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Welcome back to the
Medieval Archives podcast. The

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podcast from In evil news,
history, and entertainment. I'm

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00:00:15,115 --> 00:00:18,355
your host Gary, aka the
Archivist. Now I've been stuck

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in the 14th century for a while,
and I'm loving every minute of

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it. Last time we took a look at
the end of the 14th century with

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the life and death of John the
Fearless. Today we're going to

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the start of the century and
take a look at how everything

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changed from a time of
prosperity and growth to

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depression, famine, and death.
The 14th century begins a period

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now called the crisis of the
late Middle Ages, which lasted

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almost 200 years and was filled
with famine, plague, religious

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schisms, and wars, lots of wars.
Sadly, it's the beginning of the

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end for the medieval era. Now it
can be debated that every

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century in the Middle Ages was
in crisis, but the 14th had more

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than its fair share of bad
events. And today we'll be

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looking at the event that
started at all the great famine

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of 1315, one of the most
devastating events of the 14th

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century. We'll look at the
events leading up to the famine,

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how it happened, how the
population handled the changes,

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and the aftermath. Before we
head back to the 14th century, I

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want to thank everyone for
supporting the show. You've

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shared it with your friends on
your social channels you've left

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reviews, and some of you have
even donated to keep the show

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running and added free. However
you support, thank you, and I

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appreciate all of it. Now if you
have any questions or comments,

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or you have a topic you're dying
to hear on the show, send that

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over to
podcast@minivlarcribes.com or

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leave us a message on the
voicemail line 720-722-1066.

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Show notes and any links for
this lesson will be found at

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minivlarcribes.com/97. The
number 9, the number 7. Alright,

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grab yourself a snack and let's
learn about the great famine of

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1315.

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So we can't jump straight into
1315 to get a clear picture of

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how the famine started. To
really understand the impact, we

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need to go back a few years and
see how things were shaping up

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in medieval Europe. In the late
13th century, Europe was densely

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populated and highly dependent
on agriculture. And for

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centuries, since around the year
1000, Europe has enjoyed a

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relatively warm and stable
climate. The period we now call

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the medieval warm period, the
climate was changing, it was

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getting warmer, allowing
farmland to expand and pushing

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agriculture into new areas,
allowing for great crop and food

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production. And with the food
boom came a population boom. It

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was easier and cheaper to
sustain a bigger family than

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ever before. Europe saw a
population boom in the 13th

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century that was brought on by
exceptional crop yields. Now the

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increase in farmland coupled
with new farming innovations

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like the horse collar and the
heavy plow, allowed farmers to

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work more land and to work it
faster. Farmers were also

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mastering the three field system.
In the three field system, one

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field is planted in the spring,
one is planted in the fall, and

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the other one is left follow for
the year, nothing is planted in

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it. The next season, they would
rotate the fields in which they

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planted and left follow. And
this allowed the soil to recover

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its nutrients better and the
crops would provide a bigger

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yield. At the start of the
medieval warm period, in the

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900s, it's estimated that wheat
production was about 2 to 1, so

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for every seed planted 2 were
cultivated. As the years

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progressed into the medieval
warm period, the production

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increased over 250% for every
seed planted 7 were cultivated.

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The increase production in the
short and time to plant drove

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the need for more farmland. Now
vast amounts of forests were

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cleared to make way for new
farmland and during the medieval

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warm period from 1,000 to about
1,300, farmland doubled in

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England and in Germany. Cropped
production was increasing in a

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quick pace and the medieval
population was following right

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along. England went from about
1.5 million people to over 6

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million. Germany rose from 4
million to 11. France went from

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6 million to 17 million and the
peak population for all of

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Europe heading into the 14th
century is estimated to be about

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80 to 100 million people.
Cropped production was

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increasing by 50% every year and
the population was doubling

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every year, 100% increase. Now
times were good or so it seemed.

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There was no margin for error
though, to sustain the higher

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population crops needed to
continue to grow and increase

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every year. Cropped failures are
lower harvest would cause

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serious problems. Now as the
calendar turns into the 14th

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century, a 400 year period
called the Little Ice Age starts

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in Europe. The medieval
population would soon realize

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their world and their way of
living was changing drastically.

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They had no idea it was a little
ice age. It wasn't given that

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name until the 20th century
after scientific data was

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examined. It's called the little
ice age but it's not exactly an

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ice age. It was really a
sustained period of cooling and

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it was mainly in the North
Atlantic regions stretching from

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North America to Northern and
Eastern Europe. The southern

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hemisphere didn't see the same
cooling patterns. After

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generations of prosperity and
population growth it was time to

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pay the paper and the toll was
far greater than anyone could

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imagine. "The change in weather
came on rather fast, at least

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fast, as climate's concerned.
Current scientific data suggests

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by the year 1300 summers were
already getting cooler, and

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glaciers were growing at a
significant rate. For medieval

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people, their plight was just
beginning. Since 1290 crop

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harvest was slowly declining
year-over-year, but it wasn't

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alarming yet, just a slow
decline." That all changed

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almost overnight. The winter of
1315 was a colder than normal

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winter, but it wasn't really
unusual. Then came spring, and

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April showers. Only it didn't
bring May flowers. It brought

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May showers, and June showers.
And with the rain started

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falling in the spring of 1315,
it didn't stop for months. It

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rained all the way through
August, and with the continued

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rain came cooler weather. It
rained across all of Northern

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Europe, from Ireland, England,
across the continent all the way

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to Poland. "One day, it started
raining, and it didn't quit for

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four months." English chronicler
John of Triclo wrote, "The

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d'Earth began in the month of
May and lasted until the feast

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of the nevinity of the Virgin.
The summer rains were so heavy

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that the grain could not ripen.
It could hardly be gathered, and

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used to bake bread down to the
said feast day, unless it was

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put in vessels to dry. Around
the end of autumn, the d'Earth

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was partly mitigated, but toward
Christmas, it came back as bad

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as before. Bread did not have
its usual nourishing power and

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strength, because the grain was
not nourished by the warmth of

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the summer sunshine. Hence,
those who ate it, even in large

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quantities, were hungry again
after a little while. A French

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chronicler recorded that the day
loose began in 1315, seven weeks

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after Easter, during this season
that rained most marvelously and

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for so long. And Bernard Guy, a
French bishop and the inquisitor

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of Toulouse, wrote, "Excedently
great rains descended from the

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heavens and they made a huge and
deep mud pools on the land.

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Throughout all May, July, and
August, the rains did not

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cease." Some crops were planted
during this time, but most died

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due to the fields being
saturated and flooding. The

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constant rain and humidity
caused grain to rot before it

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could germinate. They even
brought the grain indoors to dry

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in pots and by the fire, but it
wasn't enough to sustain the

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farms, let alone an entire
population. Alright, so there's

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no bread this year. We still
have cows, hogs and sheep to eat.

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While the grain and wheat was
used to feed livestock, too, wet

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soggy grain isn't a meal for
cows and sheep, and the wet

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grains became moldy causing
sickness in the animal. There

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was a catastrophic die-off of
livestock, over 80% of the

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livestock died during this
period. Another issue faced in

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the farmers was the wet ground.
The soil became a wet, swampy

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mess, and they couldn't plow the
fields to plant enough crops.

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Lower areas in central England
were completely flooded over.

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This wasn't a localized problem
in England or France. It

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affected a large area of
northern Europe. There was no

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surplus to import from a
neighboring region. Every

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country was facing the same
problem. And another problem

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they were seeing was salt, a key
ingredient in preserving meat,

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and it became scarce. Salt is
produced in two ways by mining

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it from a salt mine or from
evaporation ponds. There were a

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few salt mines in eastern Europe,
but the majority of production

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came from evaporation. And in
the evaporation process, salt

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water, sea water, was fed into
shallow ponds, and then the sun

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would evaporate the water and
leave behind the salt deposits.

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That during the spring and
summer of 1315, there was too

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much rain. Not enough sunlight
and evaporation ponds were

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useless, they were flooded out.
Salt production was at an

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all-time low. Things were
getting bad from medieval Europe.

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to no crops, food production was
down. Any meat they were able to

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butcher couldn't be preserved
for the coming winter because of

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the salt shortage. And there
wasn't any way to get more food

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or salt. The supply chain was
local and even getting grain or

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meat or salt from another
country wasn't an option all

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throughout northern Europe. Rain
was falling. Crops were failing.

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England, France, Germany, Italy.
It was a widespread catastrophe.

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People went days eating, and
many ate roots, berries, grasses,

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leaves, anything nature could
offer to feed them in their

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families. Any fish they could
catch were quickly eaten until

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the streams and rivers were
barren of life. The declining

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grain production also led to an
increase in pricing and price

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skyrocketed. In England, the
price of wheat rose by as much

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as 800%. In Lorraine, grain
prices increased over 300% in

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the first year of the famine. In
other areas, increases of a

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hundred to two hundred percent
were common. Green and bread was

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a scarce commodity, affordable
only to royalty and nobles. For

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the poor peasant who spent
almost everything he earned on

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bread, this was a death sentence.
There are various accounts of

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bakers who used hog manure and
wine sediments to make loaves of

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bread and those caught doing
that were severely punished. In

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1316 a Flemish chronicle wrote
that people were in such great

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need that it cannot be expressed.
For the cries of that were heard

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from the poor would move a stone
as they lay in the street with

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their woe and great complains
swollen with hunger. In August

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of 1315, the first season with
all the crop failures, King

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Edward II visited St. Albinz,
and he couldn't find any bread

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for the royal court. John of
Shroklo wrote about the King's

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visit to St. Albinz, and he
wrote, "In 1315, hunger grew in

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the land. Meat and eggs began to
run out. Capins and foul could

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hardly be found. Animals died of
pests. Swine could not be fed

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because of the excessive price
of fodder. The price of wheat,

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beans, peas, barley, oat, and
salt quadruple are more, which

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00:10:29,979 --> 00:10:33,599
was unheard of. The land was
oppressed with want, that when

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the King came to St. Albinz on
feast of St. Lawrence, it was

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barely possible to find bread on
sale to supply his household.

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There can be no doubt that the
poor wasted away even they were

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constantly hungry. Four pennies
worth of course bread was not

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enough to feed a common man for
one day. The usual kind of meat,

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suitable for eating, was too
scarce. Horse meat was precious.

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00:10:55,115 --> 00:10:57,875
Plump dogs were stolen off of
people's porches and according

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00:10:57,875 --> 00:11:01,415
to many reports, men and women
in many places secretly ate

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their children. That's kind of
gross and we'll get back to that

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00:11:05,608 --> 00:11:08,928
in a little bit, but it
describes the desperation in the

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population and this is only
seven to eight months into what

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will be a five to six year
famine. Things are bad and

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they're only getting worse. The
nobility, the kings, lords,

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00:11:19,228 --> 00:11:21,908
barons, they could afford the
higher prices but the lower

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classes, which made up about 90%
of the population couldn't

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afford it. And money doesn't
just make crops grow even at

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higher prices. At some point the
surplus runs out. And when that

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00:11:32,228 --> 00:11:35,868
happens, it turns into a horror
movie. There are widespread

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00:11:35,868 --> 00:11:40,068
accounts of eating animals, cows,
horses, dogs, cats, anything

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00:11:40,068 --> 00:11:43,208
really, not horrible but
certainly not ideal. But the

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animals weren't healthy to begin
with and carry disease. Now with

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the failing crops and moldy
straw and outbreak of disease

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killed the majority of the
cattle and sheep. And it wasn't

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just a few of them. Like I said,
over 80% of the cattle and sheep

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population was wiped out, but
desperate starving people

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they'll eat anything, even a
disease dead cow. Now eating

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00:12:03,148 --> 00:12:06,588
putrid meat and moldy grains
only caused death to come

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00:12:06,588 --> 00:12:09,828
quicker for the people and many
didn't die of starvation. They

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00:12:09,828 --> 00:12:11,848
died of the effects of eating
the bad meat and grains,

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00:12:12,528 --> 00:12:16,328
sickness, vomiting, dehydration
led to certain death. It gets

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00:12:16,328 --> 00:12:19,808
worse. Once there's not enough
animals to eat, they look for

218
00:12:19,808 --> 00:12:24,288
other sources of meat. As 1315
ended, there was hope next year

219
00:12:24,288 --> 00:12:27,728
would bring a good harvest, but
it wasn't meant to be. Spring of

220
00:12:27,728 --> 00:12:31,668
1316 saw as much rain as the
previous years and crops didn't

221
00:12:31,668 --> 00:12:35,528
grow. Livestock, draft horses
and small animals were all but

222
00:12:35,528 --> 00:12:38,623
gone. They had been eaten or
died in the previous year.

223
00:12:39,803 --> 00:12:42,563
People began abandoning their
children to fend for themselves.

224
00:12:42,563 --> 00:12:45,943
Older generations stopped eating,
voluntary starvation so the

225
00:12:45,943 --> 00:12:49,043
younger folks could eat what
there was and still have some

226
00:12:49,043 --> 00:12:52,703
strength left to work the fields.
The brothers Grimm, Jacob and

227
00:12:52,783 --> 00:12:56,153
Wilhelm used this as inspiration
for their fairy tale, Hansel and

228
00:12:56,153 --> 00:12:59,583
Gretel. In the tale, Hansel and
Gretel are abandoned by their

229
00:12:59,583 --> 00:13:02,213
parents during a famine left in
the woods to fend for themselves.

230
00:13:03,013 --> 00:13:06,003
Then they're lured by a witch
who feeds them all kinds of

231
00:13:06,003 --> 00:13:09,323
snacks. Only Hansel and Gretel
discover the witch is trying to

232
00:13:09,323 --> 00:13:13,003
fatten them up to bake them into
a human pie. Makes you wonder if

233
00:13:13,003 --> 00:13:17,232
that actually a fairy tale, or
maybe it was a true story. Grypt

234
00:13:17,232 --> 00:13:20,992
with fear, desperation, and
hunger many turned to a taboo

235
00:13:20,992 --> 00:13:25,012
custom. Cannibalism. There are
numerous accounts of cannibalism

236
00:13:25,012 --> 00:13:27,892
during the Great Famine. People
digging up the newly dead and

237
00:13:27,892 --> 00:13:30,932
eating them, some of the dead
didn't even get a proper burial.

238
00:13:30,932 --> 00:13:34,692
It's not a pretty picture. In
Bristol, a chronicler recorded

239
00:13:34,692 --> 00:13:38,052
the whores of the famine. He
wrote, "A great famine of dirt

240
00:13:38,052 --> 00:13:41,172
was such morality that the
living could scarce suffice to

241
00:13:41,172 --> 00:13:44,892
bury the dead. Horse flesh and
dog flesh was accounted good

242
00:13:44,892 --> 00:13:48,612
meat, and some eat their own
children." The thieves that were

243
00:13:48,612 --> 00:13:52,832
in prison did pluck and tear to
pieces, such as were newly put

244
00:13:52,832 --> 00:13:56,754
into prison and devoured them
half alive. Imagine that. You

245
00:13:56,754 --> 00:13:58,934
think you're going to prison to
serve your crime, then you get

246
00:13:58,934 --> 00:14:03,115
eaten half alive. It was dire
times. There was food for no one.

247
00:14:03,634 --> 00:14:06,574
And eating the dead didn't help
either. Instead of sustaining

248
00:14:06,574 --> 00:14:09,894
the living, the human flesh
caused more disease and death.

249
00:14:09,894 --> 00:14:13,114
There are records from England,
France, Ireland, the Netherlands,

250
00:14:13,114 --> 00:14:16,154
even as far as Estonia, all
indicating cannibalism was

251
00:14:16,154 --> 00:14:19,174
taking place due to the famine.
Now some scholars will tell you

252
00:14:19,174 --> 00:14:22,434
that it's a rumor, but it's
recorded in too many places from

253
00:14:22,434 --> 00:14:25,454
too many separate locations to
be easily dismissed as just

254
00:14:25,454 --> 00:14:29,774
rumors. "When the lamb opened
the third seal, I heard the

255
00:14:29,774 --> 00:14:35,028
third living creature say, 'Come,
I looked, and there before me

256
00:14:35,028 --> 00:14:39,648
was a black course. It's writer
was holding a pair of scales in

257
00:14:39,648 --> 00:14:43,908
his hand.' Then I heard what
sounded like a voice among the

258
00:14:43,908 --> 00:14:48,788
four living creatures saying,
'Two pounds of wheat for a day's

259
00:14:48,788 --> 00:14:54,690
wages, and six pounds of barley
for a day's wages.' and do not

260
00:14:54,690 --> 00:14:58,350
damage the oil and the wine.
Society was breaking down.

261
00:14:58,350 --> 00:15:00,710
People were starving in the
streets. Heck, they were

262
00:15:00,710 --> 00:15:03,990
starving in the castles too.
Bans of landless starving

263
00:15:03,990 --> 00:15:07,610
peasants roamed the countryside
turning to robbery and violence.

264
00:15:07,610 --> 00:15:10,570
Crime was out of control and
people were eating the dead. It

265
00:15:10,570 --> 00:15:14,835
was truly an end of world type
of apocalypse. When death is

266
00:15:14,835 --> 00:15:17,355
everywhere, people tend to look
toward a higher power for

267
00:15:17,355 --> 00:15:20,295
guidance and comfort and support.
And medieval Europe was no

268
00:15:20,295 --> 00:15:24,215
different. They look to the
church. Only the church was

269
00:15:24,215 --> 00:15:26,435
overwhelmed. Monasteries and
nunneries were forced to close

270
00:15:26,575 --> 00:15:29,515
their doors, unable to feed the
endless stream of people at

271
00:15:29,515 --> 00:15:33,350
their gates. Prayer didn't seem
to work and people soon began to

272
00:15:33,350 --> 00:15:37,570
blame the church for the famine.
If prayer wasn't working, maybe

273
00:15:37,570 --> 00:15:40,530
the church was at fault. Maybe
the corruption in the church had

274
00:15:40,530 --> 00:15:44,372
brought on the famine. After
initially turning to the church

275
00:15:44,372 --> 00:15:47,512
for comfort, many turned away.
If the church wasn't going to

276
00:15:47,512 --> 00:15:51,292
help, everyone was going to fend
for themselves. Kings were

277
00:15:51,292 --> 00:15:53,572
helpless too. They couldn't
magically stop the rain or make

278
00:15:53,572 --> 00:15:56,932
the crops grow. The king didn't
crack down on crime either. And

279
00:15:56,932 --> 00:15:59,472
it's not just the king of one
country. None of the countries

280
00:15:59,472 --> 00:16:02,572
cracked down on crime. It became
apparent that no one was going

281
00:16:02,572 --> 00:16:06,272
to help. The population quickly
lost its faith in the church and

282
00:16:06,272 --> 00:16:10,746
in the crown. With another year
of dismal crops, no relief in

283
00:16:10,746 --> 00:16:14,156
sight. The population was
malnourished and vulnerable to

284
00:16:14,156 --> 00:16:18,306
disease. pneumonia, bronchitis
and tuberculosis all ran rampant

285
00:16:18,306 --> 00:16:23,104
and weakened and killed a large
number of the population. Winter

286
00:16:23,104 --> 00:16:26,864
of 1317 came and it was as bad
as the previous two. And the

287
00:16:26,864 --> 00:16:30,304
rain continued into the spring.
And by this time, two years into

288
00:16:30,304 --> 00:16:33,524
the famine, everyone was
suffering. Lower class,

289
00:16:33,524 --> 00:16:36,424
merchants, all the whips, nobles
and kings. It didn't matter your

290
00:16:36,424 --> 00:16:39,464
stature in life. It didn't
matter how much money you had.

291
00:16:39,464 --> 00:16:43,293
There was no food to be had
anywhere. Then summer arrived.

292
00:16:43,916 --> 00:16:59,056
And with it came drier weather.
And the rain stopped. Fills

293
00:16:59,056 --> 00:17:02,076
began to dry and there was a
glimmer of hope. Those who could

294
00:17:02,076 --> 00:17:05,156
work planted the crops that they
had, which was already severely

295
00:17:05,156 --> 00:17:07,936
depleted from the last two years
of famine. Now the harvest of

296
00:17:08,266 --> 00:17:13,836
1317 was the best in three years.
Which is to say it was okay. I

297
00:17:13,836 --> 00:17:16,536
mean, it wasn't a bumper crop by
any stretch. Not enough to stop

298
00:17:16,536 --> 00:17:19,996
the widespread starvation. But
it was the first successful crop

299
00:17:19,996 --> 00:17:23,236
in a few years and people had
hope again. People were excited.

300
00:17:23,236 --> 00:17:26,961
This might be the turnaround.
The grain was harvested and able

301
00:17:26,961 --> 00:17:30,021
to dry. And they were able to
get more seeds for next year and

302
00:17:30,021 --> 00:17:34,161
more bread and food for the
coming winter. 1318 came and saw

303
00:17:34,161 --> 00:17:37,041
more favorable weather and
another good harvest. The

304
00:17:37,041 --> 00:17:39,901
weather was returning to
somewhat normal and crops were

305
00:17:39,901 --> 00:17:44,361
growing. Medieval Europe had
just endured and mostly survived

306
00:17:44,361 --> 00:17:48,753
its greatest famine. Now the
great famine is usually given

307
00:17:48,753 --> 00:17:53,993
the dates of 1315 to 1317. Which
is accurate for the bad weather

308
00:17:53,993 --> 00:17:58,753
and the crop failures. By 1317
crops were growing. Starvation

309
00:17:58,753 --> 00:18:02,433
was starting to decline. The
famine, however, persisted. It

310
00:18:02,433 --> 00:18:05,853
would take several years for any
return to normalcy and it wasn't

311
00:18:05,853 --> 00:18:10,733
until 1325, 10 years after the
famine started. That food

312
00:18:10,733 --> 00:18:14,633
supplies began to hit pre-Famine
numbers. And the death toll

313
00:18:14,633 --> 00:18:18,373
during the Great Famine was
significant. Over 25% of

314
00:18:18,373 --> 00:18:22,073
Europe's population died from
starvation, crime, and disease.

315
00:18:22,683 --> 00:18:25,773
That's a significant number.
That's a family of four. One

316
00:18:25,773 --> 00:18:29,593
person died. It was a horrific
time. Now the consequences of

317
00:18:29,593 --> 00:18:32,953
the Great Famine are far
reaching in long lasting. Bigger

318
00:18:32,953 --> 00:18:36,633
than just crop failures. It
ruined once thriving economies

319
00:18:36,633 --> 00:18:40,473
all across Europe and it blew up
the feudal system. Land value

320
00:18:40,473 --> 00:18:44,133
plummeted, noble and lords lost
their incomes. In England, the

321
00:18:44,133 --> 00:18:47,433
wool trade was wiped out.
Without sheep there was no wool

322
00:18:47,433 --> 00:18:51,393
to trade. Revenue from wool
exports fell to its lowest point

323
00:18:51,393 --> 00:18:55,892
in decades. And with all the
death and economic ruin, there's

324
00:18:55,892 --> 00:18:59,332
one interesting benefit of the
famine. It helped the working

325
00:18:59,332 --> 00:19:03,292
class. With a large number of
the peasants dying and now a

326
00:19:03,292 --> 00:19:06,752
smaller working population,
labor was more valuable than

327
00:19:06,752 --> 00:19:09,822
ever. Peasants held a little bit
of leverage over the lords,

328
00:19:10,012 --> 00:19:14,074
demanding higher wages and
better working conditions. Many

329
00:19:14,074 --> 00:19:16,774
still felt the famine was a
punishment from God and in

330
00:19:16,774 --> 00:19:20,134
England they blamed King Edward
II. The contemporary poem called

331
00:19:20,134 --> 00:19:24,638
The Evil Times of Edward II
reads, "When God saw the world

332
00:19:24,638 --> 00:19:28,938
was so over-proud, he sent dirt
on earth and made it full-hard.

333
00:19:29,318 --> 00:19:33,078
A bushel of wheat was at four
shillings or more of which men

334
00:19:33,078 --> 00:19:36,898
might have had a quarter before.
And then they turned pale who

335
00:19:36,898 --> 00:19:40,318
had laughed so loud and they
became all docile who before

336
00:19:40,318 --> 00:19:44,698
were so proud. A man's heart
might bleed for to hear the cry

337
00:19:44,698 --> 00:19:50,565
of poor men who called out "alas,
for hunger I die." There's an

338
00:19:50,565 --> 00:19:54,045
old German folk tale during this
time that points out the cruel

339
00:19:54,045 --> 00:19:57,698
selfishness of people. The Maus
Tower of Bingan, originally from

340
00:19:57,698 --> 00:20:00,318
the 10th century, but it was
retold during the Great Famine

341
00:20:00,428 --> 00:20:05,587
and tells the tale of a greedy
bishop. It says, "The land of

342
00:20:05,587 --> 00:20:08,367
the Prince Bishop of Bingen, a
district of the Rhine Valley

343
00:20:08,367 --> 00:20:11,677
above Cologne, had suffered a
severe shortfall in its harvest,

344
00:20:11,677 --> 00:20:15,457
and food was in very short
supply. Nevertheless, the Bishop

345
00:20:15,457 --> 00:20:18,227
demanded that everyone pay him
their full rent and taxes and

346
00:20:18,227 --> 00:20:22,051
money and in kind. He then used
the money to buy up what food

347
00:20:22,051 --> 00:20:24,671
remained in the market and
stored all of it in his fortress

348
00:20:24,671 --> 00:20:28,291
tower in which he lived. He
dismissed all of his dependents,

349
00:20:28,291 --> 00:20:30,931
servants, and then shut and
locked all of the gates and

350
00:20:30,931 --> 00:20:33,931
doors to the tower in order to
be sure that people did not

351
00:20:33,931 --> 00:20:37,730
enter and steal the food he had
hoarded there. But he did not

352
00:20:37,730 --> 00:20:40,770
worry about that. The people
were all gone. They had eaten

353
00:20:40,770 --> 00:20:43,790
every blade of grass, every
kernel of grain in the land,

354
00:20:43,790 --> 00:20:46,990
some had died, while others had
fled and left the Bishop as the

355
00:20:46,990 --> 00:20:50,530
only living person in Bingen.
Just as he was congratulating

356
00:20:50,530 --> 00:20:52,990
himself on having been clever
enough to have survived the

357
00:20:52,990 --> 00:20:56,670
great hunger and comfort, he
heard noises outside and at the

358
00:20:56,670 --> 00:20:59,790
doors. He rushed to the top of
the tower and saw a terrible

359
00:20:59,790 --> 00:21:03,810
sight. All of the starving rats
and mice from the entire region

360
00:21:03,810 --> 00:21:08,989
had smelled the food and were
hurrying toward his tower. With

361
00:21:08,989 --> 00:21:12,089
Europe slowly getting back to
normal, is there any indication

362
00:21:12,089 --> 00:21:15,029
what caused this change and
weather and the great famine?

363
00:21:15,029 --> 00:21:18,569
Was it really God's punishment?
Well, it might not have been

364
00:21:18,569 --> 00:21:21,329
punishment, but it could have
been an act of God. There are a

365
00:21:21,329 --> 00:21:24,969
series of events, all major
volcanic eruptions that may have

366
00:21:24,969 --> 00:21:27,829
caused the earth to cool and the
weather to change enough to

367
00:21:27,829 --> 00:21:32,547
cause the famine. In 1257, Mount
Sama Las volcano erupted on an

368
00:21:32,547 --> 00:21:36,567
island in Indonesia in the South
Pacific, but it was a massive

369
00:21:36,567 --> 00:21:40,127
explosion. Scientists classify
volcanic explosions on a scale

370
00:21:40,127 --> 00:21:43,907
of 0-8, 0 being just a little
burp a little bit of lava coming

371
00:21:43,907 --> 00:21:47,767
out, and 8 being a planet killer.
The Mount Sama Las eruption was

372
00:21:47,767 --> 00:21:52,347
a level 7, shooting over 10
cubic miles of dirt, rock and

373
00:21:52,347 --> 00:21:56,187
ash over 25 miles into the
atmosphere. Level 7 eruptions

374
00:21:56,187 --> 00:22:01,647
don't often, and the last one
was on Tambora in 1850, also in

375
00:22:01,647 --> 00:22:05,887
Indonesia. In that following
year, 1816 is known as the year

376
00:22:05,887 --> 00:22:08,547
without summer due to the global
cooling that took place from all

377
00:22:08,547 --> 00:22:12,865
the ash in the atmosphere. Back
to the medieval times, in 1262,

378
00:22:12,865 --> 00:22:16,165
the Cattle of Alcano and Iceland
erupted. Now it is recorded as a

379
00:22:16,165 --> 00:22:19,385
level 5 eruption, the same as
Mount St. Helens in the 80s if

380
00:22:19,385 --> 00:22:23,119
you remember that one. Oh and
there was a few years ago the

381
00:22:23,119 --> 00:22:27,251
Hunga Tonga eruption in the
South Pacific was a level 5, and

382
00:22:27,251 --> 00:22:30,231
there is an awesome video of
that eruption. I'll put it in

383
00:22:30,231 --> 00:22:33,211
the show notes, you gotta watch
it. When you watch the video in

384
00:22:33,211 --> 00:22:36,771
the massive eruption, keep in
mind, the Hunga Tonga volcano

385
00:22:36,771 --> 00:22:40,691
sits 500 feet below sea level.
Then imagine what a level 5

386
00:22:40,691 --> 00:22:44,191
would look like without all the
seawater holding it back. As it

387
00:22:44,191 --> 00:22:48,271
was, the Hunga Tonga eruption
had a volcanic plume 34 miles

388
00:22:48,271 --> 00:22:51,955
into the air. You know what one
was a level 5 eruption, Mount

389
00:22:51,955 --> 00:22:54,615
Vesuvius, the same one that
wiped out Pompeii in 3 other

390
00:22:54,845 --> 00:22:59,384
Roman cities. And then in 1280,
the year the little ice ages

391
00:22:59,384 --> 00:23:03,544
believed to begin, Kielito of
Alcano and South America erupted,

392
00:23:03,544 --> 00:23:06,504
and it's listed as a level 6
eruption, throwing 2 and a half

393
00:23:06,504 --> 00:23:10,084
cubic miles of rock and ash into
the atmosphere. A few years

394
00:23:10,084 --> 00:23:13,244
before the great famine in the
early 1300s, Mount Tarawara

395
00:23:13,244 --> 00:23:17,310
erupted in New Zealand, and it
wasn't just one eruption. It was

396
00:23:17,310 --> 00:23:21,190
11 eruptions, all classified as
level 4, ejecting almost 4 cubic

397
00:23:21,190 --> 00:23:24,846
miles of rock and ash into the
atmosphere. Alright, so we have

398
00:23:24,846 --> 00:23:27,766
a handful of volcanoes throwing
thick volcanic ash into the air.

399
00:23:27,766 --> 00:23:32,107
How does that cause a famine or
even change the weather? Well in

400
00:23:32,107 --> 00:23:35,227
simplest terms, the ash hangs in
the atmosphere and absorbs and

401
00:23:35,227 --> 00:23:37,917
reflects the sunlight causing
the temperature on Earth's

402
00:23:37,917 --> 00:23:41,047
surface to cool. Also, all the
ash and particulates in the air

403
00:23:41,047 --> 00:23:44,167
come together to form more
clouds and more rain, further

404
00:23:44,167 --> 00:23:48,348
cooling the Earth. Now a quick
disclaimer, I'm not a scientist,

405
00:23:48,348 --> 00:23:51,428
I'm a historian, so if I get
some of this wrong, feel free to

406
00:23:51,428 --> 00:23:55,028
send me an ass to email. I did
however watch Dante's peak back

407
00:23:55,028 --> 00:23:59,609
in the 90s, so that pretty much
makes me a volcano expert. The

408
00:23:59,609 --> 00:24:01,889
longest short of it is, when
it's cloudy outside and there's

409
00:24:01,889 --> 00:24:05,489
no sunshine, it's colder out,
all the volcanic ash blocked the

410
00:24:05,489 --> 00:24:08,549
sun and made the world colder.
And it takes a while to clear

411
00:24:08,549 --> 00:24:12,309
the ash from the atmosphere, the
Tambora eruption in 1815 was so

412
00:24:12,309 --> 00:24:15,329
severe, it lowered the global
temperature by 1 degree

413
00:24:15,329 --> 00:24:19,709
Fahrenheit in less than 6 months.
In 1860, the year without summer,

414
00:24:19,709 --> 00:24:23,849
Quebec Canada got over a foot of
snow in June. It took Earth's

415
00:24:23,849 --> 00:24:26,289
temperature four years to
recover from the Tambora

416
00:24:26,289 --> 00:24:30,446
eruption. Now scientists
studying the 1257 Somalis

417
00:24:30,446 --> 00:24:33,746
eruption examined ice cores and
tree rings and estimated the

418
00:24:33,746 --> 00:24:36,686
temperature dropped by 4 degrees
Fahrenheit globally and took

419
00:24:36,686 --> 00:24:40,053
over a decade to recover. A few
degrees doesn't seem like a

420
00:24:40,053 --> 00:24:42,343
whole lot, but it's enough to
disrupt the delicate balance of

421
00:24:42,343 --> 00:24:45,313
the earth. When the sun is
blocked out, sea temperatures

422
00:24:45,313 --> 00:24:49,233
drop, causing currents to change,
causing an animal migration to

423
00:24:49,233 --> 00:24:51,983
change, and even when the air
temperature returns to normal,

424
00:24:51,983 --> 00:24:55,513
it can take the ocean under 10
to 15 years to recover. Now,

425
00:24:55,513 --> 00:24:57,933
whether the four volcanic
eruptions were a direct cause of

426
00:24:57,933 --> 00:25:02,193
the Great Famine is hard to tell.
One thing that is for sure, the

427
00:25:02,193 --> 00:25:05,153
cumulative effect on earth
caused a period of global

428
00:25:05,153 --> 00:25:07,723
cooling. It was more than the
volcano's, though. Earth's

429
00:25:07,723 --> 00:25:12,313
climate was changing in the
little ice age lasted 500 years.

430
00:25:12,313 --> 00:25:14,993
Scientists have proposed several
ideas, I won't cause the little

431
00:25:14,993 --> 00:25:18,173
ice age, lower solar activity,
increased volcanic activity,

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00:25:18,883 --> 00:25:22,573
changes in ocean circulation,
earth's orbit changing, and even

433
00:25:22,573 --> 00:25:25,622
mass extinctions brought on by
the Black Death and War.

434
00:25:26,310 --> 00:25:29,310
Whatever the cause of the little
ice age, the medieval population

435
00:25:29,310 --> 00:25:33,230
in 1315 were on the front end
and suffered catastrophic

436
00:25:33,230 --> 00:25:37,190
consequences. Over 25% of the
population died. Crime was out

437
00:25:37,190 --> 00:25:40,610
of control, and remained that
way for years after the famine.

438
00:25:41,809 --> 00:25:44,359
It's more than a couple of years
with no food and then back to

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00:25:44,359 --> 00:25:47,639
normal. It changes your way of
life. My grandparents were

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00:25:47,639 --> 00:25:49,879
teenagers during the Great
Depression, and I remember the

441
00:25:49,879 --> 00:25:52,719
stories they would tell. Not
having anything struggling to

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00:25:52,719 --> 00:25:56,439
get food, working, stealing,
doing whatever it took to get by.

443
00:25:57,119 --> 00:25:59,839
Their experiences in the Great
Depression stayed with them for

444
00:25:59,839 --> 00:26:03,639
life. They wasted little. They
would save yous 10 foil. They

445
00:26:03,639 --> 00:26:06,839
would rinse it off, and it was
good to go for another use. Now

446
00:26:06,839 --> 00:26:10,499
I imagine it was the same in the
1320s and beyond, those who

447
00:26:10,499 --> 00:26:13,179
lived through the Great Famine
remember the hard times and were

448
00:26:13,179 --> 00:26:17,438
always prepared in case it
happened again. The 14th century

449
00:26:17,438 --> 00:26:20,418
is defined by crisis after
crisis, and the Great Famine was

450
00:26:20,418 --> 00:26:24,178
just the beginning. The worst
was yet to come. As bad as the

451
00:26:24,178 --> 00:26:27,198
Great Famine was, it ranks only
as the second worst disaster of

452
00:26:27,198 --> 00:26:31,498
the 14th century. The Grim
Reaper was biting this time,

453
00:26:31,498 --> 00:26:35,088
preparing for his greatest
masterpiece. The Black Death in

454
00:26:35,088 --> 00:26:39,938
1347. The Great Famine wiped out
25% of the population. The Black

455
00:26:39,938 --> 00:26:44,358
Death killed upwards of 50% and
in some areas 60% of the

456
00:26:44,358 --> 00:26:47,931
population. The population
numbers in Europe wouldn't equal

457
00:26:47,931 --> 00:26:51,441
or surpass the pre-Family
numbers for over 200 years.

458
00:26:55,211 --> 00:26:58,931
That's going to end our look at
the Great Famine of 1315. You

459
00:26:58,931 --> 00:27:01,831
can find that volcanic eruption
video and the bibliography in

460
00:27:01,831 --> 00:27:06,345
the show notes at
MedievalArchives.com/97. And if

461
00:27:06,345 --> 00:27:09,025
you want to read up on the
crisis of the 14th century, I'd

462
00:27:09,025 --> 00:27:12,285
recommend two books. The first
is called "A Distant Meer" by

463
00:27:12,285 --> 00:27:15,785
Barbara Tuckman. It's a great
book. The other book is the

464
00:27:15,785 --> 00:27:19,005
recently published "Septor
Island" by Helen Carr. I haven't

465
00:27:19,005 --> 00:27:19,645
read it yet

466
00:27:19,645 --> 00:27:22,535
it's not available in the States,
but I have read the "Red Prince"

467
00:27:22,535 --> 00:27:25,685
by Carr and it's fantastic. I
imagine this new book will be

468
00:27:25,685 --> 00:27:29,396
too. Now you can get a free
audio copy of these books

469
00:27:29,396 --> 00:27:30,366
well, not "Septor Island"

470
00:27:30,366 --> 00:27:33,026
it's not available in the States
yet. But the other two books are

471
00:27:33,026 --> 00:27:35,636
"The Distant Meer" and "The Red
Prince" and you can get a free

472
00:27:35,636 --> 00:27:39,920
copy on "Audible" by going to
MedievalArchives.com/FreeBook.

473
00:27:40,803 --> 00:27:42,783
Now you have to sign up for a
free trial, but that's all right.

474
00:27:42,783 --> 00:27:45,623
You can cancel it at any time
and that free book you choose is

475
00:27:45,623 --> 00:27:49,703
yours to keep forever. Send your
questions and comments to

476
00:27:49,703 --> 00:27:52,343
podcast@medievalarchives.com or
leave us a message on the

477
00:27:52,343 --> 00:27:59,873
voicemail line 720-722-1066. Now
if you're enjoying the podcast,

478
00:27:59,873 --> 00:28:02,053
the easiest way to support it is
to tell your friends, and if

479
00:28:02,053 --> 00:28:03,953
you're listening on your
smartphone, which I'm sure you

480
00:28:03,953 --> 00:28:07,173
are, you can send them a link
right now. Now if you're getting

481
00:28:07,173 --> 00:28:09,993
value from the show, consider
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482
00:28:09,993 --> 00:28:13,653
donation. Helps keep the show on
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483
00:28:13,653 --> 00:28:16,753
of great content. And there are
some great fund donation options

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00:28:16,753 --> 00:28:21,253
1066 for William the Conqueror
of Fans, 1485 to commemorate the

485
00:28:21,253 --> 00:28:23,953
Battle of Baazwa, or you can
contribute any amount. You can

486
00:28:23,953 --> 00:28:27,453
even do a 1315 great famine
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487
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medievalarchives.com/support for
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00:28:31,593 --> 00:28:33,993
donation. Now thanks for your
time and thanks for your

489
00:28:33,993 --> 00:28:36,673
continued support. That's going
to wrap it up for this week.

490
00:28:36,673 --> 00:28:39,253
Thanks again for subscribing and
listening to the Medieval

491
00:28:39,253 --> 00:28:42,813
Archives podcast, illuminating
the dark ages for the digital

492
00:28:42,813 --> 00:28:42,883
world.

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00:29:02,553 --> 00:29:02,583
[Music]