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Transcripts are auto-transcribed. If you need more accurate transcripts of an episode for ADA purposes, please contact Anthony Hanson - hans4022@umn.edu.
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Crops team communications: session on what we can expect or corn and soybean yields.

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Anthony Hanson: So these sessions are brought to you by University of Minnesota Extension, as well as generous support from the Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council.

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Anthony Hanson: As well as the Minnesota Corn Research and Promotion Council. I am Anthony Hanson a Regional Extension pest and integrated pest management specialist based on Morris.

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Anthony Hanson: And we also have Dave Nicholai another Regional Extension Crops Educator hosting today, and we would would like to welcome to our speakers today, Dr Jeff Coulter as well as Dr Seth Naeve.

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Anthony Hanson: Both extension agronomists and corn and soybeans respectively,  And with that I believe i'll turn it over to Dave Nick like to lead us off on what's going on in the corn world.

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David A Nicolai: All right, thank you Anthony as we mentioned one of our guests and panelists today is Dr Jeff Coulter he said University of Minnesota.

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David A Nicolai: Extension corn specialist and and Jeff you know every year is different in terms of crop production certainly that's the case again.

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David A Nicolai: With corn across Minnesota we had an interesting spring getting things planted basically pretty close on time, a little bit later than I think a lot of people.

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David A Nicolai: would have liked to but we've had some situations dealing with certainly moisture that had been market founding this year string of high temperatures.

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David A Nicolai: into the 90s, and that type of thing, and this is a type of the year time of the year, where we really talk about.

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David A Nicolai: A little bit of what we might be through in terms of the year, but also kind of looking ahead to possible yield, and along with that.

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David A Nicolai: We have different groups that are estimating yield out there, I know the profile or craft tours coming up.

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David A Nicolai: This next week and they're going to be looking at a number of fields, not just in Minnesota but across the Midwest and getting a handle on there.

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David A Nicolai: Certainly there's a lot of things and components that go into yield and so forth, so Jeff you want to maybe give us a little bit of view in the rearview mirror here kind of where we've been and.

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David A Nicolai: What are some of those components that are really critical to compiling for yield and and maybe we can talk a little bit later, a little bit about estimation so i'll turn it over to you Jeff.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: yeah thanks Dave well it's been an interesting year, and one thing that I remember here is, you know around July 20 or so, when a lot of the corn was starting to pollinate.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: We had pretty warm and dry conditions and those lasted for a little while after that, so I think that had an impact on the success of pollination and some of the areas that were very dry.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: We may have had have some blank spots in the years where the fuels were not fertilized so there's no Colonel there.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: And then we had those dry conditions persist, a little bit, so I think we had in some of the areas that were dry, we definitely had some pullback on the tips of the ears and we lost lost some of those kernels that were set.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: You know and we've picked up some rainfall recently I think that's that's definitely helped us it's going to help with the grain filling period but.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: I think it was maybe a little late.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: To save some of those kernels that tips of the years, so I think we may have lost a few more kernels and we would have liked, but you know now we get some rain and it looks like there's some projected in the forecast here so.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: I think we're going to have average to above average greenfield and conditions for a lot of areas so that should help us out a little bit.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: You know where we're at this growing season, it seems like it varies based on where you're at in the State, a lot of growers are telling me that they think their crops about five days behind normal.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: But if we look at places like Lambert in Minnesota they may be above normal in terms of growing degree day accumulations in crop development, you know, we had that stretch hot weather there that really helped move the crop along.

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David A Nicolai: I guess at this point Jeff if you look at the you know the weather forecast here for the balance of the month, it seems that but we're going to be looking at maybe normal temperatures to some cases, maybe slightly below.

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David A Nicolai: Normal I know going into into next week and so forth, any any thoughts about development we were talking a little bit before we started the program here about.

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David A Nicolai: People are always thinking about Okay, making silence, but then also thinking about green in terms of black layer but there's some rules of thumb here in terms of when our corn crop is that physiological maturity.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: yeah typically about 60 days after silk is when we can expect that corn to be mature so we're probably looking at September 20 to 25 for black layer

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Jeffrey A Coulter: To be present on the kernels you know this weather conditions that we have now are really good for helping to avoid.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: Or to help limit the water use by the crops so it's slowing down the amount of water that the crops using.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: You know, it could maybe be a little more sunny and maybe a little warmer if we wanted to maximize photosynthesis, but I think at this time of year, I think our concern is just kind of about.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: avoiding unnecessary stress on the corn, and these conditions are really good for grain filling it's going to.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: have minimal stress on the crops, so if we can extend these conditions that will continue to result in minimal stress on the crop and help us to help us with the Green filling period potentially get.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: Larger kernels it, you know, but if it's remains cool like this, then we're definitely not going to want an early freezing the fall.

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David A Nicolai: I think one of our co workers asked a question about if people didn't really make adjustments Sunday maturities are planted late.

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David A Nicolai: Because of this year, are we going to be in a situation, perhaps, where they might be a more subject to some early concerns about the frost and situations, and that will vary, of course, if you're in a northwestern part of state first southern Minnesota.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: yeah I don't think I would be overly concerned about it, and this is kind of a weird year and that the corn that was planted on time or early.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: It went through a fair amount of stress around the pollination period and shortly after and that corn that was planted later or was was soaking later.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: That corn may actually turn out a little better in terms of the number of kernels per acre that we have just because it may have been pollinating when there were little more cooler conditions and potentially a little better soil moisture.

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David A Nicolai: Again we remind you folks that are listening and if you do have questions and Anthony can help me monitor this, too, but certainly put those into the.

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David A Nicolai: into the other areas in terms of questions that that Duke do come up, we also were talking a little bit when we started Jeff about.

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David A Nicolai: When yield is determined in terms of normal car and development, I mean we're to a point where obviously you know what we're not going to feel phil kernels but.

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David A Nicolai: The number of kernels that are going to be out there and developed it and, when what are some of those critical stages in the current crop.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: yeah so the most important time in corn is basically from about mid July through.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: Mid August, and then the second most important time, is that the time that we're in now from about you know mid August through mid September.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: So you know up up through the milk or up through the milk stage which is up through about now that that's when we can lose kernels on the ears, they can dry out, they can be lost.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: If we have dry conditions and then from from now on, through the end of the year that's when we're doing the grain filling and half of the grain filling in corn occurs.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: During the den stage which is in the starts in the later part of August and goes through September so.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: At this point, if we go out in the fields and start pulling years and looking at them, we can get a real accurate estimate on the number of kernels that are out there because.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: Those aren't really going to change after we move beyond the milk stage, but the thing that we're unable to get a real solid estimate on is the Colonel weight.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: And I don't think people realize the importance of Colonel weight in corn, it can also be referred to as Colonel size so under under typical.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: Conditions average greenfield conditions, we can have about 80,000 kernels per bushel but if it's a drought year we may have 90,000 kernels per bushel just because the kernels are smaller.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: On the other hand, if it's a really good year for green filling we have sufficient moisture sunlight all that stuff.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: You know, and we get we maybe get big kernels and we may have just 70,000 kernels proportional, so you know if we have a range between 70,090 thousand kernels per bushel.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: That the the difference there could could cause a difference in yield of about almost 60 bushels per acre and that helps to explain some of the wide swings and yield that we've had these past few years, based on the weather and those types of things.

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David A Nicolai: And reserves, though I was going to save it and maybe.

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David A Nicolai: Going back to this yield component, one of the things that we do talk about is going out and estimating yield early.

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David A Nicolai: And that is one of the problems I think Jeff that you alluded to, and that is, we don't know the Colonel size, a lot of these formulas are based upon Colonel wait number of kernels per bushel etc, but I think therein lies the rub of of maybe in some cases over estimating.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: yeah we can get real accurate estimates on number of kernels break or the but kernels per bushel we're just kind of guessing based on what the soil conditions are like.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: How much moisture we have and what the projected green filling conditions are going to be, but it seems like this year we're going to have average greenfield and conditions to potentially above average green filling conditions if it remains cool and moist.

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David A Nicolai: So you would look for test wait theoretically to.

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David A Nicolai: be optimal or on the better obviously Nada a situation or it's going to be really low.

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David A Nicolai: Correct Okay, well, I know that there's some dt in platforms and other people out there, doing digital one of them had us payment in Minnesota 173 books will break or corn.

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David A Nicolai: But that's based upon you know a number of of situations in terms of whether it's satellite or other observations that come in, I will learn a little bit more, but it might be in that ballpark but Jeff I don't know.

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David A Nicolai: I don't want to guess I don't think you do either necessarily.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: yeah I guess you know I would say that a lot of growers are going to experience average to above average yields, but there are definitely those places where it's going to be a little lower than average due to the dryer conditions and the growers know that.

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David A Nicolai: there's a comment in there Dennis tati who is our meteorologists that we often talk to a usda at iowa I think posted in the in the chat box Anthony.

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David A Nicolai: Some information in here, you might as well we'll talk a little bit about that, but it's a growing degree day.

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David A Nicolai: That you can go by location and it's listed in there in the chat and there's a link in that it gives you a projected black black later date.

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David A Nicolai: But there's a lot of other input and historical things and I think you've seen this to before Jeff but it's just one other one other tool but it's still hosted at purdue at this point in time so.

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David A Nicolai: That would be out there as well.

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David A Nicolai: Any other comments Anthony from your standpoint for Jeff before you go back and switch over with talking with chef a little bit.

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Anthony Hanson: yeah I think one of the main questions, and this can apply to seth later to is not thinking about what's our prosperous coming up here, no it's.

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Anthony Hanson: Obviously not something that's easy to predict, but what kind of windows, are we potentially working with your in terms of if we have a earlier frost tell us the crop going to look versus kind of winner we you know relatively safe in terms of development.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: yeah well you know, once we get.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: Half milk stage and beyond the the effect on yield is going to be pretty small overall i'm not too worried about you know frost for corn this year, I think I think we're going to be okay, for the most part.

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David A Nicolai: But one comment from all this there notice that Colonel length is around 35.

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David A Nicolai: You know we're talking on on a roll it just commented, there have you noticed that are look at some other ears out there Jeff.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: yeah that's about average so that that's good that's not too bad.

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David A Nicolai: seth.

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David A Nicolai: We we planted the soybeans a little on the late side I think and across Minnesota.

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David A Nicolai: A little bit later than we normally would would like to we have some hot temperatures things seem to be I know earlier a little slow moving from our to to to our three and in terms of the soybean development.

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David A Nicolai: But little cooler we've got a little rain, are we are we going to catch up, or do we need a the rest of the month to have some benefit here.

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Seth Naeve: Well, I guess, we start with the old adage right that August and Sep tember make beans and I think that's.

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Seth Naeve: gonna it's the case it's always been the case, it will be continued to be the case so we're this weather that we're having right now is really impactful, of course, the rain rainfall, is the most important piece of this where we were really short.

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Seth Naeve: moving into this period and we kind of had a little bit of a shift in some of our weather patterns that seem so we have a little bit better chance of rain, even the next few days.

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Seth Naeve: that's really I mean that's that's the money right there and that's what's what's going to give us good yield so.

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Seth Naeve: Hopefully, hopefully things come through, and we can continue to get rain we don't you know soil moisture is are pretty short so we're going to be dependent on some timely rains all the way through so.

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Seth Naeve: It really is anybody's guess what happens at this point.

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Seth Naeve: You know the weather forecast is going to tell us a little bit about what what's going to happen out there, but where those reins hit and that's going to affect individual farmers and then collectively that'll that'll pull up to you know, to the State average.

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Seth Naeve: I want to make a couple points about soybean broadly I think remind remind folks on the differences with soy bean and corn remember remind them that.

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Seth Naeve: You know the the soybean crop is going to get pushed to push to maturity so we're not on a really on a heat unit schedule like with corn.

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Seth Naeve: So when we plant late it kind of squeezes us a little bit our vegetative period is shortened a little bit.

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Seth Naeve: And then or shortened quite a lot and then reproduction can be shortened a little bit.

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Seth Naeve: So what that means is basically we don't have as much time to build a big machine out there that's what I call that crop canopy more leaves more leaf area.

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Seth Naeve: More like collected more energy stored in the leaves and nitrogen stored in the leaves that they mobilize to the seed later, so we just don't have quite the big machine built this year that we might normally have.

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Seth Naeve: And and honestly sometimes that's really critical for healed and sometimes it's not so critical and farmers know this from the combine they they've harvested two foot tall soy beans that have yielded 60 bushels and they've harvested.

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Seth Naeve: Five foot tall soybeans that have gone 35 and so you don't necessarily have to have that big machine, but it is there to provide us some buffer.

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Seth Naeve: And it also gives us a little bit of a of a downside, if we if if we don't have the canopy there we definitely limit the top yield potential it's you know we can have two foot tall soybeans that go 60 but they're not going to go at.

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Seth Naeve: So, and I think that's part of what the crop tour is getting at when they're when they're out looking around and looking for variability and things.

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Seth Naeve: The other thing from a timing standpoint I think it's really it's an interesting period to be on the webinar is because.

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Seth Naeve: For the most part, most of our soybeans are kind of entering what I call this kind of really important period is.

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Seth Naeve: it's our 5.5 honestly and it's halfway between our five and our six.

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Seth Naeve: But in the soybean crop it's really interesting because the farmers go out and look in the fields they'll notice is kind of at the very top of the plant they'll see this little atypical Racine up there it'll be.

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Seth Naeve: A couple tiny little leaves and maybe some flowers clustered at the top and that's basically like the tassel on corn it's showing us that it's the soybean plant is done growing vegetative Lee.

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Seth Naeve: And right now the soybean is has virtually no seed, you could go out and if if we collected the seed from an acre and dried it all down there would just be a few pounds.

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Seth Naeve: So right at this point, even though those you see some big Lima beans down in the in the in the in the canopy there's really nothing there in terms of dry weight.

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Seth Naeve: But, and because up until this point the soybeans still been growing leaves now it just switches over so there's no new leaves being produced from now on we're stuck with that canopy.

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Seth Naeve: that's why we're really sensitive to things like hale or anything like that, because that will take those things out we don't have the capacity to regrow and he leaves.

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Seth Naeve: But that also gives us this time, when the soybean starts making the seed and so that's why the weather, right now, has such a huge impact on on on the the yields.

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Seth Naeve: So the question is about pod number and things yes pod numbers are important and for those yield enumerators that are coming around they're they're looking for pod numbers, I would say.

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Seth Naeve: Those are less useful for determining the you know the maximum yields or the high yields but they're really good at identifying problems spots.

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Seth Naeve: So although there's a lot of discussion about individual field yields and high pod numbers and individual field numbers, I think that the yield.

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Seth Naeve: folks that are out doing crop tours are really good at identifying low poor yielding areas and then and then pooling that are aggregating that, together, to determine how much some of that those low yielding areas are going to affect overall yields.

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Seth Naeve: You know, and so it means is like Jeff mentioned, and as in corn, where the seed size is really the driver it's even more so, and soybeans.

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Seth Naeve: Seed size has huge flexibility and the crop just with limited pod set a soybean crop can come on if we have perfect weather, from now on, and just produce giant marble size seeds.

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Seth Naeve: And we can get tremendous yields, even from a really limited pod said, if we have perfect environments going forward so.

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Seth Naeve: The yield guys basically are counting pods and then they they're they're guessing is it, are they gonna are we gonna have low medium or large seeds and so they're looking at the weather forecast for the most part.

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Seth Naeve: and making some guesses about that and that's where all the yield flux comes in this in this equation is that seed size that's where that's where we're they're having an impact on that that that average number is by that seed size and that's that's the guesstimate and so.

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Seth Naeve: You know there's a lot of there's a lot of guessing going on and honestly when they go into these fields, a lot of farmers know what.

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Seth Naeve: A good soybean crop looks like it's it's tall it's dark green it's it's even throughout and there's not any.

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Seth Naeve: Any thin spots we've had good canopy closure for a long period of time there's not a bunch of weeds poking up through the crop that demonstrate that we didn't have good canopy closer so.

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Seth Naeve: I think that's what's really driving those numbers so anyway, a lot a lot there i'm sorry to ramble on so long.

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David A Nicolai: Now that's fine if you factor in they projected a no possibility of rainfall, this week, and if we are trending at that normal or like we talked a little earlier off the air but slightly you know below normal temperatures, we got a couple of days we're.

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David A Nicolai: I think we're just going to barely get 70 next week, what kind of impact Mike that have on on swimming see development seed size, if we if we're not exceptionally warm at this point that are things going to be extended out so.

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Seth Naeve: It won't really extend things on too much, it might a little bit soybean, I think, just like Jeff said, where we're dry that's going to be helpful because it's just gonna it's going to keep us from burning ripping through so much water.

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Seth Naeve: But where we have good rainfall if you're in southeast or places like that that are have abundant rainfall, then, then those those cool days are really not good at all for soybeans not from the date stamp.

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Seth Naeve: From the from the night standpoint, so I beans do not like cold nights.

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Seth Naeve: it's not that that injures them but there's a lot of respiration going on at night and that's where basically it's using up all the starch is stored in the leaves during the day and then that moves it in the seed.

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Seth Naeve: So that's really the time when a lot of activity happens in the crop and if we get down to cool if we get in those low 50s and below at night.

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Seth Naeve: So i've been really slows up at night, and so, then it has all the story starts remaining that it can't deal with.

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Seth Naeve: During the night, the sun comes up the next day, we can have a perfect day, but the soybean can't store any additional energy from that light energy that next day because it's already full of starch basically.

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Seth Naeve: So what happens is, we have a kind of a last day so and at this time of year we can't we can't afford to lose any days and I think honestly that's what limits.

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Seth Naeve: I it's not talked about as much as I think that or I think we just don't think about those cool nights as much as as as they really are relatively important for us in the upper Midwest, and this is why we're not getting.

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Seth Naeve: iowa Illinois indiana yields in a lot of cases is because we have to frequently we have these really cool nights towards the end.

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Seth Naeve: And then, as we get a little bit further down the road those cool nights drive us towards maturity, so they actually do the opposite Dave they're actually pushing on that so i'd been there, basically, giving a cue to that so i've been the hey you need to wrap things up.

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Seth Naeve: falls coming frost is coming, and those those cool nights can actually hasten maturity and push things along that limits seed fill period and then that's another Nick in this whole yield thing is, is it reduces the number of days and seed filling.

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David A Nicolai: Well, Sir, certainly for for both corn and soybeans you know our days are getting shorter and it's going to land, obviously, for you have cooler temperatures longer in that period, but we've already seen that we've seen you know mornings of fog and do, and so forth, but.

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David A Nicolai: Typically that's the case, I know you know where sun is going down or you know earlier earlier earlier so.

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David A Nicolai: So it's kind of a race is what you're saying seth here going going forward, I know that the just the digital platform that we talked about earlier they had is pegged in the in the mid 40s for for statewide average, but again.

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David A Nicolai: You know that's a guesstimate based on you know a number of other factors outside of actually going out in the field so.

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Seth Naeve: yeah but I mean if you think about if you thought of if if if that was just.

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Seth Naeve: In db I readings from how from you know remote sensing of soil being canopy we all will have seen that crop just did not fill the Rose this year.

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Seth Naeve: We had shorter soybeans we were delayed, so it makes a lot of sense that those that imagery is is is reduced, you know, has us down a little bit and so.

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Seth Naeve: I think i'm probably guilty as anybody is looking at these fields now and thinking boy, things are really good it looks good the roads are closed everything's good but.

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Seth Naeve: You know they they are picking up on something I think that's important that we did miss out on some light capture early in the season and back to what you're saying with long days.

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Seth Naeve: The problem that we had, and so I mean this year is we had those really nice long days and good temperatures and then we didn't have.

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Seth Naeve: The roads closed to capture that light energy we are wasting a lot of it with a striking the dirt the soil, and so you know we just didn't have the ability to utilize that more or more efficiently, that we wouldn't some years already good early planting and good early season growth.

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Anthony Hanson: Anthony yeah so said earlier, I mentioned just kind of what the markets, been doing lately, you know we're here one day soybeans are up 50 cents and a couple days later they're down 50 cents so.

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Anthony Hanson: kind of this question of how we estimate yield, do you think it is mostly the moisture question.

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Anthony Hanson: For weather patterns that's been driving that or is it also like you mentioned temperature any other things that relate to yield.

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Anthony Hanson: know what are kind of your major drivers you're seeing right now that kind of In summary, that you think would be attributing to How crazy the market spend this last week or two.

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Seth Naeve: Well, I I tend to think that a lot of us that are in agriculture, think about weather and the crop and think that we're really involved with the you know driving the market but.

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Seth Naeve: The markets, the market and a lot of it is related to things completely unrelated to actual production of the crop.

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Seth Naeve: demand side and geopolitics and dollar value and all the other stuff.

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Seth Naeve: This is.

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Seth Naeve: I think I think we've really learned that that.

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Seth Naeve: it's pretty hard to guess the market based on the crop conditions, and it seems like there's a lot of other stuff going on, so.

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Seth Naeve: But certainly we have to have the beans, to be able to sell and so, and when when we do have.

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Seth Naeve: You know, an environment global environment where all of our corn and soybeans gets used every year, we have these low carry outs production is important but it's really I think it's around the edges so.

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Seth Naeve: i'm kind of hedging on on that a little bit or a lot.

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Seth Naeve: But certainly there are there, there are traders that are very interested in knowing what the what the weather is, if not the weather itself and what production will do, but what other traders are going to do with that information so.

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Seth Naeve: anyway.

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David A Nicolai: We have one quick question and then we're going to go back to Jeff but for seth that this came in.

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David A Nicolai: I like that answer but i'll go with anything else it's just a better year for narrow rose.

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Seth Naeve: I would you know this year I was just thinking that as as as as rolling through it, I think we should see really big benefits from there arose this year, I mean you could have.

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Seth Naeve: Literally 10 bushel yields advantages in there arose this year, I think it definitely could be the case, this year.

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Seth Naeve: And there's also a water savings aspect to it to some of the some of the narrow rose actually can save us some water.

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Seth Naeve: More better utilize some of the water, so how the row spacing works with with water on on the landscape is probably an important piece to Bud light capture for sure, I think it was a big deal.

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David A Nicolai: So, going back to Jeff.

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David A Nicolai: Any other comments on current here going going forward in terms of that things that growers might have done to put themselves in a better position, or are we back to the tried and true best management practices, I guess, given us here.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: yeah well it started out kind of shaky you know the planting season got a little later than we would like.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: Especially in some areas, but it seems like we caught up pretty good and then maybe got ahead of schedule.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: And then we had those dry weather is that dry weather around pollination which didn't help us, but you know now these cool temperatures that we have with some rain, this is helping the green filling period and corn so yeah I think.

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Jeffrey A Coulter: Even though, even though we're kind of set already on how many kernels we have we still got a big opportunity to swing the yield higher if we continue to maintain sufficient moisture through the rest of the green filling period.

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David A Nicolai: Certainly people that are irrigating had you know more control Jeff have some of that situation being timely and I think you know going forward, but we still don't have that many acres that are irrigated Minnesota a lot of it's going to be rain fed and.

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David A Nicolai: Going going forward with that i'm Anthony.

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David A Nicolai: If you have any other.

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David A Nicolai: comments or any other questions that came in.

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Anthony Hanson: yeah I think we are good for questions and it's about time to wrap up here to looks like.

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Anthony Hanson: I guess last note alter one two e's we're a little bit earlier about what's going on with so i've been a bird and.

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Anthony Hanson: We had our previous sessions to so that's one where that season should be wrapping up pretty soon as those acres start to leave to buckthorn so I know folks have been.

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Anthony Hanson: Out there scouting and even if you got 100 Defense right now there's there's a chance that you may not have an issue by the time you're saving start maturing and they're leaving for the buck when.

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David A Nicolai: there's a there's also what beneficial is out there, you want to keep those out there not take them out with an insecticide obviously.

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David A Nicolai: Anthony at this point in time, so what you're still at that 250.

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Anthony Hanson: yeah and also we're insecticide resistance to if we can.

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Anthony Hanson: draw back on our insecticide us so we don't have to use it, that just makes the tool as a little bit longer kind of like running a tractor that just likes to burn through oil that's one of those four insecticides.

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Anthony Hanson: You know, we can lose them pretty quick and once they're burnt out, we have resistance they're not coming back.

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Anthony Hanson: Otherwise, I think that covers it for.

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Anthony Hanson: today's session, I want to thank everyone again for attending today's to future farming field don'ts and Dave nicholai for hosting as well, and after seth name and Jeff Coulter for discussing yield and so beans and corn.