WEBVTT 00:20.235 --> 00:21.995 Welcome to the Medieval Archives 00:21.995 --> 00:23.475 Podcast, the podcast for 00:23.475 --> 00:25.135 medieval news, history, and 00:25.135 --> 00:26.215 entertainment. I'm your host 00:26.215 --> 00:28.615 Gary, aka The Archivist. Now 00:28.615 --> 00:29.695 today we're heading to the heart 00:29.695 --> 00:31.455 of late medieval France in a 00:31.455 --> 00:33.535 time of utter chaos. The kingdom 00:33.535 --> 00:35.575 was in turmoil, torn apart by an 00:35.575 --> 00:37.415 insane king, a brutal civil war, 00:37.415 --> 00:39.375 and a new, devastating phase of 00:39.375 --> 00:41.375 the Hundred Years' War. At the 00:41.375 --> 00:43.015 center of it all stood one man, 00:43.015 --> 00:44.495 a prince of the blood with a 00:44.495 --> 00:45.755 legitimate claim to the throne, 00:46.015 --> 00:47.715 a crusader who battled the Turks 00:47.715 --> 00:49.075 and the Balkans, and a powerful 00:49.075 --> 00:50.475 duke who shaped the destiny of 00:50.475 --> 00:53.335 an entire nation. His name was 00:53.335 --> 00:55.395 John the Fearless, and his story 00:55.395 --> 00:57.495 is a wild tale of ambition, 00:57.495 --> 00:59.415 betrayal, and bloodshed. So get 00:59.415 --> 01:00.895 ready to explore a pivotal 01:00.895 --> 01:02.005 chapter in French history. 01:02.655 --> 01:03.555 Before we jump in, I want to 01:03.555 --> 01:04.655 thank all the producers who 01:04.655 --> 01:06.155 donated to the show. They would 01:06.155 --> 01:07.655 like to remain anonymous, but a 01:07.655 --> 01:08.915 big thank you for supporting the 01:08.915 --> 01:10.015 show. If you'd like to get your 01:10.015 --> 01:11.295 name mentioned, or stay 01:11.295 --> 01:12.375 anonymous by becoming an 01:12.375 --> 01:13.755 executive producer, check out 01:13.755 --> 01:16.015 the links in the show notes. Now 01:16.015 --> 01:17.275 if you have any questions or 01:17.275 --> 01:18.335 comments, or if you have a topic 01:18.335 --> 01:19.535 you're dying to hear on the show, 01:19.535 --> 01:21.075 send those over to podcast at 01:21.075 --> 01:23.075 medievalarchives.com, or you can 01:23.075 --> 01:23.935 leave us a message on the 01:23.935 --> 01:29.185 voicemail line, 720-722-1066. 01:29.935 --> 01:31.155 The show notes, which will 01:31.155 --> 01:32.915 include a bibliography, is 01:32.915 --> 01:33.335 available at 01:33.335 --> 01:36.545 medievalarchives.com slash 9595. 01:37.918 --> 01:38.818 Let's head to 01:38.818 --> 01:40.738 France and learn about the life 01:40.738 --> 01:44.778 of John the Fearless. John the 01:44.778 --> 01:46.738 Fearless was born in Dijon on 28 01:46.738 --> 01:49.978 May 1371 to Duke Philip the Bold 01:49.978 --> 01:51.538 and Countess Margaret II of 01:51.538 --> 01:54.059 Flanders. John was a Prince of 01:54.059 --> 01:55.679 the Blood as the grandson of 01:55.679 --> 01:57.594 King John the Good. John the 01:57.594 --> 01:59.034 Good died when John the Fearless 01:59.034 --> 02:00.854 was 13, and John the Fearless 02:00.854 --> 02:02.254 inherited the County of Nevers, 02:02.254 --> 02:03.764 becoming Count John of Nevers. 02:04.674 --> 02:06.544 The next year, at age 14, John 02:06.544 --> 02:07.924 and his 11-year-old sister 02:07.924 --> 02:09.304 Margaret were part of a double 02:09.304 --> 02:10.324 marriage with the family of 02:10.324 --> 02:12.942 Count Albert of Holland. John 02:12.942 --> 02:14.282 wed Albert's daughter, also 02:14.282 --> 02:15.682 named Margaret, while his sister 02:15.682 --> 02:16.962 Margaret married Albert's son, 02:16.962 --> 02:18.742 William. These strategic 02:18.742 --> 02:20.182 marriages, they were actually 02:20.182 --> 02:21.622 alliances, weren't about love, 02:21.622 --> 02:23.502 they were about power. The 02:23.502 --> 02:24.982 marriages effectively solidified 02:24.982 --> 02:26.262 John's control over the Low 02:26.262 --> 02:27.502 Countries, what is essentially 02:27.502 --> 02:30.277 the modern-day Netherlands. John 02:30.277 --> 02:31.237 originally intended to marry 02:31.237 --> 02:32.377 Princess Catherine, the daughter 02:32.377 --> 02:34.327 of King Charles V of France, 02:35.147 --> 02:37.017 Catherine was only a child, or I 02:37.017 --> 02:38.517 guess a younger child, she was 02:38.517 --> 02:40.160 seven, and the wedding was 02:40.160 --> 02:41.640 called off after the death of 02:41.640 --> 02:43.620 Charles V in favor of marrying 02:43.620 --> 02:44.570 Count Albert's daughter. 02:44.980 --> 02:45.820 Princess Catherine would go on 02:45.820 --> 02:47.360 to marry at the age of eight, 02:47.360 --> 02:48.680 and she died of an unknown 02:48.680 --> 02:51.060 illness in 1388 at the age of 02:51.060 --> 02:53.040 ten. Now, Catherine was King 02:53.040 --> 02:54.240 Charles' ninth child. 02:55.070 --> 02:56.240 Unfortunately for Charles, his 02:56.240 --> 02:58.180 children died young. Only two of 02:58.180 --> 02:59.660 the nine would ever live to 02:59.660 --> 03:01.380 adulthood. His two oldest 03:01.380 --> 03:02.940 daughters died weeks apart in 03:02.940 --> 03:05.260 1360 at the age of two and three. 03:05.390 --> 03:06.920 His other daughters died at the 03:06.920 --> 03:08.720 age of five, seven, and 03:08.720 --> 03:10.720 Catherine at ten. One son died 03:10.720 --> 03:12.180 at six months old, and one died 03:12.180 --> 03:14.316 around one or two years old. His 03:14.316 --> 03:15.736 only children who survived to 03:15.736 --> 03:17.396 adulthood, both were sons. One 03:17.396 --> 03:18.676 named Charles, who had become 03:18.676 --> 03:20.676 Charles VI, the Mad, and the 03:20.676 --> 03:21.996 other was Louis, the Duke of 03:21.996 --> 03:22.046 Orleans. 03:23.216 --> 03:24.996 Both men played a crucial role 03:24.996 --> 03:26.466 in the life of John the Fearless. 03:28.083 --> 03:29.193 Before John became the Duke of 03:29.193 --> 03:30.753 Burgundy, he led French forces 03:30.753 --> 03:32.113 into Hungary to assist King 03:32.113 --> 03:34.613 Sigismund in a war, a crusade 03:34.613 --> 03:36.093 against the Ottoman Empire, led 03:36.093 --> 03:38.853 by Sultan Bayezid I, called the 03:38.853 --> 03:41.324 Thunderbolt. What a great name, 03:41.324 --> 03:43.664 Bayezid the Thunderbolt. He was 03:43.664 --> 03:44.844 called the Thunderbolt for the 03:44.844 --> 03:46.424 speed at which he expanded his 03:46.424 --> 03:48.505 territory and empire. Now, his 03:48.505 --> 03:49.825 rapid expansion in the Balkans 03:49.825 --> 03:51.105 was seen as a warning to Europe 03:51.105 --> 03:53.205 to stop the threat or face a 03:53.205 --> 03:55.415 greater threat at home. King 03:55.415 --> 03:57.255 Sigismund became concerned when 03:57.255 --> 03:58.735 the Ottoman forces started 03:58.735 --> 04:00.035 raiding Hungary's southern 04:00.035 --> 04:01.615 border. He wasn't the only one 04:01.615 --> 04:02.555 concerned about the Ottomans 04:02.555 --> 04:04.195 either. Venice feared Ottoman 04:04.195 --> 04:05.215 control of the Balkans would 04:05.215 --> 04:06.655 reduce Venetian influence in the 04:06.655 --> 04:08.155 region. Genoa feared if the 04:08.155 --> 04:09.595 Ottomans controlled the Danube, 04:09.595 --> 04:10.655 they'd lose control of their 04:10.655 --> 04:12.075 trade routes to the Black Sea. 04:12.335 --> 04:15.455 In 1394, Pope Boniface IX called 04:15.455 --> 04:16.735 for a new crusade against the 04:16.735 --> 04:18.955 invading Ottomans. Boniface was 04:18.955 --> 04:20.155 in the midst of his own 04:20.155 --> 04:21.235 struggles with the Great Schism 04:21.235 --> 04:24.804 of 1378. And the papacy and 04:24.804 --> 04:25.984 Christianity were split between 04:25.984 --> 04:27.384 two popes, so one of them 04:27.384 --> 04:28.564 calling a crusade didn't hold a 04:28.564 --> 04:30.751 lot of weight. Philip the Bold, 04:30.751 --> 04:32.311 the Duke of Burgundy, John's 04:32.311 --> 04:34.051 father, was eager to sponsor the 04:34.051 --> 04:35.571 crusade and help Hungary and the 04:35.571 --> 04:37.371 Balkans fight the Ottomans. It 04:37.371 --> 04:38.911 wasn't only about helping 04:38.911 --> 04:40.371 Hungary, though. It was also to 04:40.371 --> 04:42.591 bolster his own prestige. 04:42.591 --> 04:43.991 Barbara Tuchman, in her fabulous 04:43.991 --> 04:45.451 book, A Distant Mirror, argued 04:45.451 --> 04:46.731 Philip sent troops to bolster 04:46.731 --> 04:48.151 his own standing in France and 04:48.151 --> 04:50.351 Burgundy, and she wrote, Since 04:50.351 --> 04:52.111 he, Philip the Bold, was the 04:52.111 --> 04:53.851 prince of self-magnification, 04:53.851 --> 04:55.431 the result was that opulent 04:55.431 --> 04:56.751 display became the dominant 04:56.751 --> 04:58.691 theme. Plans, logistics, 04:58.691 --> 04:59.791 intelligence about the enemy 04:59.791 --> 05:02.151 came second, if it came at all. 05:02.151 --> 05:03.731 Sigismund sent a delegation to 05:03.731 --> 05:05.471 Paris begging for more help, and 05:05.471 --> 05:07.051 the French nobility answered. 05:07.051 --> 05:08.591 The new king of France, Charles 05:08.591 --> 05:10.691 VI, saw it as his duty to 05:10.691 --> 05:12.231 protect Christianity and punish 05:12.231 --> 05:14.091 the sultan. Others, including 05:14.091 --> 05:15.511 Philip of Artois, who was the 05:15.511 --> 05:17.991 count of, ooh, that's a great, 05:17.991 --> 05:19.611 that's a great county, ooh, he 05:19.611 --> 05:21.671 was also the constable of France, 05:21.671 --> 05:22.791 the marshal of France, and 05:22.791 --> 05:24.791 Philip the Bold, who Philip 05:24.791 --> 05:26.411 actually sent his son, John, to 05:26.411 --> 05:28.501 lead the force. The majority of 05:28.501 --> 05:29.741 the crusaders were made up of 05:29.741 --> 05:31.301 French forces, knights, archers, 05:31.301 --> 05:33.041 foot soldiers. The other portion 05:33.041 --> 05:34.761 of the force was provided by the 05:34.761 --> 05:36.161 Knights Hospitaller. Now, the 05:36.161 --> 05:37.601 goal of the crusade was simple. 05:37.601 --> 05:39.621 Expel the Turks from the Balkans, 05:39.621 --> 05:41.561 march to Constantinople, then on 05:41.561 --> 05:43.421 through Turkey and Syria to 05:43.421 --> 05:44.741 liberate Palestine and the 05:44.741 --> 05:46.261 Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 05:46.261 --> 05:47.581 then return to Europe as 05:47.581 --> 05:50.081 triumphant victors. Seems pretty 05:50.081 --> 05:53.018 easy. John set out from Dijon in 05:53.018 --> 05:55.058 April of 1396. He arrived in 05:55.058 --> 05:56.598 Budapest three months later in 05:56.598 --> 05:58.398 July of 1396 and met with 05:58.398 --> 05:59.698 Philibert, the Grand Master of 05:59.698 --> 06:01.538 the Knights Hospitaller. From 06:01.538 --> 06:03.138 the start, the crusaders' war 06:03.138 --> 06:04.638 plans were plagued by infighting 06:04.638 --> 06:06.178 and arrogance. French and 06:06.178 --> 06:07.338 Hungarian leaders bickered over 06:07.338 --> 06:09.218 who was in command, but they 06:09.218 --> 06:11.438 ultimately agreed to march onto 06:11.438 --> 06:13.258 the Ottoman strongholds. The 06:13.258 --> 06:14.918 number of troops on each side is 06:14.918 --> 06:16.898 highly debated. Contemporary 06:16.898 --> 06:18.798 sources gave a number of over 06:18.798 --> 06:20.418 100,000 troops, with some 06:20.418 --> 06:22.408 accounts saying over 400,000 men. 06:23.391 --> 06:25.161 In the 19th century, German 06:25.161 --> 06:26.421 scholars estimated the number of 06:26.421 --> 06:27.681 troops to be somewhere around 06:27.681 --> 06:29.701 15,000 to 20,000 men on the 06:29.701 --> 06:31.721 crusade side and on the Ottoman 06:31.721 --> 06:33.448 side. When they began their 06:33.448 --> 06:34.788 march to the Ottoman stronghold, 06:34.788 --> 06:36.668 most of the crusaders marched 06:36.668 --> 06:38.048 down the Danube, but a 06:38.048 --> 06:39.548 contingent of the Hungarian army 06:39.548 --> 06:40.928 marched north to gather more 06:40.928 --> 06:42.648 troops from Alakia. Now, the 06:42.648 --> 06:44.408 crusaders reached Osova and 06:44.408 --> 06:46.068 crossed the Danube at the Iron 06:46.068 --> 06:47.988 Gates, which is a narrow gorge 06:47.988 --> 06:49.608 on the river, and narrow is kind 06:49.608 --> 06:50.948 of relative to the actual size 06:50.948 --> 06:53.068 of the Danube. It wasn't a small 06:53.068 --> 06:54.088 crossing that they could walk 06:54.088 --> 06:56.448 across. At the Iron Gates, the 06:56.448 --> 06:58.308 Danube River is over 20 feet 06:58.308 --> 07:00.848 deep and almost 500 feet wide, 07:00.848 --> 07:02.288 compared to being 1,300 feet 07:02.288 --> 07:03.908 wide in other areas. It took the 07:03.908 --> 07:05.668 crusaders eight days to cross 07:05.668 --> 07:07.514 the river. Once they were on the 07:07.514 --> 07:08.514 other side, they captured the 07:08.514 --> 07:09.844 city of Vyden with no resistance. 07:10.604 --> 07:12.154 The leader, Ivan Stratismer of 07:12.154 --> 07:13.194 Bulgaria, wanted to get the 07:13.194 --> 07:14.594 Turks out of his city and 07:14.594 --> 07:15.854 surrendered it to the crusaders. 07:16.494 --> 07:16.874 The 07:16.874 --> 07:18.414 crusaders continued their march 07:18.414 --> 07:20.014 east and on 12 September reached 07:20.014 --> 07:22.034 the fortress of Nicopolis. Now, 07:22.034 --> 07:23.514 they lacked any siege weapons, 07:23.514 --> 07:24.894 and the steep slopes going into 07:24.894 --> 07:26.714 the fortress made it almost 07:26.714 --> 07:28.034 impossible to mount an offensive. 07:28.424 --> 07:29.934 So the crusaders settled in for 07:29.934 --> 07:32.034 a long siege to starve out the 07:32.034 --> 07:33.854 defenders. And after two weeks, 07:33.854 --> 07:35.714 there was still no end in sight, 07:35.714 --> 07:37.354 but rumors began to swirl that 07:37.354 --> 07:38.974 Bayezid and his army were 07:38.974 --> 07:40.184 marching to break the siege. 07:41.034 --> 07:43.444 Sigismund sent 500 horsemen to 07:43.444 --> 07:45.384 scout the area and verify if the 07:45.384 --> 07:47.384 sultan was coming. They returned 07:47.384 --> 07:48.924 with news of Bayezid and his 07:48.924 --> 07:50.174 army marching toward Nicopolis. 07:50.974 --> 07:52.024 Some of the French nobles, with 07:52.024 --> 07:53.204 their arrogance, were convinced 07:53.204 --> 07:54.584 the sultan would never attack 07:54.584 --> 07:56.264 them. Others, like the Lord of 07:56.264 --> 07:58.104 Cusi, wasn't as convinced, so he 07:58.104 --> 08:00.024 sent 1,000 men of his own to raz 08:00.024 --> 08:01.404 the Turks and get an idea of 08:01.404 --> 08:03.404 their strength. He saw a large 08:03.404 --> 08:04.904 group of Turks at a nearby pass 08:04.904 --> 08:06.964 and separated his men, sending a 08:06.964 --> 08:08.444 small group out to fake a 08:08.444 --> 08:10.084 retreat. The Turks went after 08:10.084 --> 08:11.464 them and ran into an ambush. 08:11.474 --> 08:13.004 Cusi and his men killed as many 08:13.004 --> 08:14.044 Turks as they could before 08:14.044 --> 08:15.343 returning to the crusader camp. 08:15.656 --> 08:17.106 Now, hearing of the skirmish, 08:17.106 --> 08:18.906 Sigismund called a war council 08:18.906 --> 08:20.766 and suggested the foot soldiers 08:20.766 --> 08:22.366 lead the battle and attack the 08:22.366 --> 08:24.426 front lines of the Turks. Now, 08:24.426 --> 08:25.906 Sigismund was a veteran fighting 08:25.906 --> 08:27.446 the Turks. He knew their tactics 08:27.446 --> 08:28.706 and the Turks would send in 08:28.706 --> 08:29.766 poorly armed militia in the 08:29.766 --> 08:31.346 front ranks and save their heavy 08:31.346 --> 08:33.066 horse for later. Philippe of 08:33.066 --> 08:34.586 Artois, the constable of France, 08:34.586 --> 08:36.606 was insulted, saying that French 08:36.606 --> 08:38.046 knights would never follow foot 08:38.046 --> 08:39.506 soldiers into battle, that the 08:39.506 --> 08:40.946 French knights must lead the way. 08:41.666 --> 08:43.106 After a long, heated debate, 08:43.106 --> 08:44.506 Sigismund agreed to let the 08:44.506 --> 08:46.286 French lead the charge. He left 08:46.286 --> 08:47.706 to formulate his own plans and 08:47.706 --> 08:48.886 sent word to the crusaders that 08:48.886 --> 08:50.746 Bayezid was less than six hours 08:50.746 --> 08:52.706 away. The crusaders, preparing 08:52.706 --> 08:54.166 for battle and needing every man 08:54.166 --> 08:55.246 to fight, decided that they 08:55.246 --> 08:56.866 could leave no one to guard the 08:56.866 --> 08:57.966 prisoners that they had captured 08:57.966 --> 09:00.226 along the way. So their decision 09:00.226 --> 09:02.246 was to massacre every last 09:02.246 --> 09:03.866 prisoner. That decision would 09:03.866 --> 09:06.328 come back to haunt them. On the 09:06.328 --> 09:07.848 morning of 25 September, 09:07.848 --> 09:09.468 Sigismund sent the Grand Master 09:09.468 --> 09:11.088 to John the Fearless, asking the 09:11.088 --> 09:13.008 French to hold for two hours 09:13.008 --> 09:14.988 while Sigismund's scouts could 09:14.988 --> 09:16.168 return with intelligence on 09:16.168 --> 09:19.223 Bayezid's army. Jean, who was 09:19.223 --> 09:20.783 the nominal French leader, was 09:20.783 --> 09:22.183 advised by his council and 09:22.183 --> 09:23.083 veteran knight, Admiral de 09:23.083 --> 09:24.703 Vienne, to give Sigismund his 09:24.703 --> 09:26.363 two hours and to wait. But the 09:26.363 --> 09:27.663 arrogant Constable of France won 09:27.663 --> 09:29.483 the argument again, refusing to 09:29.483 --> 09:31.543 delay for any moment. The French 09:31.543 --> 09:33.043 would not wait the two hours for 09:33.043 --> 09:34.223 better intelligence. They would 09:34.223 --> 09:36.023 attack as planned. I bet he was 09:36.023 --> 09:36.963 the one who ordered the 09:36.963 --> 09:38.123 prisoners killed as well. I mean, 09:38.123 --> 09:39.863 he's making bad decisions based 09:39.863 --> 09:41.803 on inexperience and his lust for 09:41.803 --> 09:43.403 glory. He controlled the French 09:43.403 --> 09:44.943 vanguard, and then Jean 09:44.943 --> 09:46.783 controlled the main force. The 09:46.783 --> 09:48.163 French knights charged and 09:48.163 --> 09:49.063 smashed through the front lines 09:49.063 --> 09:50.603 of the Ottoman army with little 09:50.603 --> 09:52.183 resistance. Then they met the 09:52.183 --> 09:53.543 trained infantry and archers, 09:53.543 --> 09:54.643 and the French knights were 09:54.643 --> 09:56.663 stopped by archery fire in a 09:56.663 --> 09:58.723 devastating surprise. Rows and 09:58.723 --> 10:01.023 rows of stakes set to impale the 10:01.023 --> 10:02.974 charging horses. Knights were 10:02.974 --> 10:04.554 forced to dismount to remove the 10:04.554 --> 10:05.814 stakes, and while they were 10:05.814 --> 10:07.034 doing that, their horses and 10:07.034 --> 10:09.274 they were shot with arrows. Many 10:09.274 --> 10:10.514 knights remained without a horse 10:10.514 --> 10:11.994 and continued the battle on foot. 10:13.443 --> 10:14.753 The younger French knights 10:14.753 --> 10:15.893 refused to listen to the elder, 10:15.893 --> 10:17.233 more seasoned knights, and 10:17.233 --> 10:18.573 continued rushing in headlong to 10:18.573 --> 10:20.153 the Turks. Not letting the 10:20.153 --> 10:21.573 impetuous younger knights rush 10:21.573 --> 10:23.213 to their death, the remaining 10:23.213 --> 10:24.553 French army pressed the Turks 10:24.553 --> 10:26.413 and fought with savage ferocity. 10:26.793 --> 10:28.513 The knights fought bravely, and 10:28.513 --> 10:30.393 one chronicle states, No 10:30.393 --> 10:32.613 frothing boar nor enraged wolf 10:32.613 --> 10:34.909 fought more fiercely. While Jean 10:34.909 --> 10:35.829 and the French were fighting 10:35.829 --> 10:37.369 their battle, Sigismund and the 10:37.369 --> 10:38.449 knights' hospitalers were 10:38.449 --> 10:39.589 entangled in their own battle 10:39.589 --> 10:41.109 with the Serbian knights, allies 10:41.109 --> 10:42.869 of the Turks. Both battles were 10:42.869 --> 10:44.369 going badly for the crusading 10:44.369 --> 10:46.930 army. After hours of battle, the 10:46.930 --> 10:47.950 French knights were surrounded. 10:48.600 --> 10:49.690 Admiral de Vienne, who was 10:49.690 --> 10:50.650 carrying the French standard, 10:50.650 --> 10:52.510 was severely wounded and died in 10:52.510 --> 10:54.150 battle. And as the Turks moved 10:54.150 --> 10:55.710 on Jean's position, his guards 10:55.710 --> 10:57.270 threw themselves down and 10:57.270 --> 10:58.810 surrendered, begging for Jean's 10:58.810 --> 11:00.830 life to be spared. Jean was 11:00.830 --> 11:01.530 captured along with the 11:01.530 --> 11:03.190 Constable of France, Cousy, and 11:03.190 --> 11:05.070 other knights. Sigismund and the 11:05.070 --> 11:06.410 Grand Master retreated to the 11:06.410 --> 11:07.750 Danube and found safety on a 11:07.750 --> 11:09.390 Venetian ship. On the safety of 11:09.390 --> 11:10.750 the ship, Sigismund told the 11:10.750 --> 11:13.110 Grand Master, We lost the day by 11:13.110 --> 11:14.630 pride and vanity of these French. 11:14.940 --> 11:16.350 If they believed my advice, we 11:16.350 --> 11:17.870 had enough men to fight our 11:17.870 --> 11:20.748 enemies. Emperor Jean-Poursoir 11:20.748 --> 11:22.228 would say of the defeat and 11:22.228 --> 11:24.088 great loss of the French, Since 11:24.088 --> 11:25.568 the Battle of Renseveaux pass, 11:25.568 --> 11:27.108 when all twelve peers of France 11:27.108 --> 11:29.288 were slain, Christendom received 11:29.288 --> 11:32.152 not so great a damage. The death 11:32.152 --> 11:33.512 toll was high on both sides, and 11:33.512 --> 11:34.872 it was about to get higher for 11:34.872 --> 11:37.192