Citations Map of Earth’s vertebrate biodiversity concentrations on land.
• Data: Jenkins, Pimm, Joppa. Global patterns of terrestrial vertebrate diversity and conservation. PNAS 110 (28) E2602-E2610; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1302251110
• Image: Globaia / ESO Supernova. Biodiversity on Earth. European Southern Observatory. https://supernova.eso.org/exhibition/images/0514_F_biodiversity_bearbeitet-CCfinal/ (Retrieved 2021)
1. “Ecosystem Services” is irrelevant to the average human being.
• Thompson, et al. Ecosystem – What? Public Understanding and Trust in Conservation Science and
Ecosystem Services. Front. Commun., 1. (2016) https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomm.2016.00003/full
2. Some definitions of Ecosystem Services.
• Intergovernmental Panel on Science Policy and Ecosystem Services. Core Glossary. IPBES. Retrieved
10/7/2021. https://ipbes.net/glossary/ecosystem-services
• Danley, Widmark. Evaluating conceptual definitions of ecosystem services and their implications.
Ecological Economics 126, 132-138. (2016) https://sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921800915300549
• Antle, et al. Ecosystems and their goods and services. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. AR5
2014: Climate Change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. (2014)
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/wg2TARchap5.pdf
• Uncredited authors. Ecosystem services for human well-being. The Secretariat of the Convention on
Biological Diversity. (2008) https://www.cbd.int/doc/bioday/2008/ibd-2008-factsheet-01-en.pdf
• Uncredited authors. Ecosystems and their wellbeing, Chapter 02: Ecosystems and their services.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005) http://millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.300.aspx.pdf
3. Ecosystem services keep humans alive and make possibility possible.
• Daily, G., editor. Nature's Services: Societal Dependence On Natural Ecosystems. Island Press. ISBN:
1559634766. (1997) https://islandpress.org/books/natures-services
4. “Are these not of the living Earth?”
• Orange, T. There There. Vintage. ISBN: O525520376. (2019) https://penguinrandomhouse.com/books/563403/there-there-by-tommy-orange
5. Ecosystems and their biodiversity have generated the platform for all known physical, emotional, mental, psychological, spiritual, conscious, and subconscious experiences for organisms.
• European Commission. Ecosystem Goods and Services. European Commission Publications Office. (2009)
https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/info/pubs/docs/ecosystem.pdf
6. All ecosystems interact to create Earth’s life-support system.
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Ocean life integration
• Friendlingstein, et al. Global Carbon Budget 2020. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3269–3340. (2020) https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020
• Rasher, et al. Keystone predators govern the pathway and pace of climate impacts in a subarctic marine ecosystem. Science Vol. 369, 6509, 1351-1354. (2020) https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6509/1351
• Behrenfeld, et al. Global satellite-observed daily vertical migrations of ocean animals. Nature 576, 257–261. (2019) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1796-9
• Basu, Mackey. Phytoplankton as Key Mediators of the Biological Carbon Pump. Sustainability, 10, 869. (2018) https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030869
• Delevaux, et al. Scenario planning with linked land-sea models inform where forest conservation actions will promote coral reef resilience. Sci Rep 8, 12465. (2018) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29951-0
• Graham, et al. Seabirds enhance coral reef productivity and functioning in the absence of invasive rats. Nature 559, 250–253. (2018) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0202-3
• Barbier. Marine Ecosystem Services. Current Biology, Vol. 27, Issue 11, R507-R510. (2017) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.020
• Howard, et al. Clarifying the role of coastal and marine systems in climate mitigation. Frontiers in Ecology 15 (1), 42-50. (2017) https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1451
• Leigh, et al. Seagrass digestion by a notorious carnivore. The Royal Society 285, 1886. (2018) https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1583
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Atmospheric life integration• Hayden. The role of the biosphere in the Earth-atmosphere system. Encyclopedia Britannica online. [Retrieved 1 January 2021] https://www.britannica.com/science/climate-meteorology/The-role-of-the-biosphere-in-the-Earthatmosphere-system
• Green, et al. Regionally strong feedbacks between the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere. Nature Geoscience 10(6):410-414. (2017) https://nature.com/articles/ngeo2957
• Wilson, et al. A marine biogenic source of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles. Nature 525, 234–238. (2015) https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14986
• Katul, et al. Evapotranspiration: A process driving mass transport and energy exchange in the soil-plant-atmosphere-climate system. Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 50, Issue 3. (2012) https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RG000366
• Lelieveld, et al. Atmospheric oxidation capacity sustained by a tropical forest. Nature 452, 737–740. (2008) https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06870
> Freshwater life integration
• Migliorini, Romero. Warming and leaf litter functional diversity, not litter quality, drive decomposition in a freshwater ecosystem. Sci Rep 10, 20333. (2020) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77382-7
• Silknetter, et al. Positive biotic interactions in freshwaters: A review and research directive. FreshwaterBiology 65, 4: 811-832. (2020) https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13476
• Grossart, et al. Fungi in aquatic ecosystems. Nat Rev Microbiol 17, 339–354. (2019) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0175-8
• National Research Council. Valuing Ecosystem Services: Toward Better Environmental Decision-Making. National Academies Press. ISBN: 978-0-309-09318-7. (2005) https://doi.org/10.17226/11139
• Ushio, et al. Fluctuating interaction network and time-varying stability of a natural fish community. Nature 554, 360–363. (2018) https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25504
> Landscape life integration
• Liu, et al. A latitudinal gradient of plant–insect interactions during the late Permian in terrestrial ecosystems? Global and Planetary Change Vol. 192, 103248. (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103248
• Watson, et al. The exceptional value of intact forest ecosystems. Nature Ecol & Evol 2, 599-610. (2018) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-018-0490-x
• Ellison, et al. Trees, forests, water: Cool insights for a hot world. Global Environmental Change 43: 51-61. (2017) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.01.002
• Keys, et al. Approaching Moisture Recycling Governance. Global Environmental Change 45: 15-23. (2017) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.04.007
• Tecon, Or. Biophysical processes supporting the diversity of microbial life in soil. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Vol. 41, 599–623. (2017) https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fux039
• Alkama, Cescatti. Biophysical climate impacts of recent changes in global forest cover. Science Vol. 351, Issue 6273, pp. 600-604. (2016) h Poorter, et al. Diversity enhances carbon storage in tropical forests. Global Ecology and Biogeography 14, 11, 1313-1328. (2015) https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12364
• Bauer, Hoye. Migratory Animals Couple Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning Worldwide. Science 344 Issue 6179. (2014) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1242552
• Soulé, et al. The role of connectivity in Australian conservation. Pacific Conservation Biology 10(4) 266–279. (2004) https://doi.org/10.1071/PC040266
• Wetzel, et al. Variability in plant nutrients reduces insect herbivore performance. Nature 539, 425–427. (2016) https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20140
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Subterranean & Microbial life integration:
• West, et al. Under the karst: detecting hidden subterranean assemblages using eDNA metabarcoding in the caves of Christmas Island, Australia. Sci Rep 10, 21479. (2020) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78525-6
• Sar, et al. Deep Biosphere: Microbiome of the Deep Terrestrial Subsurface. Microbial Diversity in Ecosystem Sustainability and Biotechnological Applications. Vol. 1, pp 225-265. Springer Singapore. ISBN: 978-981-13-8315-1. (2019) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8315-1_8
• Gabbatiss. Massive ‘deep life’ study reveals billions of tonnes of microbes living far beneath Earth’s surface. The Independent. (2018) https://independent.co.uk/news/science/deep-life-microbesunderground-bacteria-earth-surface-carbon-observatory-science-study-a8677521.html
• Orsi, et al. Gene expression in the deep biosphere. Nature 499, 205–208 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12230
• Nealson, Ghiorse, Strauss. Geobiology: Exploring the Interface Between the Biosphere and the Geosphere. American Society for Microbiology. (2001) https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559441/ Micro to Macro Organisms integration:
• Eisenstein. Microbial matters: modeling the complex web of host-microbiome interactions. Nature 581, 489-490. (2020) https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01472-9
• Enquist, et al. The megabiota are disproportionately important for biosphere functioning. Nature Communications 11, 699. (2020) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14369-y
• Cernansky. The biodiversity revolution. Nature Vol 546. (2017) http://www.askforce.org/web/biodiversity/Cernansky%20Biodiversity-Revolution-2017.pdf
• Duffy, et al. Biodiversity effects in the wild are common and as strong as key drivers of productivity. Nature 549, 261–264. (2017) https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23886
• Guimarães, et al. Indirect effects drive coevolution in mutualistic networks. Nature 550, 511–514. (2017) https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24273
• Laforest-Lapointe, et al. Leaf bacterial diversity mediates plant diversity and ecosystem functio relationships. Nature 546, 145–147. (2017) https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22399
• Moyroud, et al. Disorder in convergent floral nanostructures enhances signalling to bees. Nature 550, 469–474. (2017) https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24285
> Big picture life integrations
• Hutton. The predator-prey power law: Biomass scaling across terrestrial and aquatic biomes. Science Vol. 349, Issue 6252. (2015) https://science.sciencemag.org/content/349/6252/aac6284
• Bauer, Hoye. Migratory Animals Couple Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning Worldwide. Science 344(6179):1242552. (2014) https://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6179/1242552
• Block, et al. Tracking apex marine predator movements in a dynamic ocean. Nature 475, 86–90. (2011) https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10082
• Malmstrom. Ecologists Study the Interactions of Organisms and Their Environment. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):88. (2010) https://nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/ecologists-study-the-interactions-oforganisms-and-13235586/
• Hutchinson, et al. the Biosphere. Scientific American / W.H. Freeman & Company. ISBN: 9780716709459. (1970) https://scientificamerican.com/magazine/sa/1970/09-01
7. Integrated multifunctionality
• Stachowiz, Bruno, Duffy. Understanding the Effects of Marine Biodiversity on Communities and
Ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecol, Evol and Sys
38:739-766. (2007)
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095659
8. Ecosystem service-blindness is leading Civilization to destroy its life-support system.
• Plumptre, et al. Where might we find ecologically intact communities? Front. For. Glob. Change. 4 (2021)
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2021.626635/full
• Watson, et al. Protect the last of the wild. Nature 563, 27-30 (2018).
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07183-6
9. Earth’s ecosystem services are immediately in jeopardy of collapse.
• Bologna, Aquino. Deforestation and world population sustainability: a quantitative analysis. Sci
Rep 10, 7631. (2020) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63657-6
• Ceballos, et al. "Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate
population losses and declines". PNAS. 114 (30): E6089–E6096. (2017)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544311
• Rockström, et al. Planetary boundaries reference page. Stockholm Resilience Centre. Retrieved 10/7/21.
https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries.html
• Newbold, et al. Has land use pushed terrestrial biodiversity beyond the planetary boundary? A global
assessment. Science 353, 6296, pp. 288-291. (2016)
https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.aaf2201
• Barnosky, A., Hadly, E., Bascompte, J. et al. Approaching a state shift in Earth’s biosphere. Nature 486, 52–
58 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11018
11 A Single ecosystem may generate some of all of the ecosystems services.
• Daily, G., editor. Nature's Services: Societal Dependence On Natural Ecosystems. Island Press. ISBN:
1559634766. (1997) https://islandpress.org/books/natures-services
10. Some lists of Ecosystem Services.
• Ibid all citations in 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 above.
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