Thane Rosenbaum is a law professor, legal and Middle East analyst, novelist, essayist, talk show host, and Distinguished University Professor at Touro University. In Part 2, Israel Ellis continues his conversation with him on Israel’s war in Gaza, vengeance, and moral responsibility. Rosenbaum argues that revenge and justice are inseparable, that “proportionality has nothing to do with how many civilians are killed,” and that many Gazans cannot be considered innocent civilians. He defends Israel’s right to act under international law, exposes UNRWA’s complicity, and explains why his new book Beyond Proportionality reframes how we should judge Israel’s war.