37:07,770 support 6116 00:37:07,770 --> 00:37:07,860 the 6117 00:37:07,860 --> 00:37:08,160 Crusader 6118 00:37:08,160 --> 00:37:08,400 states . 6119 00:37:08,400 --> 00:37:08,460 A 6120 00:37:08,460 --> 00:37:08,670 few 6121 00:37:08,670 --> 00:37:09,080 smaller 6122 00:37:09,090 --> 00:37:09,720 contingents , 6123 00:37:09,720 --> 00:37:10,230 perhaps . 6124 00:37:10,800 --> 00:37:10,950 So 6125 00:37:10,950 --> 00:37:11,040 the 6126 00:37:11,040 --> 00:37:11,400 Mamluks 6127 00:37:11,400 --> 00:37:11,700 really 6128 00:37:11,700 --> 00:37:12,030 can 6129 00:37:12,150 --> 00:37:12,510 take 6130 00:37:12,510 --> 00:37:12,570 the 6131 00:37:12,580 --> 00:37:12,780 kind 6132 00:37:12,780 --> 00:37:12,810 of 6133 00:37:12,840 --> 00:37:13,200 states 6134 00:37:13,200 --> 00:37:13,680 apart 6135 00:37:13,680 --> 00:37:14,190 as 6136 00:37:14,190 --> 00:37:14,400 as 6137 00:37:14,400 --> 00:37:14,460 a 6138 00:37:14,470 --> 00:37:14,700 when 6139 00:37:14,700 --> 00:37:14,880 they 6140 00:37:14,880 --> 00:37:15,390 choose . 6141 00:37:16,050 --> 00:37:16,260 In 6142 00:37:16,260 --> 00:37:16,590 fact , 6143 00:37:17,070 --> 00:37:17,220 the 6144 00:37:17,220 --> 00:37:17,580 crusaders 6145 00:37:17,940 --> 00:37:18,630 biggest 6146 00:37:19,320 --> 00:37:19,740 card 6147 00:37:19,740 --> 00:37:19,920 to 6148 00:37:19,920 --> 00:37:20,190 play 6149 00:37:20,190 --> 00:37:20,250 at 6150 00:37:20,250 --> 00:37:20,310 the 6151 00:37:20,310 --> 00:37:21,000 negotiating 6152 00:37:21,030 --> 00:37:21,450 table 6153 00:37:21,810 --> 00:37:22,170 is 6154 00:37:22,170 --> 00:37:22,350 their 6155 00:37:22,350 --> 00:37:22,890 central 6156 00:37:22,890 --> 00:37:23,160 role 6157 00:37:23,160 --> 00:37:23,310 in 6158 00:37:23,310 --> 00:37:23,790 trade , 6159 00:37:24,150 --> 00:37:24,330 their 6160 00:37:24,330 --> 00:37:24,870 crucial 6161 00:37:24,870 --> 00:37:25,290 trading 6162 00:37:25,290 --> 00:37:26,040 importance , 6163 00:37:26,280 --> 00:37:26,430 and 6164 00:37:26,430 --> 00:37:26,520 the 6165 00:37:26,520 --> 00:37:26,820 moments 6166 00:37:26,820 --> 00:37:26,880 of 6167 00:37:26,880 --> 00:37:26,970 an 6168 00:37:26,970 --> 00:37:27,360 interest 6169 00:37:27,360 --> 00:37:27,450 in 6170 00:37:27,450 --> 00:37:27,690 keeping 6171 00:37:27,690 --> 00:37:27,810 the 6172 00:37:27,810 --> 00:37:28,080 trading 6173 00:37:28,080 --> 00:37:28,650 emporium 6174 00:37:28,650 --> 00:37:29,070 open , 6175 00:37:29,670 --> 00:37:29,910 which 6176 00:37:29,910 --> 00:37:29,970 is 6177 00:37:29,970 --> 00:37:30,150 actually 6178 00:37:30,150 --> 00:37:30,270 their 6179 00:37:30,270 --> 00:37:30,870 strongest 6180 00:37:30,990 --> 00:37:31,530 argument 6181 00:37:31,770 --> 00:37:31,980 for 6182 00:37:31,980 --> 00:37:32,580 remaining 6183 00:37:33,120 --> 00:37:33,240 for 6184 00:37:33,240 --> 00:37:33,690 keeping 6185 00:37:33,690 --> 00:37:34,050 going 6186 00:37:34,050 --> 00:37:34,140 in 6187 00:37:34,140 --> 00:37:34,380 many 6188 00:37:34,380 --> 00:37:34,770 ways . 6189 00:37:35,250 --> 00:37:35,490 But 6190 00:37:35,490 --> 00:37:35,610 yeah , 6191 00:37:35,610 --> 00:37:35,760 they're 6192 00:37:35,760 --> 00:37:36,120 taken 6193 00:37:36,120 --> 00:37:36,540 apart . 6194 00:37:36,540 --> 00:37:36,780 And 6195 00:37:37,320 --> 00:37:37,530 in 6196 00:37:37,530 --> 00:37:38,520 1291 , 6197 00:37:38,640 --> 00:37:38,820 the 6198 00:37:38,820 --> 00:37:39,540 Mamluks 6199 00:37:39,540 --> 00:37:40,230 besiege 6200 00:37:40,230 --> 00:37:40,380 the 6201 00:37:40,380 --> 00:37:40,650 City 6202 00:37:40,650 --> 00:37:40,770 of 6203 00:37:40,770 --> 00:37:41,280 Acre , 6204 00:37:41,310 --> 00:37:41,490 which 6205 00:37:41,490 --> 00:37:41,580 is 6206 00:37:41,580 --> 00:37:41,670 the 6207 00:37:41,670 --> 00:37:42,120 capital 6208 00:37:42,120 --> 00:37:42,480 city 6209 00:37:42,480 --> 00:37:42,750 of 6210 00:37:42,750 --> 00:37:42,810 the 6211 00:37:42,810 --> 00:37:43,140 Kingdom 6212 00:37:43,140 --> 00:37:43,260 of 6213 00:37:43,260 --> 00:37:43,860 Jerusalem , 6214 00:37:44,640 --> 00:37:45,180 and 6215 00:37:45,180 --> 00:37:45,420 with 6216 00:37:45,420 --> 00:37:45,510 the 6217 00:37:45,510 --> 00:37:45,780 fall 6218 00:37:45,780 --> 00:37:45,870 of 6219 00:37:45,870 --> 00:37:46,320 Angkor , 6220 00:37:46,410 --> 00:37:46,680 that's 6221 00:37:46,680 --> 00:37:46,950 pretty 6222 00:37:46,950 --> 00:37:47,250 much 6223 00:37:47,250 --> 00:37:47,580 it . 6224 00:37:47,880 --> 00:37:48,060 There's 6225 00:37:48,060 --> 00:37:48,090 a 6226 00:37:48,090 --> 00:37:48,420 couple 6227 00:37:48,420 --> 00:37:48,510 of 6228 00:37:48,510 --> 00:37:48,930 towns 6229 00:37:48,930 --> 00:37:49,230 left , 6230 00:37:49,230 --> 00:37:49,340 but 6231 00:37:49,350 --> 00:37:49,560 they're 6232 00:37:49,560 --> 00:37:50,490 evacuated 6233 00:37:50,820 --> 00:37:51,030 in 6234 00:37:51,030 --> 00:37:51,090 the 6235 00:37:51,090 --> 00:37:51,330 wake 6236 00:37:51,330 --> 00:37:51,390 of 6237 00:37:51,390 --> 00:37:51,480 the 6238 00:37:51,480 --> 00:37:51,690 fall 6239 00:37:51,690 --> 00:37:51,810 of 6240 00:37:51,810 --> 00:37:52,110 acre 6241 00:37:52,110 --> 00:37:52,290 and 6242 00:37:52,290 --> 00:37:52,560 that's 6243 00:37:52,560 --> 00:37:52,710 the 6244 00:37:52,710 --> 00:37:53,070 end 6245 00:37:53,580 --> 00:37:53,880 of 6246 00:37:53,880 --> 00:37:53,970 the 6247 00:37:53,970 --> 00:37:54,540 mainland 6248 00:37:54,540 --> 00:37:54,870 Crusader 6249 00:37:54,870 --> 00:37:55,350 states . 6250 00:37:55,710 --> 00:37:56,010 Although 6251 00:37:56,010 --> 00:37:56,130 the 6252 00:37:56,130 --> 00:37:56,490 island 6253 00:37:56,490 --> 00:37:56,550 of 6254 00:37:56,550 --> 00:37:57,330 Cyprus 6255 00:37:57,840 --> 00:37:58,740 remains 6256 00:37:58,740 --> 00:37:58,830 a 6257 00:37:58,830 --> 00:37:59,250 Catholic 6258 00:37:59,250 --> 00:37:59,700 kingdom 6259 00:38:00,000 --> 00:38:00,240 all 6260 00:38:00,240 --> 00:38:00,330 the 6261 00:38:00,330 --> 00:38:00,510 way 6262 00:38:00,510 --> 00:38:00,750 up 6263 00:38:00,900 --> 00:38:01,520 until 6264 00:38:01,530 --> 00:38:01,590 it 6265 00:38:01,590 --> 00:38:02,160 remains 6266 00:38:02,160 --> 00:38:02,430 in 6267 00:38:02,430 --> 00:38:02,820 western 6268 00:38:02,820 --> 00:38:03,180 Christian 6269 00:38:03,180 --> 00:38:03,450 hands 6270 00:38:03,450 --> 00:38:03,810 until 6271 00:38:03,810 --> 00:38:04,680 1571 . 6272 00:38:04,740 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 6273 00:38:04,740 --> 00:38:04,890 I 6274 00:38:04,890 --> 00:38:05,040 know 6275 00:38:05,040 --> 00:38:05,220 for 6276 00:38:05,220 --> 00:38:05,400 me , 6277 00:38:05,400 --> 00:38:05,520 I 6278 00:38:05,520 --> 00:38:05,700 always 6279 00:38:05,700 --> 00:38:05,880 look 6280 00:38:05,880 --> 00:38:05,970 at 6281 00:38:05,970 --> 00:38:06,120 kind 6282 00:38:06,120 --> 00:38:06,180 of 6283 00:38:06,180 --> 00:38:06,240 the 6284 00:38:06,240 --> 00:38:07,020 military 6285 00:38:07,020 --> 00:38:07,530 aspect 6286 00:38:07,530 --> 00:38:07,650 of 6287 00:38:07,650 --> 00:38:08,160 everything , 6288 00:38:08,160 --> 00:38:08,370 but 6289 00:38:08,370 --> 00:38:08,520 what 6290 00:38:08,520 --> 00:38:08,670 was 6291 00:38:08,670 --> 00:38:08,850 the 6292 00:38:08,850 --> 00:38:09,660 social 6293 00:38:09,660 --> 00:38:09,870 and 6294 00:38:09,870 --> 00:38:10,560 economic 6295 00:38:10,560 --> 00:38:10,950 aspect 6296 00:38:10,950 --> 00:38:11,010 of 6297 00:38:11,010 --> 00:38:11,070 the 6298 00:38:11,070 --> 00:38:11,550 Crusader 6299 00:38:11,550 --> 00:38:11,850 states 6300 00:38:11,850 --> 00:38:11,970 that 6301 00:38:11,970 --> 00:38:12,090 you 6302 00:38:12,090 --> 00:38:12,300 said 6303 00:38:12,300 --> 00:38:12,420 that 6304 00:38:12,420 --> 00:38:12,600 they 6305 00:38:12,600 --> 00:38:12,750 had 6306 00:38:12,750 --> 00:38:12,810 a 6307 00:38:12,810 --> 00:38:12,990 lot 6308 00:38:12,990 --> 00:38:13,050 of 6309 00:38:13,050 --> 00:38:13,500 trade 6310 00:38:13,500 --> 00:38:13,650 that 6311 00:38:13,650 --> 00:38:13,770 was 6312 00:38:13,770 --> 00:38:14,340 involved . 6313 00:38:14,700 --> 00:38:14,850 Did 6314 00:38:14,850 --> 00:38:15,000 they 6315 00:38:15,000 --> 00:38:15,300 build 6316 00:38:15,300 --> 00:38:15,450 up 6317 00:38:15,450 --> 00:38:15,690 these 6318 00:38:15,690 --> 00:38:16,140 cities 6319 00:38:16,140 --> 00:38:16,410 in 6320 00:38:16,410 --> 00:38:16,550 like 6321 00:38:16,590 --> 00:38:16,650 a 6322 00:38:16,650 --> 00:38:17,040 Frankish 6323 00:38:17,040 --> 00:38:17,250 way ? 6324 00:38:17,250 --> 00:38:17,400 Did 6325 00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:17,520 they 6326 00:38:17,520 --> 00:38:17,730 kind 6327 00:38:17,730 --> 00:38:17,790 of 6328 00:38:17,790 --> 00:38:18,360 assimilate 6329 00:38:18,360 --> 00:38:18,510 and 6330 00:38:18,510 --> 00:38:18,750 build 6331 00:38:18,750 --> 00:38:18,870 them 6332 00:38:18,870 --> 00:38:19,050 up 6333 00:38:19,050 --> 00:38:19,580 into 6334 00:38:19,580 --> 00:38:19,650 the 6335 00:38:19,650 --> 00:38:20,310 Muslim 6336 00:38:20,310 --> 00:38:20,640 near 6337 00:38:20,640 --> 00:38:21,090 East 6338 00:38:21,300 --> 00:38:21,540 kind 6339 00:38:21,540 --> 00:38:21,690 of 6340 00:38:21,690 --> 00:38:22,350 society ? 6341 00:38:22,690 --> 00:38:22,890 How 6342 00:38:22,950 --> 00:38:23,250 would 6343 00:38:23,250 --> 00:38:23,400 the 6344 00:38:23,400 --> 00:38:23,940 economics 6345 00:38:23,940 --> 00:38:24,030 and 6346 00:38:24,030 --> 00:38:24,570 society 6347 00:38:24,570 --> 00:38:24,750 look 6348 00:38:24,750 --> 00:38:24,960 like 6349 00:38:24,960 --> 00:38:25,470 before 6350 00:38:25,470 --> 00:38:25,920 everything 6351 00:38:25,920 --> 00:38:26,520 collapsed ? 6352 00:38:26,580 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 6353 00:38:26,580 --> 00:38:26,820 Yeah , 6354 00:38:26,820 --> 00:38:27,030 great 6355 00:38:27,030 --> 00:38:27,330 question . 6356 00:38:27,330 --> 00:38:27,420 And 6357 00:38:27,510 --> 00:38:27,740 there's 6358 00:38:28,040 --> 00:38:28,470 several 6359 00:38:28,470 --> 00:38:28,740 points 6360 00:38:28,740 --> 00:38:28,830 to 6361 00:38:28,830 --> 00:38:29,040 make 6362 00:38:29,040 --> 00:38:29,160 here . 6363 00:38:29,160 --> 00:38:29,250 The 6364 00:38:29,250 --> 00:38:29,670 first 6365 00:38:29,670 --> 00:38:29,910 is 6366 00:38:29,910 --> 00:38:30,240 that 6367 00:38:30,240 --> 00:38:30,450 there's 6368 00:38:30,450 --> 00:38:30,510 a 6369 00:38:30,510 --> 00:38:30,960 huge 6370 00:38:30,960 --> 00:38:31,260 amount 6371 00:38:31,260 --> 00:38:31,320 of 6372 00:38:31,320 --> 00:38:32,220 exchange 6373 00:38:32,220 --> 00:38:32,400 that 6374 00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:32,760 takes 6375 00:38:32,760 --> 00:38:33,270 place 6376 00:38:33,330 --> 00:38:33,570 during 6377 00:38:33,570 --> 00:38:33,750 this 6378 00:38:33,750 --> 00:38:34,110 era . 6379 00:38:34,290 --> 00:38:34,500 When 6380 00:38:34,500 --> 00:38:34,590 you 6381 00:38:34,590 --> 00:38:34,770 look 6382 00:38:34,770 --> 00:38:35,010 at 6383 00:38:35,160 --> 00:38:35,700 maps 6384 00:38:35,700 --> 00:38:35,910 and 6385 00:38:35,940 --> 00:38:36,180 in 6386 00:38:36,180 --> 00:38:36,420 some 6387 00:38:36,420 --> 00:38:36,750 people's 6388 00:38:36,750 --> 00:38:37,170 books 6389 00:38:37,170 --> 00:38:37,320 or 6390 00:38:37,320 --> 00:38:37,620 some 6391 00:38:38,380 --> 00:38:38,620 of 6392 00:38:38,640 --> 00:38:38,700 the 6393 00:38:38,700 --> 00:38:38,870 way 6394 00:38:38,890 --> 00:38:39,030 which 6395 00:38:39,030 --> 00:38:39,180 people 6396 00:38:39,180 --> 00:38:39,750 describe 6397 00:38:40,140 --> 00:38:40,380 this 6398 00:38:40,380 --> 00:38:40,740 era , 6399 00:38:41,010 --> 00:38:41,250 you 6400 00:38:41,250 --> 00:38:41,430 would 6401 00:38:41,430 --> 00:38:41,790 be 6402 00:38:41,790 --> 00:38:42,270 forgiven 6403 00:38:42,270 --> 00:38:42,420 for 6404 00:38:42,420 --> 00:38:42,750 thinking 6405 00:38:42,750 --> 00:38:42,870 that 6406 00:38:42,870 --> 00:38:43,050 there's 6407 00:38:43,050 --> 00:38:43,110 a 6408 00:38:43,110 --> 00:38:43,290 sort 6409 00:38:43,290 --> 00:38:43,470 of 6410 00:38:43,770 --> 00:38:44,130 one 6411 00:38:44,130 --> 00:38:44,340 block 6412 00:38:44,340 --> 00:38:44,430 of 6413 00:38:44,430 --> 00:38:44,850 territory 6414 00:38:44,850 --> 00:38:45,030 called 6415 00:38:45,030 --> 00:38:45,480 Christian 6416 00:38:45,480 --> 00:38:45,870 territory , 6417 00:38:45,900 --> 00:38:46,140 one 6418 00:38:46,140 --> 00:38:46,320 block 6419 00:38:46,320 --> 00:38:46,410 of 6420 00:38:46,410 --> 00:38:46,860 typical 6421 00:38:46,860 --> 00:38:47,160 Muslim 6422 00:38:47,160 --> 00:38:47,490 territory 6423 00:38:47,580 --> 00:38:47,760 and 6424 00:38:47,760 --> 00:38:47,820 a 6425 00:38:47,820 --> 00:38:48,090 line 6426 00:38:48,090 --> 00:38:48,390 between 6427 00:38:48,390 --> 00:38:48,450 the 6428 00:38:48,480 --> 00:38:48,660 two , 6429 00:38:48,660 --> 00:38:48,750 and 6430 00:38:48,750 --> 00:38:49,020 that's 6431 00:38:49,020 --> 00:38:49,230 it . 6432 00:38:49,440 --> 00:38:49,800 Recent 6433 00:38:49,800 --> 00:38:50,190 research 6434 00:38:50,190 --> 00:38:50,310 is 6435 00:38:50,310 --> 00:38:50,550 very 6436 00:38:50,550 --> 00:38:50,730 much 6437 00:38:50,730 --> 00:38:51,120 breaking 6438 00:38:51,120 --> 00:38:51,330 down 6439 00:38:51,330 --> 00:38:51,420 the 6440 00:38:51,430 --> 00:38:51,990 idea . 6441 00:38:52,260 --> 00:38:52,350 I 6442 00:38:52,410 --> 00:38:52,530 just 6443 00:38:52,530 --> 00:38:52,590 to 6444 00:38:52,590 --> 00:38:52,710 give 6445 00:38:52,710 --> 00:38:52,800 you 6446 00:38:52,800 --> 00:38:52,950 one 6447 00:38:52,950 --> 00:38:53,220 idea 6448 00:38:53,220 --> 00:38:53,310 of 6449 00:38:53,310 --> 00:38:53,460 how 6450 00:38:53,460 --> 00:38:53,640 that 6451 00:38:53,640 --> 00:38:53,850 might 6452 00:38:53,850 --> 00:38:54,480 operate , 6453 00:38:54,810 --> 00:38:55,020 there's 6454 00:38:55,020 --> 00:38:55,140 not 6455 00:38:55,140 --> 00:38:55,290 much 6456 00:38:55,290 --> 00:38:55,560 money 6457 00:38:55,560 --> 00:38:56,010 around . 6458 00:38:56,460 --> 00:38:56,670 So 6459 00:38:56,670 --> 00:38:56,940 even 6460 00:38:56,940 --> 00:38:57,030 though 6461 00:38:57,030 --> 00:38:57,120 the 6462 00:38:57,120 --> 00:38:57,380 Christian 6463 00:38:57,390 --> 00:38:57,630 sector 6464 00:38:57,630 --> 00:38:57,630 to 6465 00:38:57,630 --> 00:38:57,840 quite 6466 00:38:57,840 --> 00:38:58,230 wealthy , 6467 00:38:58,230 --> 00:38:58,400 so 6468 00:38:58,410 --> 00:38:58,500 is 6469 00:38:58,500 --> 00:38:58,920 Damascus 6470 00:38:58,920 --> 00:38:59,010 and 6471 00:38:59,010 --> 00:38:59,400 Aleppo . 6472 00:38:59,550 --> 00:38:59,790 By 6473 00:38:59,790 --> 00:39:00,150 modern 6474 00:39:00,150 --> 00:39:00,840 standards , 6475 00:39:01,380 --> 00:39:01,530 the 6476 00:39:01,530 --> 00:39:01,920 entire 6477 00:39:01,920 --> 00:39:02,340 region 6478 00:39:02,340 --> 00:39:02,520 is 6479 00:39:02,520 --> 00:39:02,730 not 6480 00:39:02,730 --> 00:39:03,270 particularly 6481 00:39:03,270 --> 00:39:03,780 wealthy . 6482 00:39:04,290 --> 00:39:04,500 And 6483 00:39:04,500 --> 00:39:04,620 so 6484 00:39:04,620 --> 00:39:04,800 let's 6485 00:39:04,800 --> 00:39:05,100 say 6486 00:39:05,100 --> 00:39:05,280 that 6487 00:39:05,280 --> 00:39:05,550 you 6488 00:39:05,550 --> 00:39:05,850 are 6489 00:39:06,390 --> 00:39:06,570 the 6490 00:39:06,570 --> 00:39:07,020 emir 6491 00:39:07,020 --> 00:39:07,140 of 6492 00:39:07,140 --> 00:39:07,860 Damascus 6493 00:39:08,040 --> 00:39:08,190 or 6494 00:39:08,190 --> 00:39:08,270 the 6495 00:39:08,280 --> 00:39:08,610 count 6496 00:39:08,610 --> 00:39:08,730 of 6497 00:39:08,730 --> 00:39:09,330 Tripoli 6498 00:39:09,660 --> 00:39:09,810 or 6499 00:39:09,810 --> 00:39:09,900 the 6500 00:39:09,900 --> 00:39:10,170 queen 6501 00:39:10,170 --> 00:39:10,290 of 6502 00:39:10,290 --> 00:39:10,920 Jerusalem 6503 00:39:11,370 --> 00:39:11,820 or 6504 00:39:12,150 --> 00:39:12,540 any 6505 00:39:12,540 --> 00:39:12,840 any 6506 00:39:12,840 --> 00:39:13,170 ruler 6507 00:39:13,170 --> 00:39:13,410 from 6508 00:39:13,410 --> 00:39:13,710 across 6509 00:39:13,710 --> 00:39:13,830 the 6510 00:39:13,830 --> 00:39:14,040 area , 6511 00:39:14,040 --> 00:39:14,220 if 6512 00:39:14,220 --> 00:39:14,370 you 6513 00:39:14,370 --> 00:39:14,580 will , 6514 00:39:14,580 --> 00:39:14,700 to 6515 00:39:14,700 --> 00:39:15,150 build 6516 00:39:15,360 --> 00:39:15,480 a 6517 00:39:15,480 --> 00:39:16,080 church , 6518 00:39:16,290 --> 00:39:16,440 a 6519 00:39:16,440 --> 00:39:16,890 mosque , 6520 00:39:17,190 --> 00:39:17,310 a 6521 00:39:17,310 --> 00:39:18,000 palace , 6522 00:39:18,000 --> 00:39:18,120 a 6523 00:39:18,120 --> 00:39:18,720 castle , 6524 00:39:19,110 --> 00:39:19,230 the 6525 00:39:19,230 --> 00:39:19,530 town 6526 00:39:19,530 --> 00:39:20,040 walls . 6527 00:39:20,400 --> 00:39:20,640 You 6528 00:39:20,640 --> 00:39:20,880 can 6529 00:39:20,880 --> 00:39:21,390 probably 6530 00:39:21,390 --> 00:39:21,690 do 6531 00:39:21,690 --> 00:39:22,020 that 6532 00:39:22,440 --> 00:39:22,830 just 6533 00:39:22,830 --> 00:39:23,340 about . 6534 00:39:23,910 --> 00:39:24,270 And 6535 00:39:24,270 --> 00:39:24,540 so 6536 00:39:24,540 --> 00:39:24,660 for 6537 00:39:24,660 --> 00:39:24,840 two 6538 00:39:24,840 --> 00:39:24,930 or 6539 00:39:24,930 --> 00:39:25,140 three 6540 00:39:25,140 --> 00:39:25,590 years , 6541 00:39:25,860 --> 00:39:26,130 you 6542 00:39:26,130 --> 00:39:26,340 will 6543 00:39:26,340 --> 00:39:26,820 hire 6544 00:39:27,390 --> 00:39:28,050 masons 6545 00:39:28,050 --> 00:39:28,200 and 6546 00:39:28,200 --> 00:39:29,160 carpenters 6547 00:39:29,160 --> 00:39:29,490 and 6548 00:39:29,490 --> 00:39:30,060 laborers 6549 00:39:30,060 --> 00:39:30,180 and 6550 00:39:30,180 --> 00:39:30,330 all 6551 00:39:30,330 --> 00:39:30,420 the 6552 00:39:30,420 --> 00:39:30,750 people 6553 00:39:30,750 --> 00:39:30,870 you 6554 00:39:30,870 --> 00:39:31,080 need 6555 00:39:31,080 --> 00:39:31,200 to 6556 00:39:31,200 --> 00:39:31,500 build 6557 00:39:31,500 --> 00:39:31,710 that 6558 00:39:31,710 --> 00:39:32,160 building . 6559 00:39:32,910 --> 00:39:33,120 And 6560 00:39:33,120 --> 00:39:33,180 at 6561 00:39:33,180 --> 00:39:33,270 the 6562 00:39:33,270 --> 00:39:33,420 end 6563 00:39:33,420 --> 00:39:33,510 of 6564 00:39:33,510 --> 00:39:33,660 that 6565 00:39:33,660 --> 00:39:34,200 period , 6566 00:39:34,260 --> 00:39:34,680 that's 6567 00:39:34,680 --> 00:39:34,920 it . 6568 00:39:35,190 --> 00:39:35,370 You're 6569 00:39:35,370 --> 00:39:35,490 out 6570 00:39:35,490 --> 00:39:35,610 of 6571 00:39:35,610 --> 00:39:35,970 money . 6572 00:39:36,120 --> 00:39:36,450 That's 6573 00:39:36,450 --> 00:39:36,600 the 6574 00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:36,930 end . 6575 00:39:37,440 --> 00:39:37,740 And 6576 00:39:37,740 --> 00:39:37,920 so 6577 00:39:37,920 --> 00:39:38,130 all 6578 00:39:38,130 --> 00:39:38,700 those 6579 00:39:38,700 --> 00:39:39,420 artisans 6580 00:39:39,420 --> 00:39:39,540 have 6581 00:39:39,540 --> 00:39:39,630 to 6582 00:39:39,630 --> 00:39:39,840 go 6583 00:39:39,840 --> 00:39:40,350 somewhere 6584 00:39:40,350 --> 00:39:40,860 else . 6585 00:39:41,790 --> 00:39:42,120 And 6586 00:39:42,120 --> 00:39:42,570 so 6587 00:39:42,780 --> 00:39:43,050 where 6588 00:39:43,050 --> 00:39:43,170 do 6589 00:39:43,170 --> 00:39:43,350 they 6590 00:39:43,350 --> 00:39:43,650 go ? 6591 00:39:43,770 --> 00:39:43,980 They 6592 00:39:43,980 --> 00:39:44,130 go 6593 00:39:44,130 --> 00:39:44,220 where 6594 00:39:44,220 --> 00:39:44,310 the 6595 00:39:44,310 --> 00:39:44,610 money 6596 00:39:44,610 --> 00:39:45,000 is . 6597 00:39:45,000 --> 00:39:45,210 And 6598 00:39:45,210 --> 00:39:45,360 if 6599 00:39:45,360 --> 00:39:45,480 that 6600 00:39:45,480 --> 00:39:45,750 means 6601 00:39:45,750 --> 00:39:46,140 crossing 6602 00:39:46,140 --> 00:39:46,200 a 6603 00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:46,710 cultural 6604 00:39:46,710 --> 00:39:47,040 border 6605 00:39:47,040 --> 00:39:47,190 into 6606 00:39:47,190 --> 00:39:47,640 Christian 6607 00:39:47,640 --> 00:39:48,150 territory 6608 00:39:48,150 --> 00:39:48,280 or 6609 00:39:48,280 --> 00:39:48,450 into 6610 00:39:48,450 --> 00:39:48,810 Muslim 6611 00:39:48,810 --> 00:39:49,200 territory 6612 00:39:49,200 --> 00:39:49,320 or 6613 00:39:49,320 --> 00:39:50,010 Byzantine 6614 00:39:50,010 --> 00:39:50,370 territory 6615 00:39:50,370 --> 00:39:50,460 or 6616 00:39:50,460 --> 00:39:50,970 Armenian 6617 00:39:50,970 --> 00:39:51,450 territory , 6618 00:39:51,900 --> 00:39:52,200 they'll 6619 00:39:52,200 --> 00:39:52,410 do 6620 00:39:52,410 --> 00:39:52,530 it . 6621 00:39:52,530 --> 00:39:52,710 They 6622 00:39:52,710 --> 00:39:52,980 follow 6623 00:39:52,980 --> 00:39:53,070 the 6624 00:39:53,070 --> 00:39:53,400 money . 6625 00:39:53,670 --> 00:39:53,940 As 6626 00:39:53,940 --> 00:39:53,970 a 6627 00:39:53,970 --> 00:39:54,270 result , 6628 00:39:54,270 --> 00:39:54,540 all 6629 00:39:54,540 --> 00:39:54,750 these 6630 00:39:54,750 --> 00:39:55,290 artisans , 6631 00:39:55,290 --> 00:39:55,470 not 6632 00:39:55,470 --> 00:39:55,590 just 6633 00:39:55,590 --> 00:39:55,680 the 6634 00:39:55,680 --> 00:39:56,130 building 6635 00:39:56,130 --> 00:39:56,430 stuff , 6636 00:39:56,430 --> 00:39:56,550 but 6637 00:39:56,550 --> 00:39:57,000 also 6638 00:39:57,180 --> 00:39:58,080 scientists , 6639 00:39:58,080 --> 00:39:59,190 intellectuals , 6640 00:39:59,490 --> 00:40:00,330 theologians , 6641 00:40:00,330 --> 00:40:00,480 in 6642 00:40:00,480 --> 00:40:00,750 some 6643 00:40:00,750 --> 00:40:01,350 cases 6644 00:40:02,070 --> 00:40:02,880 doctors , 6645 00:40:03,300 --> 00:40:04,230 falconers , 6646 00:40:04,680 --> 00:40:05,100 all 6647 00:40:05,100 --> 00:40:05,220 the 6648 00:40:05,370 --> 00:40:05,610 all 6649 00:40:05,610 --> 00:40:05,730 these 6650 00:40:05,730 --> 00:40:05,940 sorts 6651 00:40:05,940 --> 00:40:06,090 of 6652 00:40:06,090 --> 00:40:07,080 professionals . 6653 00:40:07,440 --> 00:40:07,740 They 6654 00:40:07,740 --> 00:40:08,280 travel 6655 00:40:08,280 --> 00:40:08,580 all 6656 00:40:08,580 --> 00:40:08,670 the 6657 00:40:08,670 --> 00:40:09,030 time 6658 00:40:09,030 --> 00:40:09,180 and 6659 00:40:09,180 --> 00:40:09,300 they 6660 00:40:09,300 --> 00:40:09,630 travel 6661 00:40:09,630 --> 00:40:09,840 very 6662 00:40:09,840 --> 00:40:10,470 easily 6663 00:40:10,920 --> 00:40:11,250 from 6664 00:40:11,250 --> 00:40:11,850 Christian 6665 00:40:12,060 --> 00:40:12,240 and 6666 00:40:12,240 --> 00:40:12,630 Muslim 6667 00:40:12,630 --> 00:40:13,290 territory . 6668 00:40:13,770 --> 00:40:13,950 And 6669 00:40:13,950 --> 00:40:14,040 of 6670 00:40:14,040 --> 00:40:14,220 course , 6671 00:40:14,220 --> 00:40:14,280 they 6672 00:40:14,280 --> 00:40:14,430 don't 6673 00:40:14,430 --> 00:40:14,760 just 6674 00:40:14,760 --> 00:40:15,150 leave 6675 00:40:15,150 --> 00:40:15,330 their 6676 00:40:15,330 --> 00:40:15,930 ideas 6677 00:40:15,930 --> 00:40:16,080 and 6678 00:40:16,080 --> 00:40:16,830 technologies 6679 00:40:16,830 --> 00:40:16,890 at 6680 00:40:16,890 --> 00:40:17,010 the 6681 00:40:17,010 --> 00:40:17,460 border , 6682 00:40:17,610 --> 00:40:17,790 they 6683 00:40:17,790 --> 00:40:18,090 bring 6684 00:40:18,090 --> 00:40:18,240 them 6685 00:40:18,240 --> 00:40:18,510 with 6686 00:40:18,510 --> 00:40:18,720 them . 6687 00:40:19,080 --> 00:40:19,250 And 6688 00:40:19,260 --> 00:40:19,410 so 6689 00:40:19,410 --> 00:40:19,680 within 6690 00:40:19,680 --> 00:40:19,830 that 6691 00:40:19,830 --> 00:40:20,370 process , 6692 00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:21,180 ideas , 6693 00:40:21,180 --> 00:40:22,140 stories , 6694 00:40:22,380 --> 00:40:23,130 technologies , 6695 00:40:23,340 --> 00:40:23,610 they 6696 00:40:23,610 --> 00:40:23,790 get 6697 00:40:23,790 --> 00:40:24,180 shared 6698 00:40:24,180 --> 00:40:24,330 all 6699 00:40:24,330 --> 00:40:24,420 the 6700 00:40:24,420 --> 00:40:24,750 time . 6701 00:40:24,750 --> 00:40:24,840 And 6702 00:40:24,840 --> 00:40:24,960 it's 6703 00:40:24,960 --> 00:40:25,410 interesting 6704 00:40:25,410 --> 00:40:25,530 to 6705 00:40:25,530 --> 00:40:25,770 see 6706 00:40:25,770 --> 00:40:25,890 the 6707 00:40:25,890 --> 00:40:26,640 architecture 6708 00:40:26,640 --> 00:40:26,790 of 6709 00:40:26,790 --> 00:40:26,970 this 6710 00:40:26,970 --> 00:40:27,360 era 6711 00:40:27,870 --> 00:40:28,110 where 6712 00:40:28,110 --> 00:40:28,230 you 6713 00:40:28,230 --> 00:40:28,380 see 6714 00:40:28,380 --> 00:40:29,340 distinctively 6715 00:40:29,580 --> 00:40:29,970 Western 6716 00:40:29,970 --> 00:40:30,480 European 6717 00:40:30,480 --> 00:40:30,960 elements 6718 00:40:30,960 --> 00:40:31,080 in 6719 00:40:31,080 --> 00:40:31,500 some 6720 00:40:31,500 --> 00:40:31,860 eastern 6721 00:40:31,860 --> 00:40:32,230 Christian 6722 00:40:32,230 --> 00:40:32,310 or 6723 00:40:32,320 --> 00:40:32,670 Muslim 6724 00:40:32,670 --> 00:40:33,120 buildings 6725 00:40:33,330 --> 00:40:33,570 and 6726 00:40:33,570 --> 00:40:33,660 you 6727 00:40:33,660 --> 00:40:33,900 see 6728 00:40:33,900 --> 00:40:34,020 some 6729 00:40:34,020 --> 00:40:34,560 distinctively 6730 00:40:34,560 --> 00:40:34,980 Muslim 6731 00:40:34,980 --> 00:40:35,610 architectural 6732 00:40:35,610 --> 00:40:35,970 elements 6733 00:40:36,180 --> 00:40:36,360 in 6734 00:40:36,360 --> 00:40:36,750 Christian 6735 00:40:36,750 --> 00:40:37,260 buildings . 6736 00:40:37,530 --> 00:40:37,680 And 6737 00:40:37,680 --> 00:40:37,770 the 6738 00:40:37,770 --> 00:40:38,100 reason 6739 00:40:38,100 --> 00:40:38,280 they're 6740 00:40:38,280 --> 00:40:38,580 doing 6741 00:40:38,580 --> 00:40:38,910 that 6742 00:40:39,240 --> 00:40:39,510 is 6743 00:40:39,510 --> 00:40:40,080 because 6744 00:40:40,080 --> 00:40:40,320 they're 6745 00:40:40,320 --> 00:40:40,800 sharing 6746 00:40:40,800 --> 00:40:40,890 a 6747 00:40:40,890 --> 00:40:41,670 workforce . 6748 00:40:41,880 --> 00:40:42,030 You 6749 00:40:42,030 --> 00:40:42,450 mentioned 6750 00:40:42,450 --> 00:40:42,990 about 6751 00:40:43,020 --> 00:40:43,140 the 6752 00:40:43,140 --> 00:40:43,800 cities 6753 00:40:43,830 --> 00:40:44,130 of 6754 00:40:44,130 --> 00:40:44,220 the 6755 00:40:44,220 --> 00:40:44,580 Crusader 6756 00:40:44,580 --> 00:40:45,120 states , 6757 00:40:45,810 --> 00:40:46,110 and 6758 00:40:46,110 --> 00:40:46,410 here 6759 00:40:46,410 --> 00:40:46,620 it's 6760 00:40:46,620 --> 00:40:46,710 an 6761 00:40:46,710 --> 00:40:47,310 incredible 6762 00:40:47,310 --> 00:40:47,940 mixture 6763 00:40:47,970 --> 00:40:48,330 because 6764 00:40:48,330 --> 00:40:48,420 of 6765 00:40:48,420 --> 00:40:48,720 course 6766 00:40:48,720 --> 00:40:48,930 they're 6767 00:40:48,930 --> 00:40:49,680 inheriting 6768 00:40:50,240 --> 00:40:50,350 I 6769 00:40:50,490 --> 00:40:50,680 said 6770 00:40:50,700 --> 00:40:51,000 heritage . 6771 00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:51,120 When 6772 00:40:51,120 --> 00:40:51,240 they 6773 00:40:51,240 --> 00:40:51,600 conquer 6774 00:40:51,600 --> 00:40:51,810 these 6775 00:40:51,810 --> 00:40:52,380 places , 6776 00:40:52,710 --> 00:40:52,860 the 6777 00:40:52,860 --> 00:40:53,370 buildings 6778 00:40:53,370 --> 00:40:53,430 are 6779 00:40:53,430 --> 00:40:53,760 already 6780 00:40:53,760 --> 00:40:54,090 there . 6781 00:40:54,840 --> 00:40:55,140 Some 6782 00:40:55,140 --> 00:40:55,350 might 6783 00:40:55,350 --> 00:40:55,560 get 6784 00:40:55,560 --> 00:40:55,830 knocked 6785 00:40:55,860 --> 00:40:56,100 down 6786 00:40:56,100 --> 00:40:56,160 or 6787 00:40:56,160 --> 00:40:56,670 destroyed . 6788 00:40:56,670 --> 00:40:56,760 They 6789 00:40:56,760 --> 00:40:56,940 may 6790 00:40:56,940 --> 00:40:57,390 replace 6791 00:40:57,390 --> 00:40:57,540 them 6792 00:40:57,540 --> 00:40:57,690 or 6793 00:40:57,690 --> 00:40:58,140 augment . 6794 00:40:58,500 --> 00:40:58,770 But 6795 00:40:59,010 --> 00:40:59,160 the 6796 00:40:59,160 --> 00:40:59,580 basic 6797 00:40:59,580 --> 00:41:00,040 building 6798 00:41:00,040 --> 00:41:00,460 stocks 6799 00:41:00,460 --> 00:41:00,480 are 6800 00:41:00,480 --> 00:41:00,840 already 6801 00:41:00,840 --> 00:41:01,020 there . 6802 00:41:01,020 --> 00:41:01,110 And 6803 00:41:01,110 --> 00:41:01,230 that 6804 00:41:01,230 --> 00:41:01,350 will 6805 00:41:01,350 --> 00:41:01,470 be 6806 00:41:01,470 --> 00:41:01,530 a 6807 00:41:01,530 --> 00:41:02,040 mixture 6808 00:41:02,040 --> 00:41:02,190 of 6809 00:41:02,190 --> 00:41:02,580 eastern 6810 00:41:02,580 --> 00:41:03,150 Christian 6811 00:41:03,510 --> 00:41:03,810 and 6812 00:41:03,810 --> 00:41:04,230 Muslim 6813 00:41:04,230 --> 00:41:04,890 buildings . 6814 00:41:05,220 --> 00:41:05,670 But 6815 00:41:05,700 --> 00:41:05,910 of 6816 00:41:05,910 --> 00:41:06,120 course , 6817 00:41:06,120 --> 00:41:06,180 the 6818 00:41:06,180 --> 00:41:06,810 Franks 6819 00:41:06,810 --> 00:41:07,050 that 6820 00:41:07,050 --> 00:41:07,530 impose 6821 00:41:07,530 --> 00:41:07,680 their 6822 00:41:07,680 --> 00:41:08,010 own 6823 00:41:08,010 --> 00:41:08,730 imprint 6824 00:41:08,760 --> 00:41:09,090 on 6825 00:41:09,090 --> 00:41:09,420 that . 6826 00:41:09,480 --> 00:41:09,630 And 6827 00:41:09,630 --> 00:41:09,930 so 6828 00:41:09,930 --> 00:41:10,140 where 6829 00:41:10,140 --> 00:41:10,260 you 6830 00:41:10,260 --> 00:41:10,440 might 6831 00:41:10,440 --> 00:41:10,620 have 6832 00:41:10,620 --> 00:41:10,650 a 6833 00:41:10,650 --> 00:41:11,310 traditional 6834 00:41:11,850 --> 00:41:12,150 Middle 6835 00:41:12,150 --> 00:41:12,420 Eastern 6836 00:41:12,420 --> 00:41:12,660 city 6837 00:41:12,660 --> 00:41:12,750 to 6838 00:41:12,750 --> 00:41:13,080 begin 6839 00:41:13,080 --> 00:41:13,410 with , 6840 00:41:13,620 --> 00:41:13,800 for 6841 00:41:13,800 --> 00:41:14,130 example , 6842 00:41:14,130 --> 00:41:14,350 one 6843 00:41:14,370 --> 00:41:15,000 feature 6844 00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:15,270 of 6845 00:41:15,270 --> 00:41:15,690 Frankish 6846 00:41:15,690 --> 00:41:16,110 architecture 6847 00:41:16,110 --> 00:41:16,170 is 6848 00:41:16,170 --> 00:41:16,230 the 6849 00:41:16,230 --> 00:41:16,420 like 6850 00:41:16,440 --> 00:41:16,710 big 6851 00:41:16,710 --> 00:41:17,250 town 6852 00:41:17,250 --> 00:41:18,150 squares . 6853 00:41:18,630 --> 00:41:18,920 That's 6854 00:41:18,920 --> 00:41:19,000 a 6855 00:41:19,380 --> 00:41:19,890 distinctive 6856 00:41:20,700 --> 00:41:20,760 of 6857 00:41:20,760 --> 00:41:21,300 Italian 6858 00:41:21,300 --> 00:41:21,750 cities 6859 00:41:21,750 --> 00:41:21,930 in 6860 00:41:21,930 --> 00:41:22,110 this 6861 00:41:22,110 --> 00:41:22,320 era , 6862 00:41:22,320 --> 00:41:22,410 and 6863 00:41:22,410 --> 00:41:22,620 they 6864 00:41:22,890 --> 00:41:23,340 create 6865 00:41:23,340 --> 00:41:23,670 that 6866 00:41:23,670 --> 00:41:23,850 in 6867 00:41:23,850 --> 00:41:23,910 the 6868 00:41:23,910 --> 00:41:24,210 Crusader 6869 00:41:24,210 --> 00:41:24,690 states 6870 00:41:25,290 --> 00:41:25,470 and 6871 00:41:25,470 --> 00:41:25,920 Italian 6872 00:41:25,920 --> 00:41:26,820 townhouses 6873 00:41:26,820 --> 00:41:27,060 have 6874 00:41:27,270 --> 00:41:27,930 beautiful 6875 00:41:27,930 --> 00:41:28,710 facades 6876 00:41:28,710 --> 00:41:28,830 that 6877 00:41:28,830 --> 00:41:29,550 emphasize 6878 00:41:29,550 --> 00:41:29,670 the 6879 00:41:29,670 --> 00:41:30,390 prestige 6880 00:41:30,480 --> 00:41:31,080 majesty 6881 00:41:31,260 --> 00:41:31,440 of 6882 00:41:31,440 --> 00:41:31,530 the 6883 00:41:31,530 --> 00:41:32,010 family 6884 00:41:32,010 --> 00:41:32,130 that 6885 00:41:32,130 --> 00:41:32,430 live 6886 00:41:32,430 --> 00:41:32,670 there . 6887 00:41:33,210 --> 00:41:33,390 And 6888 00:41:33,390 --> 00:41:33,540 so 6889 00:41:33,540 --> 00:41:33,750 these 6890 00:41:33,750 --> 00:41:34,290 Frankish 6891 00:41:34,290 --> 00:41:34,860 ideas 6892 00:41:34,860 --> 00:41:34,950 and 6893 00:41:34,950 --> 00:41:35,520 norms 6894 00:41:36,270 --> 00:41:36,560 are 6895 00:41:36,900 --> 00:41:37,800 augmented 6896 00:41:37,800 --> 00:41:38,310 onto 6897 00:41:38,310 --> 00:41:38,460 the 6898 00:41:38,460 --> 00:41:39,120 existing 6899 00:41:39,120 --> 00:41:39,570 cities 6900 00:41:39,990 --> 00:41:40,260 that 6901 00:41:40,260 --> 00:41:40,350 the 6902 00:41:40,350 --> 00:41:40,740 Crusaders 6903 00:41:40,740 --> 00:41:41,190 conquered 6904 00:41:41,190 --> 00:41:41,460 in 6905 00:41:41,460 --> 00:41:41,520 the 6906 00:41:41,520 --> 00:41:41,880 first 6907 00:41:41,880 --> 00:41:42,390 place . 6908 00:41:43,080 --> 00:41:43,350 And 6909 00:41:43,350 --> 00:41:43,590 so 6910 00:41:43,590 --> 00:41:43,770 you've 6911 00:41:43,770 --> 00:41:44,010 got 6912 00:41:44,010 --> 00:41:44,250 this 6913 00:41:44,250 --> 00:41:44,750 mixture 6914 00:41:44,750 --> 00:41:44,790 of 6915 00:41:44,790 --> 00:41:44,880 a 6916 00:41:44,880 --> 00:41:45,300 mixture 6917 00:41:45,300 --> 00:41:45,390 of 6918 00:41:45,390 --> 00:41:46,050 architecture , 6919 00:41:46,120 --> 00:41:46,150 a 6920 00:41:46,150 --> 00:41:46,620 mixture 6921 00:41:46,620 --> 00:41:46,710 of 6922 00:41:46,710 --> 00:41:47,160 building 6923 00:41:47,160 --> 00:41:47,670 styles . 6924 00:41:48,090 --> 00:41:48,270 And 6925 00:41:48,270 --> 00:41:48,390 I've 6926 00:41:48,390 --> 00:41:48,720 often 6927 00:41:48,720 --> 00:41:49,080 thought 6928 00:41:49,080 --> 00:41:49,200 that 6929 00:41:49,200 --> 00:41:49,320 if 6930 00:41:49,320 --> 00:41:49,410 I 6931 00:41:49,410 --> 00:41:49,560 could 6932 00:41:49,560 --> 00:41:49,800 go 6933 00:41:49,800 --> 00:41:50,010 back 6934 00:41:50,010 --> 00:41:50,190 in 6935 00:41:50,190 --> 00:41:50,670 time , 6936 00:41:50,910 --> 00:41:51,090 it 6937 00:41:51,090 --> 00:41:51,210 would 6938 00:41:51,210 --> 00:41:51,330 just 6939 00:41:51,330 --> 00:41:51,450 be 6940 00:41:51,450 --> 00:41:51,540 the 6941 00:41:51,540 --> 00:41:51,900 opportunity 6942 00:41:51,900 --> 00:41:52,020 to 6943 00:41:52,020 --> 00:41:52,410 walk 6944 00:41:52,410 --> 00:41:52,860 through 6945 00:41:52,860 --> 00:41:53,040 some 6946 00:41:53,040 --> 00:41:53,160 of 6947 00:41:53,160 --> 00:41:53,370 these 6948 00:41:53,370 --> 00:41:54,000 cities , 6949 00:41:54,300 --> 00:41:54,570 whether 6950 00:41:54,570 --> 00:41:55,050 that's 6951 00:41:55,410 --> 00:41:55,850 ACRE 6952 00:41:55,860 --> 00:41:55,950 in 6953 00:41:55,950 --> 00:41:56,040 the 6954 00:41:56,040 --> 00:41:56,370 Kingdom 6955 00:41:56,370 --> 00:41:56,460 of 6956 00:41:56,460 --> 00:41:57,060 Jerusalem 6957 00:41:57,060 --> 00:41:57,150 or 6958 00:41:57,150 --> 00:41:58,020 Damascus 6959 00:41:58,350 --> 00:41:58,710 in 6960 00:41:58,710 --> 00:41:59,220 Seljuk , 6961 00:41:59,220 --> 00:41:59,700 Syria , 6962 00:42:00,060 --> 00:42:00,300 and 6963 00:42:00,300 --> 00:42:00,510 just 6964 00:42:00,510 --> 00:42:00,600 to 6965 00:42:00,600 --> 00:42:00,930 hear 6966 00:42:00,930 --> 00:42:01,110 the 6967 00:42:01,110 --> 00:42:01,740 voices 6968 00:42:01,740 --> 00:42:01,860 and 6969 00:42:01,860 --> 00:42:01,950 the 6970 00:42:01,950 --> 00:42:02,790 stories 6971 00:42:02,790 --> 00:42:02,910 and 6972 00:42:02,910 --> 00:42:03,000 the 6973 00:42:03,000 --> 00:42:03,390 things 6974 00:42:03,390 --> 00:42:03,690 being 6975 00:42:03,690 --> 00:42:04,470 exchanged 6976 00:42:04,470 --> 00:42:04,980 because 6977 00:42:05,460 --> 00:42:05,670 it 6978 00:42:05,670 --> 00:42:05,930 must 6979 00:42:05,940 --> 00:42:06,060 be 6980 00:42:06,060 --> 00:42:06,180 an 6981 00:42:06,180 --> 00:42:06,750 incredible 6982 00:42:06,750 --> 00:42:06,870 and 6983 00:42:06,870 --> 00:42:07,620 fascinating 6984 00:42:07,620 --> 00:42:07,950 place 6985 00:42:07,950 --> 00:42:08,070 with 6986 00:42:08,070 --> 00:42:08,220 all 6987 00:42:08,220 --> 00:42:08,340 these 6988 00:42:08,340 --> 00:42:08,610 different 6989 00:42:08,610 --> 00:42:09,450 cultures 6990 00:42:09,570 --> 00:42:10,770 negotiating , 6991 00:42:10,770 --> 00:42:11,130 making 6992 00:42:11,130 --> 00:42:11,670 friends , 6993 00:42:12,030 --> 00:42:12,450 eating 6994 00:42:12,450 --> 00:42:12,930 together , 6995 00:42:13,230 --> 00:42:13,650 hating 6996 00:42:13,650 --> 00:42:13,890 each 6997 00:42:13,890 --> 00:42:14,220 other , 6998 00:42:14,820 --> 00:42:15,210 good 6999 00:42:15,210 --> 00:42:15,240 or 7000 00:42:15,240 --> 00:42:15,810 bad , 7001 00:42:16,080 --> 00:42:16,330 or 7002 00:42:16,470 --> 00:42:16,800 every 7003 00:42:16,800 --> 00:42:17,040 other 7004 00:42:17,040 --> 00:42:17,490 emotion 7005 00:42:17,490 --> 00:42:17,790 in 7006 00:42:17,790 --> 00:42:18,170 between 7007 00:42:18,180 --> 00:42:18,270 the 7008 00:42:18,270 --> 00:42:18,630 spectrum 7009 00:42:18,630 --> 00:42:18,810 and 7010 00:42:18,810 --> 00:42:19,020 all 7011 00:42:19,020 --> 00:42:19,380 taking 7012 00:42:19,380 --> 00:42:19,650 place 7013 00:42:19,650 --> 00:42:19,770 in 7014 00:42:19,770 --> 00:42:20,150 a 7015 00:42:20,160 --> 00:42:20,400 very 7016 00:42:20,400 --> 00:42:20,850 small 7017 00:42:20,850 --> 00:42:21,240 area . 7018 00:42:21,630 --> 00:42:21,860 I 7019 00:42:21,860 --> 00:42:21,900 know 7020 00:42:21,900 --> 00:42:22,230 what 7021 00:42:22,230 --> 00:42:22,410 that 7022 00:42:22,410 --> 00:42:22,680 must 7023 00:42:22,680 --> 00:42:22,830 have 7024 00:42:22,830 --> 00:42:23,190 been 7025 00:42:23,190 --> 00:42:23,490 like 7026 00:42:23,490 --> 00:42:23,940 is 7027 00:42:24,300 --> 00:42:24,570 it's 7028 00:42:24,570 --> 00:42:24,780 one 7029 00:42:24,780 --> 00:42:24,900 of 7030 00:42:24,900 --> 00:42:25,020 the 7031 00:42:25,020 --> 00:42:25,380 things 7032 00:42:25,380 --> 00:42:25,500 that 7033 00:42:25,500 --> 00:42:26,070 fascinates 7034 00:42:26,070 --> 00:42:26,220 me 7035 00:42:26,220 --> 00:42:26,550 about 7036 00:42:26,550 --> 00:42:26,760 this . 7037 00:42:26,760 --> 00:42:27,090 All 7038 00:42:27,090 --> 00:42:27,270 these 7039 00:42:27,270 --> 00:42:27,630 different 7040 00:42:27,630 --> 00:42:28,170 cultures 7041 00:42:28,350 --> 00:42:29,160 encountering 7042 00:42:29,160 --> 00:42:29,370 each 7043 00:42:29,370 --> 00:42:29,670 other , 7044 00:42:30,420 --> 00:42:30,750 whether 7045 00:42:30,750 --> 00:42:30,900 for 7046 00:42:30,900 --> 00:42:31,200 good 7047 00:42:31,200 --> 00:42:31,440 or 7048 00:42:31,440 --> 00:42:31,680 ill , 7049 00:42:31,680 --> 00:42:31,890 but 7050 00:42:32,250 --> 00:42:32,640 having 7051 00:42:32,640 --> 00:42:32,790 that 7052 00:42:32,790 --> 00:42:33,450 encounter , 7053 00:42:33,450 --> 00:42:33,570 what 7054 00:42:33,570 --> 00:42:33,750 they 7055 00:42:33,750 --> 00:42:34,020 make 7056 00:42:34,020 --> 00:42:34,110 of 7057 00:42:34,110 --> 00:42:34,260 each 7058 00:42:34,260 --> 00:42:34,440 other , 7059 00:42:34,560 --> 00:42:34,680 what 7060 00:42:34,680 --> 00:42:34,830 they 7061 00:42:34,830 --> 00:42:35,100 love 7062 00:42:35,100 --> 00:42:35,380 and 7063 00:42:35,550 --> 00:42:35,700 what 7064 00:42:35,700 --> 00:42:35,850 they 7065 00:42:35,850 --> 00:42:36,330 refuse 7066 00:42:36,330 --> 00:42:36,450 to 7067 00:42:36,450 --> 00:42:36,690 learn , 7068 00:42:37,050 --> 00:42:37,260 it 7069 00:42:37,260 --> 00:42:37,620 makes 7070 00:42:37,620 --> 00:42:37,800 it 7071 00:42:37,800 --> 00:42:37,830 a 7072 00:42:37,830 --> 00:42:38,100 very 7073 00:42:38,100 --> 00:42:38,820 interesting 7074 00:42:38,820 --> 00:42:39,270 mix 7075 00:42:39,270 --> 00:42:39,360 for 7076 00:42:39,360 --> 00:42:39,600 many . 7077 00:42:39,900 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 7078 00:42:39,900 --> 00:42:40,140 Pop 7079 00:42:40,140 --> 00:42:40,500 culture 7080 00:42:40,500 --> 00:42:40,930 movies , 7081 00:42:40,940 --> 00:42:41,190 kind 7082 00:42:41,200 --> 00:42:41,250 of 7083 00:42:41,260 --> 00:42:41,460 kind 7084 00:42:41,460 --> 00:42:41,520 of 7085 00:42:41,520 --> 00:42:41,820 black 7086 00:42:41,820 --> 00:42:41,910 and 7087 00:42:41,910 --> 00:42:42,180 white 7088 00:42:42,180 --> 00:42:42,510 line 7089 00:42:42,510 --> 00:42:42,690 down 7090 00:42:42,690 --> 00:42:42,780 the 7091 00:42:42,780 --> 00:42:43,120 middle . 7092 00:42:43,140 --> 00:42:43,320 It's 7093 00:42:43,320 --> 00:42:43,560 this 7094 00:42:43,560 --> 00:42:43,980 versus 7095 00:42:43,980 --> 00:42:44,280 that . 7096 00:42:44,280 --> 00:42:44,490 But 7097 00:42:44,490 --> 00:42:44,700 I'm 7098 00:42:44,700 --> 00:42:44,940 sure 7099 00:42:44,940 --> 00:42:45,000 it 7100 00:42:45,000 --> 00:42:45,240 was 7101 00:42:45,240 --> 00:42:45,480 a 7102 00:42:45,480 --> 00:42:45,840 melting 7103 00:42:45,840 --> 00:42:46,140 pot 7104 00:42:46,140 --> 00:42:46,260 of 7105 00:42:46,260 --> 00:42:46,800 everything . 7106 00:42:46,800 --> 00:42:46,980 And 7107 00:42:47,310 --> 00:42:47,880 Frankish 7108 00:42:47,880 --> 00:42:48,390 crusader 7109 00:42:48,400 --> 00:42:48,900 soldiers 7110 00:42:48,900 --> 00:42:49,260 married 7111 00:42:49,260 --> 00:42:49,590 local 7112 00:42:49,590 --> 00:42:50,400 population 7113 00:42:50,400 --> 00:42:50,730 and 7114 00:42:50,730 --> 00:42:51,000 vice 7115 00:42:51,000 --> 00:42:51,480 versa . 7116 00:42:51,480 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 7117 00:42:51,480 --> 00:42:51,810 And 7118 00:42:52,270 --> 00:42:52,500 even 7119 00:42:52,500 --> 00:42:52,590 the 7120 00:42:52,590 --> 00:42:53,100 armies 7121 00:42:53,100 --> 00:42:53,400 of 7122 00:42:53,400 --> 00:42:53,610 this 7123 00:42:53,610 --> 00:42:53,970 era . 7124 00:42:53,970 --> 00:42:54,450 So 7125 00:42:54,930 --> 00:42:55,230 we 7126 00:42:55,230 --> 00:42:55,470 know 7127 00:42:55,470 --> 00:42:55,590 that 7128 00:42:55,590 --> 00:42:56,040 many 7129 00:42:56,040 --> 00:42:56,520 Muslim 7130 00:42:56,520 --> 00:42:56,870 rulers 7131 00:42:56,880 --> 00:42:57,330 hired 7132 00:42:57,540 --> 00:42:57,960 Frankish 7133 00:42:57,960 --> 00:42:58,440 mercenary 7134 00:42:58,440 --> 00:42:59,040 groups 7135 00:42:59,040 --> 00:42:59,280 in 7136 00:42:59,280 --> 00:42:59,550 large 7137 00:42:59,550 --> 00:43:00,030 numbers . 7138 00:43:00,930 --> 00:43:01,200 And 7139 00:43:01,200 --> 00:43:01,290 we 7140 00:43:01,290 --> 00:43:01,650 know 7141 00:43:01,680 --> 00:43:01,890 that 7142 00:43:01,890 --> 00:43:02,040 many 7143 00:43:02,040 --> 00:43:02,100 of 7144 00:43:02,100 --> 00:43:02,190 the 7145 00:43:02,190 --> 00:43:02,490 armies 7146 00:43:02,490 --> 00:43:02,550 of 7147 00:43:02,550 --> 00:43:02,640 the 7148 00:43:02,640 --> 00:43:02,940 Kingdom 7149 00:43:02,940 --> 00:43:03,060 of 7150 00:43:03,060 --> 00:43:03,540 Jerusalem 7151 00:43:03,540 --> 00:43:03,630 and 7152 00:43:03,630 --> 00:43:03,690 the 7153 00:43:03,690 --> 00:43:03,950 present 7154 00:43:03,960 --> 00:43:04,350 states 7155 00:43:04,710 --> 00:43:05,400 employ 7156 00:43:05,430 --> 00:43:05,850 Muslim 7157 00:43:05,850 --> 00:43:06,390 soldiers . 7158 00:43:07,140 --> 00:43:07,410 And 7159 00:43:07,410 --> 00:43:07,500 of 7160 00:43:07,500 --> 00:43:07,830 course 7161 00:43:07,830 --> 00:43:07,960 then 7162 00:43:07,960 --> 00:43:08,100 there's 7163 00:43:08,100 --> 00:43:08,790 auxiliaries 7164 00:43:08,790 --> 00:43:08,880 and 7165 00:43:08,880 --> 00:43:09,150 that 7166 00:43:09,390 --> 00:43:09,600 you've 7167 00:43:09,600 --> 00:43:09,750 got 7168 00:43:09,750 --> 00:43:10,080 plenty 7169 00:43:10,080 --> 00:43:10,170 of 7170 00:43:10,170 --> 00:43:10,800 occasions 7171 00:43:10,800 --> 00:43:11,130 where 7172 00:43:11,430 --> 00:43:11,670 you've 7173 00:43:11,670 --> 00:43:12,060 got 7174 00:43:12,390 --> 00:43:13,080 multiple 7175 00:43:13,080 --> 00:43:13,590 states 7176 00:43:13,590 --> 00:43:13,920 taking 7177 00:43:13,920 --> 00:43:14,250 part 7178 00:43:14,250 --> 00:43:14,340 in 7179 00:43:14,340 --> 00:43:14,430 that 7180 00:43:14,430 --> 00:43:14,700 battle 7181 00:43:14,700 --> 00:43:14,790 and 7182 00:43:14,790 --> 00:43:14,880 you've 7183 00:43:14,880 --> 00:43:15,000 got 7184 00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:15,390 Christians 7185 00:43:15,390 --> 00:43:15,480 and 7186 00:43:15,480 --> 00:43:15,840 Muslims 7187 00:43:15,840 --> 00:43:15,960 on 7188 00:43:15,960 --> 00:43:16,260 both 7189 00:43:16,260 --> 00:43:16,980 sides . 7190 00:43:17,550 --> 00:43:18,030 So 7191 00:43:18,390 --> 00:43:18,690 it's 7192 00:43:18,690 --> 00:43:19,320 complicated . 7193 00:43:19,320 --> 00:43:19,530 There 7194 00:43:19,530 --> 00:43:19,950 is 7195 00:43:19,950 --> 00:43:20,130 it 7196 00:43:20,130 --> 00:43:20,370 has 7197 00:43:20,370 --> 00:43:20,490 to 7198 00:43:20,490 --> 00:43:20,610 be 7199 00:43:20,610 --> 00:43:20,890 said 7200 00:43:20,890 --> 00:43:20,940 that 7201 00:43:20,940 --> 00:43:21,900 underlying 7202 00:43:22,380 --> 00:43:22,800 religious 7203 00:43:22,800 --> 00:43:23,400 tension 7204 00:43:23,820 --> 00:43:24,030 and 7205 00:43:24,480 --> 00:43:24,630 there 7206 00:43:24,630 --> 00:43:24,840 are 7207 00:43:24,840 --> 00:43:25,140 plenty 7208 00:43:25,140 --> 00:43:25,230 of 7209 00:43:25,230 --> 00:43:25,590 moments 7210 00:43:25,590 --> 00:43:25,800 where 7211 00:43:25,800 --> 00:43:26,160 holy 7212 00:43:26,160 --> 00:43:26,370 war 7213 00:43:26,370 --> 00:43:26,730 takes 7214 00:43:26,730 --> 00:43:27,120 place , 7215 00:43:27,480 --> 00:43:27,720 but 7216 00:43:27,720 --> 00:43:27,960 plenty 7217 00:43:27,960 --> 00:43:28,020 of 7218 00:43:28,020 --> 00:43:28,260 other 7219 00:43:28,260 --> 00:43:28,650 moments 7220 00:43:28,650 --> 00:43:28,800 as 7221 00:43:28,800 --> 00:43:29,130 well , 7222 00:43:29,280 --> 00:43:29,730 where 7223 00:43:30,180 --> 00:43:30,420 it's 7224 00:43:30,420 --> 00:43:30,450 a 7225 00:43:30,450 --> 00:43:30,690 great 7226 00:43:30,690 --> 00:43:30,870 deal 7227 00:43:30,870 --> 00:43:31,020 more 7228 00:43:31,020 --> 00:43:31,680 complicated . 7229 00:43:33,030 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 7230 00:43:33,030 --> 00:43:33,210 These 7231 00:43:33,210 --> 00:43:33,690 crusader 7232 00:43:33,690 --> 00:43:34,140 states , 7233 00:43:34,380 --> 00:43:34,470 they 7234 00:43:34,470 --> 00:43:34,590 were 7235 00:43:34,590 --> 00:43:35,100 done , 7236 00:43:35,310 --> 00:43:35,460 the 7237 00:43:35,460 --> 00:43:35,970 Crusades 7238 00:43:35,970 --> 00:43:36,180 kind 7239 00:43:36,180 --> 00:43:36,420 of 7240 00:43:36,420 --> 00:43:37,050 diminished 7241 00:43:37,050 --> 00:43:37,290 over 7242 00:43:37,290 --> 00:43:37,740 time . 7243 00:43:37,740 --> 00:43:37,920 Was 7244 00:43:37,920 --> 00:43:38,040 there 7245 00:43:38,040 --> 00:43:38,250 ever 7246 00:43:38,640 --> 00:43:39,000 anything 7247 00:43:39,000 --> 00:43:39,210 that 7248 00:43:39,210 --> 00:43:39,570 anyone 7249 00:43:39,570 --> 00:43:39,890 tried 7250 00:43:40,020 --> 00:43:40,220 to 7251 00:43:40,260 --> 00:43:40,800 regain 7252 00:43:40,800 --> 00:43:40,980 any 7253 00:43:40,980 --> 00:43:41,070 of 7254 00:43:41,070 --> 00:43:41,220 this 7255 00:43:41,220 --> 00:43:41,910 territory ? 7256 00:43:42,150 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 7257 00:43:42,150 --> 00:43:42,430 But 7258 00:43:42,480 --> 00:43:42,600 there's 7259 00:43:42,600 --> 00:43:42,660 a 7260 00:43:42,660 --> 00:43:42,810 lot 7261 00:43:42,810 --> 00:43:42,900 of 7262 00:43:42,900 --> 00:43:43,380 talk . 7263 00:43:43,770 --> 00:43:44,130 So 7264 00:43:44,130 --> 00:43:44,430 when 7265 00:43:44,580 --> 00:43:44,790 when 7266 00:43:44,790 --> 00:43:44,880 the 7267 00:43:44,880 --> 00:43:45,390 final 7268 00:43:45,390 --> 00:43:45,780 crusade 7269 00:43:45,780 --> 00:43:45,840 of 7270 00:43:45,840 --> 00:43:46,410 states 7271 00:43:46,410 --> 00:43:46,800 fall 7272 00:43:46,800 --> 00:43:46,950 in 7273 00:43:46,950 --> 00:43:47,670 1291 , 7274 00:43:47,670 --> 00:43:47,730 the 7275 00:43:47,730 --> 00:43:48,330 mainland 7276 00:43:48,330 --> 00:43:48,690 crusader 7277 00:43:48,690 --> 00:43:49,170 states , 7278 00:43:49,710 --> 00:43:49,890 there's 7279 00:43:49,890 --> 00:43:49,950 a 7280 00:43:49,950 --> 00:43:50,160 lot 7281 00:43:50,160 --> 00:43:50,280 of 7282 00:43:50,280 --> 00:43:50,700 talk 7283 00:43:50,850 --> 00:43:51,060 and 7284 00:43:51,060 --> 00:43:51,120 a 7285 00:43:51,120 --> 00:43:51,240 lot 7286 00:43:51,240 --> 00:43:51,360 of 7287 00:43:51,360 --> 00:43:51,930 planning . 7288 00:43:52,320 --> 00:43:52,770 And 7289 00:43:52,770 --> 00:43:52,950 you've 7290 00:43:52,950 --> 00:43:53,070 got 7291 00:43:53,070 --> 00:43:53,220 all 7292 00:43:53,220 --> 00:43:53,430 sorts 7293 00:43:53,430 --> 00:43:53,550 of 7294 00:43:53,550 --> 00:43:54,300 armchair 7295 00:43:54,300 --> 00:43:54,870 experts 7296 00:43:54,960 --> 00:43:55,140 who 7297 00:43:55,170 --> 00:43:55,440 want 7298 00:43:55,440 --> 00:43:55,920 guides 7299 00:43:55,920 --> 00:43:56,070 on 7300 00:43:56,070 --> 00:43:56,310 how 7301 00:43:56,310 --> 00:43:56,550 they 7302 00:43:56,550 --> 00:43:56,730 would 7303 00:43:56,730 --> 00:43:57,000 do 7304 00:43:57,000 --> 00:43:57,240 it , 7305 00:43:57,600 --> 00:43:57,810 not 7306 00:43:57,810 --> 00:43:58,080 offering 7307 00:43:58,140 --> 00:43:58,220 it 7308 00:43:58,230 --> 00:43:58,740 themselves 7309 00:43:58,800 --> 00:43:58,920 if 7310 00:43:58,920 --> 00:43:59,040 they 7311 00:43:59,040 --> 00:43:59,200 were 7312 00:43:59,220 --> 00:43:59,310 to . 7313 00:43:59,490 --> 00:43:59,590 This 7314 00:43:59,610 --> 00:43:59,700 is 7315 00:43:59,700 --> 00:43:59,770 how 7316 00:43:59,790 --> 00:43:59,860 they 7317 00:43:59,910 --> 00:44:00,120 do 7318 00:44:00,120 --> 00:44:00,300 it . 7319 00:44:01,020 --> 00:44:01,410 And 7320 00:44:01,410 --> 00:44:01,590 you 7321 00:44:01,590 --> 00:44:01,770 have 7322 00:44:01,770 --> 00:44:01,890 some 7323 00:44:01,890 --> 00:44:02,100 very 7324 00:44:02,100 --> 00:44:02,370 much , 7325 00:44:02,430 --> 00:44:02,670 very 7326 00:44:02,670 --> 00:44:03,120 serious 7327 00:44:03,120 --> 00:44:03,630 proposals 7328 00:44:03,630 --> 00:44:03,870 to 7329 00:44:03,870 --> 00:44:04,050 put 7330 00:44:04,050 --> 00:44:04,350 forward 7331 00:44:04,350 --> 00:44:04,500 by 7332 00:44:04,500 --> 00:44:04,590 the 7333 00:44:04,590 --> 00:44:05,220 Templars 7334 00:44:05,490 --> 00:44:05,700 and 7335 00:44:05,700 --> 00:44:06,300 hospitals 7336 00:44:06,300 --> 00:44:06,420 who 7337 00:44:06,420 --> 00:44:06,660 give 7338 00:44:06,660 --> 00:44:07,080 very 7339 00:44:07,080 --> 00:44:07,650 detailed 7340 00:44:07,650 --> 00:44:08,130 accounts . 7341 00:44:08,280 --> 00:44:08,390 Well , 7342 00:44:08,400 --> 00:44:08,550 this 7343 00:44:08,550 --> 00:44:08,640 is 7344 00:44:08,640 --> 00:44:09,210 exactly 7345 00:44:09,210 --> 00:44:09,570 how 7346 00:44:09,810 --> 00:44:09,990 it 7347 00:44:09,990 --> 00:44:10,290 could 7348 00:44:10,290 --> 00:44:10,470 be 7349 00:44:10,470 --> 00:44:10,770 done . 7350 00:44:11,640 --> 00:44:11,850 But 7351 00:44:11,850 --> 00:44:12,090 in 7352 00:44:12,090 --> 00:44:12,330 those 7353 00:44:12,330 --> 00:44:12,660 years 7354 00:44:12,660 --> 00:44:12,720 at 7355 00:44:12,720 --> 00:44:13,230 least , 7356 00:44:14,100 --> 00:44:14,280 the 7357 00:44:14,280 --> 00:44:14,640 wills 7358 00:44:14,640 --> 00:44:14,880 not 7359 00:44:15,150 --> 00:44:15,210 in 7360 00:44:15,210 --> 00:44:15,600 Western 7361 00:44:15,600 --> 00:44:16,140 Christendom 7362 00:44:16,140 --> 00:44:16,500 for 7363 00:44:16,500 --> 00:44:16,860 another 7364 00:44:16,860 --> 00:44:17,130 big 7365 00:44:17,130 --> 00:44:17,910 crusade . 7366 00:44:18,450 --> 00:44:18,630 There's 7367 00:44:18,630 --> 00:44:18,690 a 7368 00:44:18,690 --> 00:44:18,810 lot 7369 00:44:18,810 --> 00:44:18,900 of 7370 00:44:18,900 --> 00:44:19,470 infighting 7371 00:44:19,470 --> 00:44:19,530 in 7372 00:44:19,530 --> 00:44:19,830 Western 7373 00:44:19,830 --> 00:44:20,210 Christendom . 7374 00:44:20,220 --> 00:44:20,580 100 7375 00:44:20,580 --> 00:44:20,850 years . 7376 00:44:20,850 --> 00:44:21,180 War 7377 00:44:21,180 --> 00:44:21,450 is 7378 00:44:21,810 --> 00:44:22,260 hotting 7379 00:44:22,260 --> 00:44:22,500 up . 7380 00:44:22,500 --> 00:44:22,740 There's 7381 00:44:22,740 --> 00:44:23,250 struggles 7382 00:44:23,250 --> 00:44:23,370 in 7383 00:44:23,370 --> 00:44:23,460 the 7384 00:44:23,460 --> 00:44:23,820 German 7385 00:44:23,820 --> 00:44:24,300 empire . 7386 00:44:24,300 --> 00:44:24,660 Northern 7387 00:44:24,660 --> 00:44:25,150 Italy 7388 00:44:25,150 --> 00:44:25,230 is 7389 00:44:25,230 --> 00:44:25,320 a 7390 00:44:25,320 --> 00:44:25,800 warzone . 7391 00:44:26,160 --> 00:44:26,370 There's 7392 00:44:26,370 --> 00:44:26,430 a 7393 00:44:26,430 --> 00:44:26,760 lot 7394 00:44:26,760 --> 00:44:27,180 going 7395 00:44:27,180 --> 00:44:27,450 on . 7396 00:44:27,620 --> 00:44:27,860 That 7397 00:44:27,870 --> 00:44:28,080 means 7398 00:44:28,080 --> 00:44:28,160 that 7399 00:44:28,170 --> 00:44:28,310 that's 7400 00:44:28,320 --> 00:44:28,470 just 7401 00:44:28,470 --> 00:44:28,560 not 7402 00:44:28,560 --> 00:44:28,680 going 7403 00:44:28,680 --> 00:44:28,740 to 7404 00:44:28,740 --> 00:44:28,860 be 7405 00:44:28,860 --> 00:44:28,920 a 7406 00:44:28,920 --> 00:44:29,130 big 7407 00:44:29,130 --> 00:44:29,760 crusade 7408 00:44:30,270 --> 00:44:30,480 in 7409 00:44:30,480 --> 00:44:30,750 later 7410 00:44:30,750 --> 00:44:30,990 years . 7411 00:44:30,990 --> 00:44:31,650 Proposals 7412 00:44:32,280 --> 00:44:32,670 continue 7413 00:44:32,670 --> 00:44:32,730 to 7414 00:44:32,730 --> 00:44:32,850 be 7415 00:44:32,850 --> 00:44:33,420 touted 7416 00:44:33,420 --> 00:44:33,870 for 7417 00:44:34,200 --> 00:44:34,560 another 7418 00:44:34,560 --> 00:44:34,740 big 7419 00:44:34,740 --> 00:44:35,310 crusade , 7420 00:44:35,310 --> 00:44:35,430 but 7421 00:44:35,430 --> 00:44:35,520 by 7422 00:44:35,520 --> 00:44:35,610 the 7423 00:44:35,610 --> 00:44:36,000 time 7424 00:44:36,360 --> 00:44:36,750 those 7425 00:44:36,750 --> 00:44:37,110 sorts 7426 00:44:37,110 --> 00:44:37,170 of 7427 00:44:37,170 --> 00:44:37,650 proposals 7428 00:44:37,650 --> 00:44:37,980 start 7429 00:44:37,980 --> 00:44:38,040 to 7430 00:44:38,040 --> 00:44:38,250 take 7431 00:44:38,250 --> 00:44:38,760 concrete 7432 00:44:38,760 --> 00:44:39,090 form , 7433 00:44:39,090 --> 00:44:39,180 you're 7434 00:44:39,180 --> 00:44:39,270 in 7435 00:44:39,270 --> 00:44:39,360 the 7436 00:44:39,360 --> 00:44:39,540 mid 7437 00:44:39,540 --> 00:44:40,050 14th 7438 00:44:40,050 --> 00:44:40,590 century , 7439 00:44:40,590 --> 00:44:40,710 so 7440 00:44:40,710 --> 00:44:40,860 sort 7441 00:44:40,860 --> 00:44:41,040 of 7442 00:44:41,490 --> 00:44:41,610 the 7443 00:44:41,610 --> 00:44:42,630 1350s 7444 00:44:42,630 --> 00:44:42,960 studying 7445 00:44:42,960 --> 00:44:43,470 forties , 7446 00:44:43,470 --> 00:44:43,620 that 7447 00:44:43,620 --> 00:44:43,800 sort 7448 00:44:43,800 --> 00:44:43,890 of 7449 00:44:43,890 --> 00:44:44,190 era 7450 00:44:44,850 --> 00:44:45,090 by 7451 00:44:45,090 --> 00:44:45,420 which 7452 00:44:45,420 --> 00:44:45,840 time 7453 00:44:45,840 --> 00:44:46,020 a 7454 00:44:46,020 --> 00:44:46,140 bit 7455 00:44:46,140 --> 00:44:46,200 of 7456 00:44:46,200 --> 00:44:46,800 background 7457 00:44:46,800 --> 00:44:47,100 here 7458 00:44:47,580 --> 00:44:47,790 you 7459 00:44:47,790 --> 00:44:48,030 have 7460 00:44:48,030 --> 00:44:48,120 the 7461 00:44:48,120 --> 00:44:48,510 rise 7462 00:44:48,510 --> 00:44:48,570 of 7463 00:44:48,570 --> 00:44:48,690 the 7464 00:44:48,690 --> 00:44:49,110 Ottoman 7465 00:44:49,110 --> 00:44:49,590 Empire . 7466 00:44:49,590 --> 00:44:49,950 So 7467 00:44:50,190 --> 00:44:50,490 it's 7468 00:44:50,490 --> 00:44:50,790 thought , 7469 00:44:50,790 --> 00:44:50,940 for 7470 00:44:50,940 --> 00:44:51,390 example , 7471 00:44:51,390 --> 00:44:51,480 in 7472 00:44:51,480 --> 00:44:51,690 one 7473 00:44:51,690 --> 00:44:51,750 of 7474 00:44:51,750 --> 00:44:51,870 the 7475 00:44:51,870 --> 00:44:52,380 stories 7476 00:44:52,380 --> 00:44:52,620 is 7477 00:44:52,620 --> 00:44:52,860 that 7478 00:44:53,190 --> 00:44:53,430 there 7479 00:44:53,430 --> 00:44:53,760 was 7480 00:44:53,760 --> 00:44:53,910 a 7481 00:44:53,910 --> 00:44:54,180 group 7482 00:44:54,180 --> 00:44:54,300 of 7483 00:44:54,300 --> 00:44:54,750 peoples 7484 00:44:54,750 --> 00:44:55,260 displaced 7485 00:44:55,260 --> 00:44:55,350 by 7486 00:44:55,350 --> 00:44:55,440 the 7487 00:44:55,440 --> 00:44:55,890 Mongols 7488 00:44:55,890 --> 00:44:55,980 who 7489 00:44:55,980 --> 00:44:56,250 moved 7490 00:44:56,250 --> 00:44:56,550 west 7491 00:44:56,550 --> 00:44:56,760 into 7492 00:44:56,760 --> 00:44:57,270 Anatolia , 7493 00:44:57,990 --> 00:44:58,320 joining 7494 00:44:58,320 --> 00:44:58,560 many 7495 00:44:58,560 --> 00:44:58,980 other 7496 00:44:59,550 --> 00:45:00,120 Turkish 7497 00:45:00,120 --> 00:45:00,630 nomads 7498 00:45:00,630 --> 00:45:00,990 being 7499 00:45:00,990 --> 00:45:01,500 driven 7500 00:45:01,770 --> 00:45:02,250 west 7501 00:45:02,250 --> 00:45:02,490 into 7502 00:45:02,490 --> 00:45:03,090 Anatolia . 7503 00:45:03,660 --> 00:45:03,870 And 7504 00:45:03,870 --> 00:45:04,020 in 7505 00:45:04,020 --> 00:45:04,500 time 7506 00:45:04,620 --> 00:45:04,920 those 7507 00:45:04,920 --> 00:45:05,280 various 7508 00:45:05,280 --> 00:45:05,610 groups 7509 00:45:05,610 --> 00:45:06,000 formed 7510 00:45:06,000 --> 00:45:06,210 by 7511 00:45:06,210 --> 00:45:06,750 beyliks , 7512 00:45:07,170 --> 00:45:07,410 one 7513 00:45:07,410 --> 00:45:07,530 of 7514 00:45:07,530 --> 00:45:07,710 which 7515 00:45:07,710 --> 00:45:07,920 was 7516 00:45:07,920 --> 00:45:08,040 the 7517 00:45:08,040 --> 00:45:08,520 Ottoman 7518 00:45:08,520 --> 00:45:09,030 beylik 7519 00:45:09,720 --> 00:45:10,200 and 7520 00:45:10,410 --> 00:45:10,560 the 7521 00:45:10,560 --> 00:45:10,830 Ottoman 7522 00:45:10,830 --> 00:45:11,160 beylik , 7523 00:45:11,160 --> 00:45:11,790 expanded 7524 00:45:11,790 --> 00:45:11,880 and 7525 00:45:11,880 --> 00:45:12,450 expanded 7526 00:45:12,450 --> 00:45:12,840 until 7527 00:45:12,840 --> 00:45:13,380 ultimately 7528 00:45:13,380 --> 00:45:13,470 it 7529 00:45:13,470 --> 00:45:13,770 became 7530 00:45:13,770 --> 00:45:13,860 the 7531 00:45:13,860 --> 00:45:14,190 Ottoman 7532 00:45:14,190 --> 00:45:14,670 Empire . 7533 00:45:15,390 --> 00:45:15,630 And 7534 00:45:15,630 --> 00:45:15,810 by 7535 00:45:15,810 --> 00:45:15,900 the 7536 00:45:15,900 --> 00:45:16,350 14th 7537 00:45:16,350 --> 00:45:17,010 century , 7538 00:45:17,310 --> 00:45:17,490 the 7539 00:45:17,490 --> 00:45:17,790 big 7540 00:45:17,790 --> 00:45:18,360 bayonets , 7541 00:45:18,360 --> 00:45:18,480 the 7542 00:45:18,480 --> 00:45:18,840 Ottomans 7543 00:45:18,840 --> 00:45:19,140 among 7544 00:45:19,140 --> 00:45:19,350 them 7545 00:45:19,530 --> 00:45:19,770 are 7546 00:45:19,770 --> 00:45:19,830 a 7547 00:45:19,830 --> 00:45:20,280 much 7548 00:45:20,610 --> 00:45:20,970 bigger 7549 00:45:20,970 --> 00:45:21,240 source 7550 00:45:21,240 --> 00:45:21,330 of 7551 00:45:21,330 --> 00:45:22,020 anxiety 7552 00:45:22,020 --> 00:45:22,110 in 7553 00:45:22,110 --> 00:45:22,530 Western 7554 00:45:22,530 --> 00:45:23,070 Christendom 7555 00:45:23,250 --> 00:45:23,400 than 7556 00:45:23,400 --> 00:45:23,790 anywhere 7557 00:45:23,790 --> 00:45:24,210 else . 7558 00:45:24,660 --> 00:45:24,960 And 7559 00:45:24,960 --> 00:45:25,230 so 7560 00:45:25,230 --> 00:45:25,710 crusading 7561 00:45:25,710 --> 00:45:26,220 changes 7562 00:45:26,220 --> 00:45:26,820 focus 7563 00:45:26,820 --> 00:45:27,180 from 7564 00:45:27,810 --> 00:45:28,560 Jerusalem 7565 00:45:28,560 --> 00:45:28,710 on 7566 00:45:28,710 --> 00:45:28,800 the 7567 00:45:28,800 --> 00:45:29,100 eastern 7568 00:45:29,100 --> 00:45:29,670 Mediterranean 7569 00:45:30,120 --> 00:45:30,270 to 7570 00:45:30,270 --> 00:45:30,450 more 7571 00:45:30,450 --> 00:45:31,140 defensive , 7572 00:45:31,140 --> 00:45:31,800 crusading 7573 00:45:31,800 --> 00:45:32,100 about 7574 00:45:32,100 --> 00:45:32,400 trying 7575 00:45:32,400 --> 00:45:32,520 to 7576 00:45:32,520 --> 00:45:32,880 hold 7577 00:45:32,880 --> 00:45:33,480 territory 7578 00:45:33,720 --> 00:45:34,170 against 7579 00:45:34,170 --> 00:45:34,290 the 7580 00:45:34,290 --> 00:45:34,860 oncoming 7581 00:45:35,130 --> 00:45:35,640 Ottomans , 7582 00:45:35,640 --> 00:45:35,880 among 7583 00:45:35,880 --> 00:45:36,330 others . 7584 00:45:36,540 --> 00:45:36,610 And 7585 00:45:36,660 --> 00:45:36,840 so 7586 00:45:36,840 --> 00:45:37,410 crusading 7587 00:45:37,410 --> 00:45:37,920 shifts . 7588 00:45:37,920 --> 00:45:38,190 But 7589 00:45:38,820 --> 00:45:39,180 when 7590 00:45:39,180 --> 00:45:39,240 the 7591 00:45:39,570 --> 00:45:39,820 Christian 7592 00:45:39,840 --> 00:45:40,170 movement 7593 00:45:40,170 --> 00:45:40,650 itself 7594 00:45:40,650 --> 00:45:41,040 carries 7595 00:45:41,040 --> 00:45:41,310 on , 7596 00:45:42,150 --> 00:45:42,300 the 7597 00:45:42,300 --> 00:45:42,690 hundreds 7598 00:45:42,690 --> 00:45:42,840 of 7599 00:45:42,840 --> 00:45:43,320 years 7600 00:45:43,800 --> 00:45:44,310 and 7601 00:45:44,370 --> 00:45:44,790 crusading 7602 00:45:44,790 --> 00:45:44,970 didn't 7603 00:45:44,970 --> 00:45:45,150 just 7604 00:45:45,420 --> 00:45:45,600 take 7605 00:45:45,600 --> 00:45:45,900 place 7606 00:45:45,900 --> 00:45:45,990 in 7607 00:45:45,990 --> 00:45:46,050 the 7608 00:45:46,050 --> 00:45:46,320 Middle 7609 00:45:46,320 --> 00:45:46,590 East , 7610 00:45:46,590 --> 00:45:46,740 you've 7611 00:45:46,740 --> 00:45:46,950 got 7612 00:45:46,950 --> 00:45:47,550 crusades 7613 00:45:47,550 --> 00:45:47,940 fought 7614 00:45:47,940 --> 00:45:48,150 in 7615 00:45:48,150 --> 00:45:48,240 the 7616 00:45:48,240 --> 00:45:48,780 Baltic 7617 00:45:49,290 --> 00:45:49,950 Crusades , 7618 00:45:49,950 --> 00:45:50,310 fought 7619 00:45:50,310 --> 00:45:50,490 in 7620 00:45:50,490 --> 00:45:51,270 Iberia . 7621 00:45:51,750 --> 00:45:52,170 Believe 7622 00:45:52,170 --> 00:45:52,260 it 7623 00:45:52,260 --> 00:45:52,320 or 7624 00:45:52,320 --> 00:45:52,470 not , 7625 00:45:52,470 --> 00:45:52,590 there 7626 00:45:52,590 --> 00:45:52,650 are 7627 00:45:52,650 --> 00:45:53,070 even 7628 00:45:53,070 --> 00:45:53,820 crusades 7629 00:45:53,820 --> 00:45:54,270 launched 7630 00:45:54,270 --> 00:45:54,540 against 7631 00:45:54,540 --> 00:45:54,660 the 7632 00:45:54,660 --> 00:45:55,380 Eskimos . 7633 00:45:55,710 --> 00:45:56,070 So 7634 00:45:56,070 --> 00:45:56,610 crusades 7635 00:45:56,610 --> 00:45:56,820 take 7636 00:45:56,820 --> 00:45:57,240 place 7637 00:45:57,240 --> 00:45:57,450 in 7638 00:45:57,450 --> 00:45:57,600 all 7639 00:45:57,600 --> 00:45:57,900 sorts 7640 00:45:57,900 --> 00:45:57,960 of 7641 00:45:57,960 --> 00:45:58,200 different 7642 00:45:58,200 --> 00:45:58,690 contexts , 7643 00:45:58,740 --> 00:45:59,040 even 7644 00:45:59,040 --> 00:45:59,760 internal 7645 00:45:59,760 --> 00:46:00,390 crusading 7646 00:46:00,780 --> 00:46:01,170 against 7647 00:46:01,170 --> 00:46:01,260 the 7648 00:46:01,260 --> 00:46:01,920 papacies 7649 00:46:02,160 --> 00:46:02,670 political 7650 00:46:02,670 --> 00:46:03,180 opponents 7651 00:46:03,180 --> 00:46:03,240 in 7652 00:46:03,240 --> 00:46:03,600 Western 7653 00:46:03,600 --> 00:46:04,110 Christendom 7654 00:46:04,530 --> 00:46:05,010 and 7655 00:46:05,010 --> 00:46:05,340 also 7656 00:46:05,340 --> 00:46:05,640 anti 7657 00:46:05,640 --> 00:46:06,090 heresy 7658 00:46:06,090 --> 00:46:06,780 crusades 7659 00:46:06,780 --> 00:46:06,930 as 7660 00:46:06,930 --> 00:46:07,260 well . 7661 00:46:07,260 --> 00:46:07,590 So 7662 00:46:08,220 --> 00:46:08,790 crusading 7663 00:46:08,790 --> 00:46:08,970 in 7664 00:46:08,970 --> 00:46:09,480 various 7665 00:46:09,480 --> 00:46:09,870 forms 7666 00:46:09,870 --> 00:46:10,230 carries 7667 00:46:10,230 --> 00:46:10,470 on , 7668 00:46:10,470 --> 00:46:10,800 but 7669 00:46:11,190 --> 00:46:11,490 there's 7670 00:46:11,490 --> 00:46:11,730 not 7671 00:46:11,730 --> 00:46:12,330 really 7672 00:46:12,330 --> 00:46:12,510 a 7673 00:46:12,510 --> 00:46:13,350 serious 7674 00:46:13,350 --> 00:46:13,920 effort 7675 00:46:14,610 --> 00:46:15,090 to 7676 00:46:15,090 --> 00:46:15,630 retake 7677 00:46:15,630 --> 00:46:16,260 Jerusalem 7678 00:46:16,260 --> 00:46:16,410 in 7679 00:46:16,410 --> 00:46:16,680 later 7680 00:46:16,680 --> 00:46:17,100 years . 7681 00:46:17,670 --> 00:46:17,820 The 7682 00:46:17,820 --> 00:46:18,630 aspiration 7683 00:46:18,630 --> 00:46:19,320 is 7684 00:46:19,320 --> 00:46:20,070 discussed 7685 00:46:20,250 --> 00:46:21,030 endlessly , 7686 00:46:21,450 --> 00:46:21,780 but 7687 00:46:22,320 --> 00:46:22,620 no 7688 00:46:22,620 --> 00:46:22,860 army 7689 00:46:22,860 --> 00:46:23,070 gets 7690 00:46:23,070 --> 00:46:23,580 close . 7691 00:46:23,740 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 7692 00:46:23,740 --> 00:46:23,970 Good 7693 00:46:23,970 --> 00:46:24,270 place 7694 00:46:24,270 --> 00:46:24,390 to 7695 00:46:24,390 --> 00:46:24,630 end 7696 00:46:24,630 --> 00:46:24,760 it . 7697 00:46:24,760 --> 00:46:25,020 Then 7698 00:46:25,020 --> 00:46:25,140 at 7699 00:46:25,140 --> 00:46:25,320 the 7700 00:46:25,320 --> 00:46:25,500 end 7701 00:46:25,500 --> 00:46:25,560 of 7702 00:46:25,560 --> 00:46:25,650 the 7703 00:46:25,650 --> 00:46:26,190 Crusader 7704 00:46:26,190 --> 00:46:26,580 states . 7705 00:46:26,580 --> 00:46:26,790 Thank 7706 00:46:26,790 --> 00:46:26,880 you 7707 00:46:26,880 --> 00:46:27,000 for 7708 00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:27,120 your 7709 00:46:27,120 --> 00:46:27,360 time . 7710 00:46:27,360 --> 00:46:27,450 It's 7711 00:46:27,450 --> 00:46:27,510 a 7712 00:46:27,510 --> 00:46:28,050 fascinating 7713 00:46:28,050 --> 00:46:28,470 talk . 7714 00:46:28,680 --> 00:46:28,950 Where 7715 00:46:28,950 --> 00:46:29,100 can 7716 00:46:29,100 --> 00:46:29,370 people 7717 00:46:29,370 --> 00:46:29,670 find 7718 00:46:29,670 --> 00:46:29,820 you 7719 00:46:29,820 --> 00:46:30,330 online ? 7720 00:46:30,330 --> 00:46:30,450 How 7721 00:46:30,450 --> 00:46:30,600 can 7722 00:46:30,600 --> 00:46:30,720 they 7723 00:46:30,720 --> 00:46:30,870 get 7724 00:46:30,870 --> 00:46:30,930 a 7725 00:46:30,930 --> 00:46:31,140 hold 7726 00:46:31,140 --> 00:46:31,260 of 7727 00:46:31,260 --> 00:46:31,440 you ? 7728 00:46:31,590 --> 00:46:31,740 Where 7729 00:46:31,740 --> 00:46:31,860 can 7730 00:46:31,860 --> 00:46:31,950 they 7731 00:46:31,950 --> 00:46:32,160 find 7732 00:46:32,160 --> 00:46:32,280 your 7733 00:46:32,280 --> 00:46:32,820 books ? 7734 00:46:32,820 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 7735 00:46:32,820 --> 00:46:33,150 Yeah , 7736 00:46:33,180 --> 00:46:33,480 sure . 7737 00:46:33,480 --> 00:46:33,990 So 7738 00:46:34,410 --> 00:46:34,600 so 7739 00:46:34,620 --> 00:46:34,740 the 7740 00:46:34,740 --> 00:46:34,950 books 7741 00:46:34,950 --> 00:46:35,040 that 7742 00:46:35,040 --> 00:46:35,130 might 7743 00:46:35,130 --> 00:46:35,220 be 7744 00:46:35,220 --> 00:46:35,310 of 7745 00:46:35,310 --> 00:46:35,850 interest 7746 00:46:35,850 --> 00:46:36,050 or 7747 00:46:36,240 --> 00:46:36,420 my 7748 00:46:36,420 --> 00:46:36,750 recent 7749 00:46:36,750 --> 00:46:37,290 paperback 7750 00:46:37,290 --> 00:46:37,440 with 7751 00:46:37,440 --> 00:46:37,710 Oxford 7752 00:46:37,710 --> 00:46:38,190 University 7753 00:46:38,190 --> 00:46:38,610 Press 7754 00:46:38,610 --> 00:46:39,120 called 7755 00:46:39,420 --> 00:46:39,570 The 7756 00:46:39,570 --> 00:46:39,900 Crusader 7757 00:46:39,900 --> 00:46:40,410 States 7758 00:46:40,410 --> 00:46:40,690 and 7759 00:46:40,690 --> 00:46:40,790 the 7760 00:46:40,800 --> 00:46:41,370 Neighbors 7761 00:46:41,370 --> 00:46:41,550 and 7762 00:46:41,550 --> 00:46:41,940 Military 7763 00:46:41,940 --> 00:46:42,450 History 7764 00:46:42,990 --> 00:46:43,200 and 7765 00:46:43,220 --> 00:46:43,710 Uptakes 7766 00:46:43,710 --> 00:46:43,800 the 7767 00:46:43,800 --> 00:46:44,160 history 7768 00:46:44,160 --> 00:46:44,250 of 7769 00:46:44,250 --> 00:46:44,310 the 7770 00:46:44,310 --> 00:46:44,580 Crusader 7771 00:46:44,580 --> 00:46:44,880 states 7772 00:46:44,880 --> 00:46:45,060 from 7773 00:46:45,060 --> 00:46:45,530 1099 7774 00:46:45,530 --> 00:46:46,000 to 7775 00:46:46,000 --> 00:46:46,470 1187 . 7776 00:46:46,830 --> 00:46:47,010 And 7777 00:46:47,010 --> 00:46:47,190 that 7778 00:46:47,190 --> 00:46:47,280 can 7779 00:46:47,280 --> 00:46:47,400 be 7780 00:46:47,400 --> 00:46:47,730 bought 7781 00:46:47,730 --> 00:46:47,910 on 7782 00:46:47,910 --> 00:46:48,510 Amazon 7783 00:46:48,510 --> 00:46:48,630 or 7784 00:46:48,630 --> 00:46:48,720 the 7785 00:46:48,720 --> 00:46:49,020 Oxford 7786 00:46:49,020 --> 00:46:49,440 University 7787 00:46:49,440 --> 00:46:50,070 website . 7788 00:46:50,280 --> 00:46:50,640 There's 7789 00:46:50,640 --> 00:46:51,090 also 7790 00:46:51,090 --> 00:46:51,300 my 7791 00:46:51,300 --> 00:46:51,510 other 7792 00:46:51,510 --> 00:46:51,840 recent 7793 00:46:51,840 --> 00:46:52,080 book 7794 00:46:52,080 --> 00:46:52,320 called 7795 00:46:52,320 --> 00:46:52,410 The 7796 00:46:52,410 --> 00:46:52,770 Mongol 7797 00:46:52,770 --> 00:46:53,340 Storm , 7798 00:46:53,340 --> 00:46:53,700 which 7799 00:46:53,700 --> 00:46:53,880 is 7800 00:46:53,880 --> 00:46:54,030 a 7801 00:46:54,480 --> 00:46:54,930 history 7802 00:46:54,930 --> 00:46:55,020 of 7803 00:46:55,020 --> 00:46:55,110 the 7804 00:46:55,110 --> 00:46:55,440 Mongol 7805 00:46:55,440 --> 00:46:56,400 invasions 7806 00:46:56,400 --> 00:46:57,120 into 7807 00:46:57,120 --> 00:46:57,240 the 7808 00:46:57,240 --> 00:46:57,510 Middle 7809 00:46:57,510 --> 00:46:57,780 East 7810 00:46:57,780 --> 00:46:57,900 in 7811 00:46:57,900 --> 00:46:57,990 the 7812 00:46:57,990 --> 00:46:58,320 13th 7813 00:46:58,320 --> 00:46:58,950 century . 7814 00:46:59,580 --> 00:46:59,970 And 7815 00:46:59,970 --> 00:47:00,390 that , 7816 00:47:00,510 --> 00:47:00,930 again , 7817 00:47:00,930 --> 00:47:01,380 Amazon 7818 00:47:01,380 --> 00:47:01,470 would 7819 00:47:01,470 --> 00:47:01,620 be 7820 00:47:01,620 --> 00:47:01,680 a 7821 00:47:01,680 --> 00:47:01,830 good 7822 00:47:01,830 --> 00:47:02,070 place 7823 00:47:02,070 --> 00:47:02,160 to 7824 00:47:02,160 --> 00:47:02,370 go 7825 00:47:02,370 --> 00:47:02,490 for . 7826 00:47:02,490 --> 00:47:02,910 That's 7827 00:47:02,910 --> 00:47:03,210 for 7828 00:47:03,210 --> 00:47:03,300 the 7829 00:47:03,300 --> 00:47:03,690 publisher's 7830 00:47:03,690 --> 00:47:04,080 website , 7831 00:47:04,080 --> 00:47:04,230 which 7832 00:47:04,230 --> 00:47:04,350 is 7833 00:47:04,350 --> 00:47:04,710 basic 7834 00:47:04,710 --> 00:47:05,190 books . 7835 00:47:05,370 --> 00:47:05,450 If 7836 00:47:05,460 --> 00:47:05,610 you'll 7837 00:47:05,610 --> 00:47:05,760 find 7838 00:47:05,760 --> 00:47:05,850 out 7839 00:47:05,850 --> 00:47:05,970 more 7840 00:47:05,970 --> 00:47:06,120 about 7841 00:47:06,120 --> 00:47:06,240 my 7842 00:47:06,240 --> 00:47:06,930 research 7843 00:47:06,930 --> 00:47:07,410 then 7844 00:47:08,640 --> 00:47:08,880 of 7845 00:47:08,880 --> 00:47:08,970 a 7846 00:47:08,970 --> 00:47:09,450 YouTube 7847 00:47:09,450 --> 00:47:09,870 channel 7848 00:47:10,170 --> 00:47:10,440 and 7849 00:47:10,440 --> 00:47:10,500 the 7850 00:47:10,500 --> 00:47:10,920 handle 7851 00:47:10,920 --> 00:47:11,220 there 7852 00:47:11,220 --> 00:47:11,400 is 7853 00:47:11,400 --> 00:47:11,600 at 7854 00:47:11,640 --> 00:47:12,150 Medieval 7855 00:47:12,150 --> 00:47:12,480 Near 7856 00:47:12,480 --> 00:47:12,900 East . 7857 00:47:13,500 --> 00:47:13,770 And 7858 00:47:13,770 --> 00:47:13,860 you 7859 00:47:13,860 --> 00:47:13,950 can 7860 00:47:13,950 --> 00:47:14,130 also 7861 00:47:14,130 --> 00:47:14,310 find 7862 00:47:14,310 --> 00:47:14,400 out 7863 00:47:14,610 --> 00:47:14,790 what 7864 00:47:14,790 --> 00:47:14,910 my 7865 00:47:14,910 --> 00:47:15,900 publications 7866 00:47:16,260 --> 00:47:16,410 I 7867 00:47:16,410 --> 00:47:16,530 have 7868 00:47:16,530 --> 00:47:16,620 an 7869 00:47:16,620 --> 00:47:17,160 account 7870 00:47:17,190 --> 00:47:17,460 on 7871 00:47:17,460 --> 00:47:18,050 academia 7872 00:47:18,150 --> 00:47:18,230 or 7873 00:47:18,270 --> 00:47:18,900 edu , 7874 00:47:18,900 --> 00:47:19,230 so 7875 00:47:19,530 --> 00:47:19,650 you 7876 00:47:19,650 --> 00:47:19,830 type 7877 00:47:19,830 --> 00:47:19,920 in 7878 00:47:19,920 --> 00:47:20,070 my 7879 00:47:20,070 --> 00:47:20,370 name . 7880 00:47:20,370 --> 00:47:20,760 Nicholas 7881 00:47:20,760 --> 00:47:21,180 Morton 7882 00:47:21,420 --> 00:47:21,940 Academia 7883 00:47:21,960 --> 00:47:22,100 dot 7884 00:47:22,140 --> 00:47:22,680 edu . 7885 00:47:22,830 --> 00:47:23,040 That 7886 00:47:23,040 --> 00:47:23,160 will 7887 00:47:23,160 --> 00:47:23,370 show 7888 00:47:23,370 --> 00:47:23,610 you 7889 00:47:23,640 --> 00:47:23,790 where 7890 00:47:23,790 --> 00:47:23,940 my 7891 00:47:23,940 --> 00:47:24,600 publications 7892 00:47:24,600 --> 00:47:24,780 are . 7893 00:47:25,080 --> 00:47:25,320 Or 7894 00:47:25,320 --> 00:47:25,620 indeed 7895 00:47:25,620 --> 00:47:25,680 you 7896 00:47:25,680 --> 00:47:25,860 can 7897 00:47:25,860 --> 00:47:26,070 see 7898 00:47:26,070 --> 00:47:26,280 my 7899 00:47:26,280 --> 00:47:26,760 university 7900 00:47:26,760 --> 00:47:27,210 website , 7901 00:47:27,210 --> 00:47:27,450 which 7902 00:47:27,450 --> 00:47:27,720 is 7903 00:47:27,720 --> 00:47:28,110 Nottingham 7904 00:47:28,110 --> 00:47:28,340 Trent 7905 00:47:28,350 --> 00:47:29,040 University 7906 00:47:29,070 --> 00:47:29,280 in 7907 00:47:29,280 --> 00:47:29,370 the 7908 00:47:29,370 --> 00:47:29,760 UK . 7909 00:47:30,270 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 7910 00:47:30,270 --> 00:47:30,420 All 7911 00:47:30,420 --> 00:47:30,690 right . 7912 00:47:30,720 --> 00:47:30,870 And 7913 00:47:30,870 --> 00:47:31,020 we'll 7914 00:47:31,020 --> 00:47:31,230 link 7915 00:47:31,230 --> 00:47:31,380 up 7916 00:47:31,380 --> 00:47:31,550 all 7917 00:47:31,560 --> 00:47:31,800 those 7918 00:47:31,800 --> 00:47:31,890 in 7919 00:47:31,890 --> 00:47:32,040 the 7920 00:47:32,040 --> 00:47:32,220 in 7921 00:47:32,220 --> 00:47:32,310 the 7922 00:47:32,310 --> 00:47:32,520 show 7923 00:47:32,520 --> 00:47:32,820 notes 7924 00:47:32,820 --> 00:47:32,940 for 7925 00:47:32,940 --> 00:47:33,330 this 7926 00:47:33,720 --> 00:47:33,940 so 7927 00:47:33,960 --> 00:47:34,050 that 7928 00:47:34,050 --> 00:47:34,320 everyone 7929 00:47:34,320 --> 00:47:34,410 can 7930 00:47:34,410 --> 00:47:34,590 just 7931 00:47:34,590 --> 00:47:34,830 find 7932 00:47:34,830 --> 00:47:34,920 them 7933 00:47:34,920 --> 00:47:35,060 with 7934 00:47:35,070 --> 00:47:35,190 a 7935 00:47:35,280 --> 00:47:35,640 simple 7936 00:47:35,640 --> 00:47:36,000 click 7937 00:47:36,090 --> 00:47:36,420 perfect . 7938 00:47:36,420 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 7939 00:47:36,420 --> 00:47:36,630 Thank 7940 00:47:36,630 --> 00:47:36,810 you . 7941 00:47:36,810 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 7942 00:47:36,810 --> 00:47:36,960 Well , 7943 00:47:36,960 --> 00:47:37,170 I 7944 00:47:37,170 --> 00:47:37,560 appreciate 7945 00:47:37,560 --> 00:47:37,650 your 7946 00:47:37,650 --> 00:47:38,010 time . 7947 00:47:38,010 --> 00:47:38,250 Thank 7948 00:47:38,250 --> 00:47:38,430 you 7949 00:47:38,430 --> 00:47:38,730 and 7950 00:47:38,820 --> 00:47:39,060 thanks 7951 00:47:39,060 --> 00:47:39,150 for 7952 00:47:39,150 --> 00:47:39,300 being 7953 00:47:39,300 --> 00:47:39,360 on 7954 00:47:39,360 --> 00:47:39,420 the 7955 00:47:39,420 --> 00:47:39,630 show 7956 00:47:39,630 --> 00:47:39,930 again . 7957 00:47:40,020 --> 00:00:00,-01 Nic: 7958 00:47:40,020 --> 00:47:40,290 Always 7959 00:47:40,290 --> 00:47:40,350 a 7960 00:47:40,350 --> 00:47:40,590 pleasure . 7961 00:47:40,590 --> 00:47:40,800 Thanks 7962 00:47:40,800 --> 00:47:40,920 very 7963 00:47:40,920 --> 00:47:41,090 much . 7964 00:47:41,100 --> 00:47:41,370 Derek . 7965 00:47:49,050 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 7966 00:47:49,050 --> 00:47:49,380 That 7967 00:47:49,380 --> 00:47:49,530 is 7968 00:47:49,530 --> 00:47:49,620 the 7969 00:47:49,620 --> 00:47:50,040 rise 7970 00:47:50,040 --> 00:47:50,130 and 7971 00:47:50,130 --> 00:47:50,520 fall 7972 00:47:50,520 --> 00:47:50,580 of 7973 00:47:50,580 --> 00:47:50,670 the 7974 00:47:50,670 --> 00:47:51,150 Crusader 7975 00:47:51,150 --> 00:47:51,600 states 7976 00:47:51,930 --> 00:47:52,170 in 7977 00:47:52,170 --> 00:47:52,230 a 7978 00:47:52,230 --> 00:47:52,740 nutshell . 7979 00:47:53,250 --> 00:47:53,430 Now , 7980 00:47:53,430 --> 00:47:53,490 I 7981 00:47:53,490 --> 00:47:53,640 hope 7982 00:47:53,640 --> 00:47:53,760 you 7983 00:47:53,760 --> 00:47:54,060 enjoyed 7984 00:47:54,060 --> 00:47:54,180 it 7985 00:47:54,180 --> 00:47:54,270 as 7986 00:47:54,270 --> 00:47:54,450 much 7987 00:47:54,450 --> 00:47:54,570 as 7988 00:47:54,570 --> 00:47:54,720 I 7989 00:47:54,720 --> 00:47:54,930 did . 7990 00:47:54,930 --> 00:47:55,050 And 7991 00:47:55,050 --> 00:47:55,110 I 7992 00:47:55,110 --> 00:47:55,230 want 7993 00:47:55,230 --> 00:47:55,290 to 7994 00:47:55,290 --> 00:47:55,500 thank 7995 00:47:55,500 --> 00:47:55,740 Nick 7996 00:47:55,740 --> 00:47:56,130 again 7997 00:47:56,130 --> 00:47:56,280 for 7998 00:47:56,280 --> 00:47:56,550 coming 7999 00:47:56,550 --> 00:47:56,670 on 8000 00:47:56,670 --> 00:47:56,730 the 8001 00:47:56,730 --> 00:47:57,150 show 8002 00:47:57,150 --> 00:47:57,270 and 8003 00:47:57,270 --> 00:47:57,660 sharing 8004 00:47:57,660 --> 00:47:57,780 his 8005 00:47:57,780 --> 00:47:58,230 extensive 8006 00:47:58,230 --> 00:47:58,650 knowledge . 8007 00:47:59,220 --> 00:47:59,340 You 8008 00:47:59,340 --> 00:47:59,460 can 8009 00:47:59,460 --> 00:47:59,850 find 8010 00:47:59,850 --> 00:48:00,210 links 8011 00:48:00,210 --> 00:48:00,270 to 8012 00:48:00,280 --> 00:48:00,510 next 8013 00:48:00,510 --> 00:48:00,750 book 8014 00:48:00,750 --> 00:48:00,840 in 8015 00:48:00,840 --> 00:48:00,900 the 8016 00:48:00,900 --> 00:48:01,140 show 8017 00:48:01,140 --> 00:48:01,440 notes 8018 00:48:01,440 --> 00:48:01,560 as 8019 00:48:01,560 --> 00:48:01,680 well 8020 00:48:01,680 --> 00:48:01,770 as 8021 00:48:01,770 --> 00:48:01,890 his 8022 00:48:01,890 --> 00:48:02,160 social 8023 00:48:02,160 --> 00:48:02,490 media 8024 00:48:02,490 --> 00:48:02,640 on 8025 00:48:02,640 --> 00:48:03,150 YouTube , 8026 00:48:03,150 --> 00:48:03,660 Twitter , 8027 00:48:03,900 --> 00:48:04,230 and 8028 00:48:04,230 --> 00:48:04,320 the 8029 00:48:04,320 --> 00:48:04,980 academia 8030 00:48:04,980 --> 00:48:05,220 dot 8031 00:48:05,220 --> 00:48:05,610 edu 8032 00:48:05,610 --> 00:48:05,700 he 8033 00:48:05,700 --> 00:48:06,150 mentioned . 8034 00:48:07,560 --> 00:48:07,860 While 8035 00:48:07,860 --> 00:48:08,010 we're 8036 00:48:08,010 --> 00:48:08,220 on 8037 00:48:08,220 --> 00:48:08,310 the 8038 00:48:08,310 --> 00:48:08,670 subject 8039 00:48:08,670 --> 00:48:08,730 of 8040 00:48:08,730 --> 00:48:09,060 social 8041 00:48:09,060 --> 00:48:09,420 networks , 8042 00:48:09,660 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 8043 00:48:09,660 --> 00:48:09,840 you 8044 00:48:09,840 --> 00:48:09,990 can 8045 00:48:09,990 --> 00:48:10,200 find 8046 00:48:10,200 --> 00:48:10,530 medieval 8047 00:48:10,530 --> 00:48:10,980 archives 8048 00:48:10,980 --> 00:48:11,160 over 8049 00:48:11,160 --> 00:48:11,280 on 8050 00:48:11,280 --> 00:48:11,970 Mastodon 8051 00:48:11,970 --> 00:48:12,090 and 8052 00:48:12,090 --> 00:48:12,390 Blue 8053 00:48:12,390 --> 00:48:12,840 Sky . 8054 00:48:13,290 --> 00:48:13,430 They 8055 00:48:13,470 --> 00:48:13,560 are 8056 00:48:13,560 --> 00:48:13,650 the 8057 00:48:13,650 --> 00:48:13,800 new 8058 00:48:13,800 --> 00:48:14,070 kids 8059 00:48:14,070 --> 00:48:14,160 on 8060 00:48:14,160 --> 00:48:14,250 the 8061 00:48:14,250 --> 00:48:14,610 social 8062 00:48:14,610 --> 00:48:14,880 media 8063 00:48:15,150 --> 00:48:15,240 and 8064 00:48:15,240 --> 00:48:15,390 it's 8065 00:48:15,390 --> 00:48:15,570 not 8066 00:48:15,570 --> 00:48:15,690 as 8067 00:48:15,690 --> 00:48:16,110 crowded 8068 00:48:16,110 --> 00:48:16,290 on 8069 00:48:16,290 --> 00:48:16,470 them . 8070 00:48:16,470 --> 00:48:16,560 And 8071 00:48:16,560 --> 00:48:16,740 there's 8072 00:48:16,740 --> 00:48:16,800 a 8073 00:48:16,800 --> 00:48:17,040 lot 8074 00:48:17,040 --> 00:48:17,100 of 8075 00:48:17,100 --> 00:48:17,340 good 8076 00:48:17,340 --> 00:48:18,120 conversations 8077 00:48:18,120 --> 00:48:18,360 going 8078 00:48:18,360 --> 00:48:18,510 on 8079 00:48:18,510 --> 00:48:18,720 over 8080 00:48:18,720 --> 00:48:18,930 there . 8081 00:48:19,170 --> 00:48:19,500 Links 8082 00:48:19,500 --> 00:48:19,590 to 8083 00:48:19,590 --> 00:48:19,860 those 8084 00:48:19,860 --> 00:48:20,490 profiles 8085 00:48:20,520 --> 00:48:20,910 also 8086 00:48:20,910 --> 00:48:21,000 in 8087 00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:21,090 the 8088 00:48:21,090 --> 00:48:21,270 show 8089 00:48:21,270 --> 00:48:21,660 notes . 8090 00:48:22,170 --> 00:48:22,500 Send 8091 00:48:22,500 --> 00:48:22,620 your 8092 00:48:22,620 --> 00:48:22,980 comments 8093 00:48:22,980 --> 00:48:23,070 and 8094 00:48:23,070 --> 00:48:23,610 questions 8095 00:48:23,610 --> 00:48:23,700 to 8096 00:48:23,700 --> 00:48:24,330 podcasts 8097 00:48:24,330 --> 00:48:24,420 that 8098 00:48:24,420 --> 00:48:24,750 medieval 8099 00:48:24,750 --> 00:48:25,170 archives 8100 00:48:25,170 --> 00:48:25,380 dot 8101 00:48:25,380 --> 00:48:25,740 com . 8102 00:48:26,070 --> 00:48:26,250 And 8103 00:48:26,250 --> 00:48:26,340 if 8104 00:48:26,340 --> 00:48:26,460 you're 8105 00:48:26,460 --> 00:48:26,820 enjoying 8106 00:48:26,820 --> 00:48:26,880 the 8107 00:48:26,880 --> 00:48:27,510 podcast . 8108 00:48:27,690 --> 00:48:28,020 Easy 8109 00:48:28,020 --> 00:48:28,170 way 8110 00:48:28,170 --> 00:48:28,260 to 8111 00:48:28,260 --> 00:48:28,620 support 8112 00:48:28,620 --> 00:48:28,710 the 8113 00:48:28,710 --> 00:48:29,040 show 8114 00:48:29,040 --> 00:48:29,130 is 8115 00:48:29,130 --> 00:48:29,220 to 8116 00:48:29,220 --> 00:48:29,460 tell 8117 00:48:29,460 --> 00:48:29,580 your 8118 00:48:29,580 --> 00:48:30,030 friends 8119 00:48:30,210 --> 00:48:30,390 can 8120 00:48:30,390 --> 00:48:30,660 share 8121 00:48:30,660 --> 00:48:30,720 it 8122 00:48:30,720 --> 00:48:30,900 right 8123 00:48:30,900 --> 00:48:31,080 from 8124 00:48:31,080 --> 00:48:31,200 your 8125 00:48:31,200 --> 00:48:31,890 smartphone . 8126 00:48:31,890 --> 00:48:32,190 Send 8127 00:48:32,190 --> 00:48:32,280 them 8128 00:48:32,280 --> 00:48:32,370 the 8129 00:48:32,370 --> 00:48:32,580 link 8130 00:48:32,580 --> 00:48:32,670 to 8131 00:48:32,670 --> 00:48:32,820 this 8132 00:48:32,820 --> 00:48:33,120 great 8133 00:48:33,120 --> 00:48:33,540 interview . 8134 00:48:34,060 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 8135 00:48:34,060 --> 00:48:34,230 If 8136 00:48:34,230 --> 00:48:34,320 you're 8137 00:48:34,320 --> 00:48:34,500 getting 8138 00:48:34,500 --> 00:48:34,770 value 8139 00:48:34,770 --> 00:48:34,920 from 8140 00:48:34,920 --> 00:48:34,980 the 8141 00:48:34,980 --> 00:48:35,220 show , 8142 00:48:35,220 --> 00:48:35,610 consider 8143 00:48:35,610 --> 00:48:36,060 supporting 8144 00:48:36,060 --> 00:48:36,180 with 8145 00:48:36,180 --> 00:48:36,240 a 8146 00:48:36,240 --> 00:48:36,780 donation . 8147 00:48:36,780 --> 00:48:36,900 It 8148 00:48:36,900 --> 00:48:37,110 helps 8149 00:48:37,110 --> 00:48:37,260 keep 8150 00:48:37,260 --> 00:48:37,320 the 8151 00:48:37,320 --> 00:48:37,650 show 8152 00:48:37,650 --> 00:48:37,770 and 8153 00:48:37,770 --> 00:48:37,860 the 8154 00:48:37,860 --> 00:48:38,370 website 8155 00:48:38,370 --> 00:48:38,670 ad 8156 00:48:38,670 --> 00:48:39,090 free 8157 00:48:39,090 --> 00:48:39,270 and 8158 00:48:39,270 --> 00:48:39,480 full 8159 00:48:39,480 --> 00:48:39,570 of 8160 00:48:39,570 --> 00:48:39,900 great 8161 00:48:39,900 --> 00:48:40,380 content 8162 00:48:40,380 --> 00:48:40,470 and 8163 00:48:40,470 --> 00:48:41,040 interviews 8164 00:48:41,280 --> 00:48:41,410 there . 8165 00:48:41,430 --> 00:48:41,520 There's 8166 00:48:41,520 --> 00:48:41,670 some 8167 00:48:41,670 --> 00:48:41,850 great 8168 00:48:41,850 --> 00:48:42,270 donation 8169 00:48:42,270 --> 00:48:42,660 options 8170 00:48:42,660 --> 00:48:42,750 where 8171 00:48:42,750 --> 00:48:42,810 you 8172 00:48:42,810 --> 00:48:43,200 can 8173 00:48:43,200 --> 00:48:43,680 contribute 8174 00:48:43,680 --> 00:48:43,860 any 8175 00:48:43,860 --> 00:48:44,100 amount 8176 00:48:44,100 --> 00:48:44,220 you 8177 00:48:44,220 --> 00:48:44,520 want . 8178 00:48:44,550 --> 00:48:44,760 Head 8179 00:48:44,760 --> 00:48:44,910 over 8180 00:48:44,910 --> 00:48:45,000 to 8181 00:48:45,000 --> 00:48:45,300 medieval 8182 00:48:45,300 --> 00:48:45,660 archives 8183 00:48:45,660 --> 00:48:45,840 dot 8184 00:48:45,840 --> 00:48:46,110 com 8185 00:48:46,110 --> 00:48:46,470 slash 8186 00:48:46,470 --> 00:48:46,830 support 8187 00:48:46,830 --> 00:48:46,890 to 8188 00:48:46,890 --> 00:48:47,070 see 8189 00:48:47,070 --> 00:48:47,190 if 8190 00:48:47,190 --> 00:48:47,280 it's 8191 00:48:47,280 --> 00:48:47,520 something 8192 00:48:47,520 --> 00:48:47,610 you 8193 00:48:47,610 --> 00:48:47,730 want 8194 00:48:47,730 --> 00:48:47,790 to 8195 00:48:47,790 --> 00:48:48,210 consider . 8196 00:48:48,840 --> 00:00:00,-01 Gary: 8197 00:48:48,840 --> 00:48:49,050 Thank 8198 00:48:49,050 --> 00:48:49,140 you 8199 00:48:49,140 --> 00:48:49,260 for 8200 00:48:49,260 --> 00:48:49,350 your 8201 00:48:49,350 --> 00:48:49,710 time 8202 00:48:49,710 --> 00:48:49,800 and 8203 00:48:49,800 --> 00:48:50,010 thank 8204 00:48:50,010 --> 00:48:50,070 you 8205 00:48:50,070 --> 00:48:50,220 for 8206 00:48:50,220 --> 00:48:50,340 your 8207 00:48:50,340 --> 00:48:50,790 continued 8208 00:48:50,790 --> 00:48:51,230 support 8209 00:48:51,240 --> 00:48:51,420 and 8210 00:48:51,420 --> 00:48:51,630 that'll 8211 00:48:51,630 --> 00:48:51,870 wrap 8212 00:48:51,870 --> 00:48:51,960 it 8213 00:48:51,960 --> 00:48:52,050 up 8214 00:48:52,050 --> 00:48:52,200 for 8215 00:48:52,200 --> 00:48:52,410 this 8216 00:48:52,410 --> 00:48:52,920 episode . 8217 00:48:53,280 --> 00:48:53,550 Thanks 8218 00:48:53,550 --> 00:48:53,760 again 8219 00:48:53,760 --> 00:48:53,850 for 8220 00:48:53,850 --> 00:48:54,510 subscribing 8221 00:48:54,510 --> 00:48:54,660 and 8222 00:48:54,660 --> 00:48:55,050 listening 8223 00:48:55,080 --> 00:48:55,200 to 8224 00:48:55,200 --> 00:48:55,260 the 8225 00:48:55,260 --> 00:48:55,620 Medieval 8226 00:48:55,620 --> 00:48:56,040 Archives 8227 00:48:56,040 --> 00:48:56,670 podcast . 8228 00:48:57,060 --> 00:48:57,660 Illuminating 8229 00:48:57,660 --> 00:48:57,720 the 8230 00:48:57,720 --> 00:48:58,020 Dark 8231 00:48:58,020 --> 00:48:58,500 Ages 8232 00:48:58,500 --> 00:48:58,680 for 8233 00:48:58,680 --> 00:48:58,740 the 8234 00:48:58,740 --> 00:48:59,100 digital 8235 00:48:59,100 --> 00:48:59,400 world 8236 00:49:07,950 --> 00:49:08,150 for .