Part II of the first book
History: Fiction or Science by Anatoly Fomenko
https://www.betterworldbooks.com/product/detail/History-9782913621053?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIwPup5v617AIVfj6tBh0QJg1HEAQYAiABEgI1iPD_BwEHere’s a link to a created doing a line by line breakdown:
https://www.youtube.com/c/CtruthYouTube link:
https://youtu.be/nr4U7Li1v24Transcript:
https://app.podscribe.ai/episode/51162998Speaker 0 (0s): Welcome back. My friends, we got history fiction or science part two, still volume one. So I guess it'd be like 1.2. Thank you to everybody who has taken a moment to give me some feedback and is enjoying the series. I'm really enjoying it. I've actually learned that I do not have all the books in the series cause I'm an awesome listener. And looking forward to picking up some more of those let's jump right in here.
For those of you catching up on speed. We left off with the critique of history by sir Isaac Newton. Additionally, the critique of Newton being crazy in his old age, according to the church representatives at the time.
Now we'll be getting into the next part. Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov LSI Vavilov wrote the following about in a Morozoff in a Morozov managed to combine his selfless revolutionary devotion to his people with a completely amazing dedication to scientific work.
This scholarly enthusiasm and the completely unconditional passionate love for scientific research should remain an example to be followed by all scientists, young and old surrogate Evanovich Vavilov essays and memoirs, Moscow scalp publishing Anthony Warren page two week four. I'm not sure we need the footnotes, but I'll throw them in until I get some feedback.
The first researcher of our time who had raised the issue of providing scientific basis for the consensual chronology in its fullest and quite radically was Nikolai Alexandrovich Maura's figures 1.15 1.16 and 1.17, we can see a monument. You can also see some images of the man.
I'm going to put those in the pictures below so you can look for them down there. I'm going to try and match up the pictures in the book with where we're at in the story.
Speaker 1 (3m 1s): It may not match exactly. However, if you look close, you should be able to follow along in a Morozoff was in imminent Russian scientist and encyclopedia who's fortunate was far from easy Morozov his father, Peter was a rich landowner and belonged to the old aristocratic Shopkin family in a more resolves. Great grandfather was a relation Of Peter.
The great in a Morozovs mother was a simple surf peasant. Anna Vasile Vayner, more resolver whom PA Shopkin married after signing her Liberty certificate. The church did not confirm the marriage. And so the children received their mother's surname. At the age of 20 in a Morozov joined the libertarian Naro deny a Veolia movement in 1881. He was sentenced for incarceration and Schlissel Berg for life where he had studied chemistry, physics, astronomy, mathematics, and history, all on his own in 1905, he was let free.
Having spent 25 years in gal after having received his freedom, he had immersed himself in a vast body of scientific and pedagogical work. His memoirs are of the greatest interest. See figures 1.2 too many authors wrote about Morozov his literary biography for examples written by M a P Backi. After the October revolution, Morozov became director of the Lez gap Institute for national scientific studies where he had done the major part of his famous research in ancient chronology with the use of natural scientific methods supported by enthusiasts and the staff of the Institute.
After in a Morozov left his director's office, the Institute was completely reformed possibly with the objective of casting. The important historical research conducted there by an a Morozov and his group into oblivion Morozov has made honorable member of the Russian Academy of sciences decorated with the order of linen and the red banner of labor. More about the body of his prominent work in chemistry, and several other natural sciences can be read in multiple publications In 1907.
Morozov published a book titled revelations in storm and Tempest, where he analyzed the dating of the new Testament apocalypse and came to conclusions that contradicted the Scala Jerian chronology in 1914, he published the profits, which contains a radical revision of the scholar Jerian datings of the biblical prophecies in 1924 to 1932, Morozov published the fundamental work Christ in seven volumes.
The initial name of this Opus had been the history of human culture and the natural scientific point Contains detailed criticisms of the Scala Jerian chronology. The important fact discovered by Morozov was the consensual Skalla Jerian chronology is based on an unverified concept. Having analyzed a great body of material Morozov put forth and partially proved the fundamental hypothesis that scallopers chronology had been expanded arbitrarily as compared to reality, this hypothesis was based on the repetitions that Morozov had found, namely, the text that apparently described and the same events, but are dated differently and considered unrelated in our time.
The publication of this work caused a vivid discussions in the press And its repercussions can be found in contemporary literature. There have been a number of rational counterarguments, but the critical part of Christ remained undisputed in its entirety. Apparently Morozov had been unaware of the similar works of ceramic Newton and Edwin Johnson that were all but forgotten by his time. This makes the fact that many of more resolves conclusions coincide with those of Newton and Johnson, all the more amazing, however, Morozov raised the issue as a much wider and more profound one, having encompassed the entire period up to the seventh century in the frame of critical analysis and found the need for a radical revision of datings.
Despite the fact that Morozov had also failed to discover any sort of system in the chaos of altered datings that arose his research was performed on a higher qualitative level than Newton's analysis. Morozov was the first scientist to have possessed the clear understanding of the necessity of revising the datings of medieval events, as well as those belonging to ancient history. Nevertheless Morozov did not go further than the seventh century in time, considering the consensual version of the chronology of the seventh to the 13th century to be basically correct.
We shall yet see that this opinion of his turned out to have been gravely erroneous. Thus, the issues raised in our works are hardly the fact that they reoccur century after century and get voiced even louder shows that the problem in question does exist. And the fact that the independently suggested alterations of the ancient chronology, those of Newton Johnson and Morozov are close to each other in principle is a clear witness that the solution to the problem we're studying lie somewhere in this direction, it is worthwhile to give a brief, a brief account of the creation of Morozovs Christ.
His ideas meant vehement opposition. As early as during the publication stage, Morozov had to address Lennon as the head of state personally in 1921 and ask him for his support. Lennon had delegated the study of the issue to V on char ski. Let us quote <inaudible> reply from <inaudible> to Lennon. Dear comrade Lenin ever received a request in Maura's OBS book Christ signed by comrade Gorbachev.
It would please me greatly to delegate this matter to the editing bore responsible for such matters. I, for 1:00 AM familiar with the work in question, it is perfectly preposterous thing that uses a ridiculous demonstration to prove the date of the solar and lunar eclipses that the gospel refers to as having accompany the crucifixion and occurred on Friday, that Christ had lived in the fifth century and not in the first and uses this data to deny the existence of such historical characters.
As Julius Caesar turns out to have really been identified as Julian, the apostate Augustus, et cetera, also suspecting the falsification of the writings of Cicero, Horace, et cetera, as really referring to the middle ages. I like and respect Morozov a lot, but this book is so bizarre that its publication shall definitely bring harm to the name of the author and the state publishing house.
If serious science treated more as OBS demonstration concerning the apocalypse with great suspicion, the book Christ in its turn can be regarded as completely absurd and based on the same scientific one sidedness, if you consider this reply of mine, not to be competent enough, I'll be glad to hand the book over to specialists for consideration the people's commissioner, a Lynch Karski shortly afterwards, having met Morozov personally and witnessed the detailed scientific report that the scientist had made during their meeting.
Lou Chomsky had radically changed mind about the book and sent the following missive to linen as early as August 12th, 1921 in complete contradiction of his previous letter from Lynch hardscape to linen, to the state publishing house with a copy to be delivered to the committee of people's commissar ours. Although I could not familiarize myself with the actual manuscript of comrade Morozovs voluminous, Opus Christ, and his time an oral report of its contents made by the author.
And the demonstration of several tables made me consider its publication as a matter of considerable importance. One that is to be addressed as soon as possible. Since the work is rather large, three volumes, 50 sheets, all in all and seeing is how we still haven't emerged from the state of acute paper crisis. I would offer the Petersburg branch of the state publishing house to cut the addition down to 4,000 copies, at least in order to get it published without delay people's commissar of education Lynch, Husky.
The comment of the editors is also noteworthy the contradiction between the two Lynn Chomsky's letters to linen dated April 13th and August 12th. Respectively can be explained by the fact that lynched Karski had revised his initial reply. The complete collection of linens works erroneous. The States that Lynch Barsky expressed a negative opinion of Morozov to work later on calling it non-scientific. Nevertheless, the first volume of Christ took three more years to be published in 24.
Maura's off had to request support from the government. Yet again, this time it took the bird dissipation of F E Lodzinski. Here is a fragment of the <inaudible> letter to Morozov dated 14th, August, 1924, dear Nikolai Alexandrovich. I am prepared to provide any assistance you may need in order to get your writing published. Just tell me what I have to do exactly what obstacles need to be removed and what people need
Speaker 0 (14m 14s): To talk to.
Speaker 1 (14m 16s): I will be most glad if I managed to be of use to you in any way at all, kindest regards,
Speaker 0 (14m 27s): Next section,
Speaker 1 (14m 28s): Recent publications of German scientists containing criticisms of scholar Jerian chronology in the period. Since the publication of our works on chronology, which started to appear in 1980 several German scientists have also published the rather interesting results of their research containing a critical analysis of the Skella Syrian chronology. The first of these publications appeared in 1996.
The ones we consider the most noteworthy are those written by Hughie topper, as well as Hubert Illig. Was there really a Charlemagne which claims that many documents, which were ascribed to Charlemagne you park today are really more recent forgeries and builds a hypothesis that one needs to withdraw about three centuries from the medieval history, including that of Charlemagne his age.
It has to be said that the chronological cool Bob truncation suggested by Herbert is of a local nature. Herbert Illig and his colleagues are of the opinion that the contradictions they noticed in the Scala Jerian history can be resolved by minor corrections, such as subtracting 300 years from the history of medieval Europe. Our works demonstrate the deficiency of such local expectations.
What we claim is that the entire edifice of the Scala Jerian chronology needs a Cardinal revision and all that concerns. The times proceeding the 13th through the 16th century, the veracity of the Scala Jerian chronology of ancient Egypt is questioned in when did the pharaohs live by gunner Heinsohn and Herbert Illig.
One has to mention that the authors failed to make so much as a passing reference to the scientific overtures of Morozov, which were published in the early 20th century. Maura's OBS Epic body of work entitled Christ, which was published in 24 and questioned the entire chronology of ancient Egypt pointed out the numerous correlations of Egyptian dynasties and reasoned the necessity of a substantial concision of the ancient Egyptian history, a lack and alas.
There are no known translations of Maura's OBS works except for the German text of the revelations in storm and Tempest, despite our numerous appeals, Herbert Illich, and his colleagues still refuse to recognize the existence of Maura's OBS research. It was only recently that the alternative history salon presided over by professor <inaudible>, which finally managed to get the name of Morozov in German scientific debates.
We should also point out gunner. Heinsohn's a Syrian rulers equaling those of Persia, 1185, where certain parallels are drawn between the comparative ancient histories of a Syria and Persia. However, Heinsohn fails to raise the possibility of transferring the events of that age into the medieval APOC, leaving them in the antediluvian historical period, which we believe to be a mistake.
Does the suggestively titled <inaudible> crash by Christian Blas and horns? All Rick Neimans is also interesting and contains a voluminous body of evidence used by the authors to question the feasibility of using the radiocarbon analysis method in its current state, at least as well as the dendro chronological method for the dating of historical artifacts. With any degree of proficiency, the questionable veracity of the Roman chronology and history, the hypercritical school of the 19th century.
Let us give a brief account of the situation with the Roman chronology, which has played a leading role in the global chronology of antiquity fundamental criticisms of the tradition commenced as early as the 18th century in the Academy of scriptures and fine arts that was founded in Paris in 1701 and two decades later, hosted extensive discussions about the veracity of the entire Roman tradition.
The accumulated materials provided the basis for the more in depth criticisms of the 19th century. One of the prominent representatives of this important scientific current later dub hyper criticism was the well known German historian, Theodore Momsen, who pointed out the discrepancies between various accounts and such passages. As despite the fact that tar Quinn, the second had already been an adult by the time his father died and that his reign had started 39 years after that, he got inaugurated as a quote, young lad <inaudible> who had arrived in Italy, almost an entire generation before the exile of the Kings, which is supposed to have happened around five Oh nine.
BC is supposed to have been a friend of Numa Palm Pillis historians are rubbed the opinion that Numa diet around six 73 BC the discrepancy here reaches a century at least to carry on quoting from T moments from the state ambassadors who went to the city of Syracuse in the year two 62, since the foundation of Rome had conversed with Dionysus, the sr whose rain started at 86 years later, what we see as a deviation of about eight decades, the Scala Gerry and chronology of Rome is constructed upon a most flimsy foundation.
Indeed. The time interval between different datings of the foundation of Rome, which is a date of the greatest importance is as large as 500 years. According to Helen ISIS and Damascus who are supposed to have lived in the sixth century BC and whose opinion on the matter was later supported by Aristotle. Rome had been founded by NAS and U lyses and named after the Trojan woman Roma several medieval authors concurred with this as well in genre courses, Chrunik de LA bulkier share.
We see a miniature notably named Trojans, founding cities, Venus SICOM, Bray, Carthage, and Rome. The miniature can be in figure 1.25. One has to remark that it represents a mid evil scene. And the two Trojan Kings have arrived to inspect. The building site are wearing warm for hats with ear flaps.
Okay, pausing here. If you look down in the video now or on the screen, you should be able to see the picture
Speaker 0 (23m 4s): Okay.
Speaker 1 (23m 4s): That were described in the previous text pictures do in fact, look like a medieval manuscript and they are indeed wearing the, what looks like at least to my untrained eye medieval Garp from now on, I'm going to try to put the pictures right when I talk about them. So you can look down and see, thus, the foundation of Rome occurs immediately after the Trojan war with both a NAIAs and you list.
These took part in, but in the consensual chronology of Scallon Jer, the interval between the Trojan war, which allegedly took place in the 13th century, BC and the foundation of Rome, which is said to have a cord in the eighth century, BC is 500 years. This means one of the following the foundation of Rome took place 500 years later than it is generally thought the Trojan war occurred 500 years later, or the chronograph offers are deliberately lying about a NAIAs and Ulysses founding Rome.
Also what happens to Romulus in this scenario could Romulus have been another name for Ulysses. A lot of questions arise, as you can see, and they only increase in number. Once we start delving further in our propo, according to a different version, the city was named by Romulus, the son of Ulysses and Searcy could this mean that Romas or remiss the brother of Romulus was the son of Ulysses.
This would be impossible without the paradigm of Scala Jerian chronology naturally the historian B nice has the following to say about it. Rome as well as many other Italian cities was once considered to have been founded by the heroes of Greece. And Troy, that wound up in those parts. There is a variety of legends to prove it the most ancient one, which was quoted by hella Nikas and the masters as early as the fourth century BC and later by Aristotle claims that the city was founded by NAS and Ulysses and received its name from the Trojan woman Roma.
Another version suggests Ramas the son of Ulysses and Searcy to have been its founder, let us re iterate that there are about 500 years separating this date from the consensual one, such tremendous fluctuations and the determination of a date. As important as that of the foundation of the city Rome affect the datings of a great number of documents that use it as a temporal reference point.
The well known history by Titus levy is one of them. Actually the identification of the city with the Italian Rome is one of the hypotheses of the Scala. Jerian chronology. The possibility that the city can be identified as the famous Rome upon the Bosporus or Constantinople also known as Zahra grad or the city of Kings cannot be excluded by in large historians are of the opinion that the traditional Roman history has received us via the works of a mere handful of authors.
The more fundamental one doubtlessly being the historical Opus by Titus levy, it is believed that Titus levy was born around 59 BC and described a 700 year period of Roman history. 35 books survived out of the original 144. The first publication of his writings took place in 1469 and was based on a manuscript of unknown origin.
Currently lost the discovery of a manuscript with five moral works occurred in Hassan sometime later, ti Momsen wrote in what concerns the global Chronicle, everything was a lot worse. The development of the historical science gave hope for traditional history to be verified by documents and other dependable sources, but the hope was buried in complete frustration.
The more research was conducted and the deeper it went, the more obvious the difficulties in writing a critical history of Rome became furthermore Momsen and tells us that the numeric in veracity, these have been systematic in his works until the contemporary historical period. He Alexander POI histor gave an example of putting the missing 500 years that had passed since Troy fell.
And until Rome had been founded into chronological perspective, we have to remind the reader that according to the chronological version that differs from the consensual Rome was founded immediately after the fall of Troy having filed this period with a list of ghostly rulers, just like the one that were used widely by the chronograph offers of Egypt and Greece. Apparently he was the one who brought the Kings Aventine sinus and type bareness, as well as the Albanian clan of Sylvia's hands into existence.
The descendants didn't miss their opportunity to invent first names and periods of raining. They even painted portraits for better representation. These criticisms are also reviewed by nice
Speaker 0 (29m 35s): Right
Speaker 1 (29m 36s): Theodora Momsen was far from being the only scientist to suggest the revision of these most important dates from the ancient times, a detailed account of what the historians later labeled the ultra skeptical stance, the version questioning the veracity of the chronology of the Regal Rome, as well as our entire knowledge of the first five centuries of Roman history can be found in the problems inherent in making the Roman documents concur with the chronology of scale injure are related in 1481, according to the historian in rabbi Zig to matter here is that the Roman manuscripts have not survived until our times.
So all of our presumptions are based on whatever the Roman analysts have to tell us, but even here we run into major difficulties. The principle one being that even the analyst material is represented very poorly. The great animals of Rome have perished. It is assumed that the Roman fasty gave yearly chronological lists of all the civil servants of ancient Rome.
These tables could theoretically provide for a trustworthy chronological skeleton of sorts. However, the historian G martynov inquires, how do we make this all concur with the constant controversy that we encounter in almost every text of levy in the names of the councils there frequent omissions among other things, and the complete laze Faire attitude to the choice of names, how do we make it correspond with the names of the military?
Tribunes the Fossey are literally modeled with errors and distortions that one cannot make heads or tails of levy himself was already aware of how flimsy this foundation of his chronology had been. Gee Martin OB sums up with the following, neither dire Horace nor levy possesses a correct chronology. We cannot trust the fosters, which tell us nothing about who was made console in which year or the cloth writings that led lists seen as Marcus and two row two contradictory conclusions.
The most trustworthy documentation is the kind that becomes identified as much more
Speaker 3 (32m 40s): Recent forgeries after in depth analysis. It is the somewhat disconcerning to hear the modern chronology or E Brickman assure us of the following. We possess full lists of Roman consoles for 1050 years. The Julian dating for each one of them can be deduced easily given that the ancient datings are voracious.
The close toned implication is made that we possess a definite trustworthy Julian dating of the foundation of Rome. Despite the fact that the 500 year fluctuations of this date affect the entire console list, as well as the whole history of ancient Rome. Based on this list, the actual monograph of Brickman also sadly fails to contain so much as a hint of a justification for the fundamental dates in the ancient chronology.
And instead of relating the dating basics, the book just offers a number of individual examples that explicitly or implicitly refer to the operatory known scheme of the consensual Skalla. Jerian chronology The problems in establishing a correct chronology of ancient
Speaker 4 (34m 19s): Egypt. This significant
Speaker 3 (34m 23s): Discrepancies between the chronological data offered by the ancient sources and the global chronology of the ancient times as devised in the 17th century arose in other areas as well. For instance, the establishment of the Egyptian chronology presented some substantial difficulties since a great many documents contain chronological contradictions.
Let us examine the correlation between the classical history of Heraclitus and the scholar Jerian chronology, for instance, in his consecutive and coherent account of Egyptian history, Hart rotted his calls. Cheops the successor of ramps and ITOs
Speaker 4 (35m 16s): Okay.
Speaker 3 (35m 18s): The modern commentator will immediately correct in the following manner. Her thus creates confusion in chronology of Egypt. Ramps notice was a King of the 14th dynasty, whereas Cheops belong to the fourth. See here equals 1200 years, no less just think of what the figure implies and of its sheer value.
1200 years, let us carry on. According to Heraclitus, a CGS was succeeded by a nicest modern commentary is also rash to tell us that Heraclitus leaps from the end of the fourth dynasty to the beginning of the Ethiopian reign in Egypt, the leap is one of 1800 years, 1800 years in general.
It turns out that the chronology of the Kings given by Heraclitus does not concur with that found in the fragments of monotheism list of Kings as a rule. The chronology of Heraclitus is much shorter than the skeletal Marion version. The time intervals between Kings according to Heraclitus are often thousands of years shorter than corresponding periods as given by bene Theone.
The history of Heraclitus contains a great number of minor errors, those of 30 to 40 years. However, they only come to existence as a result of attempts to fit his history into the scalp. Jerian chronology. We quote a few of the numerous examples of such occurrences. The modern commentator tells us that Herandez confuses King says, says oestrus with the King, some matrix.
The first also pity kiss could not have met CRO CEUs in five 60 BC. Another event related by Heraclitus is commented upon thusly. It is an error made by Heraclitus so long could not have met Croesus, but how can this be true? Her rotted as devotes an entire page to relating the interactions between CRO CEUs and so long Skalla, Jerry and chronology on the other hand tells us no such interactions ever took place.
Commentators also accuse her audit is of dating solar eclipses incorrectly and so on and so forth. We should note that the choice of one chronological version from several contradicting ones is far from simple. There had been a conflict between the so called short and long chronologies of Egypt that were developed in the 19th century.
The short chronology is the one currently used, but it still consists a great many deep contradictions, which remain unresolved the most prominent German Egyptologist, H Bergosh wrote when the reader inquires about whether any ebox and historical moments concerning the pharaohs can be considered to possess a finite chronological assessment.
And when his curiosity makes him turn to the tables compiled by a great variety of scientists, he will be surprised to find himself confronted with a large number of opinions on the chronological calculations of the Pharaoh era, belonging to the representatives of the newest school. For instance, the German scientists date, the Ascension of menace, the first Egyptian Pharaoh to the throne as follows BOAC dates.
This event to 57 Oh two BC on ger 56, 13 BC broodish to 44 55 BC Louth to 51, excuse me. Louth to 41 57. BC Lepsy is to 38 92 BC Bunsen to 36 23 BC. The difference between the two extreme datings is mind boggling since it amounts to 2079 years.
I should read that again, just for effect for everybody. The difference between the two extreme datings is mind boggling since it amounts to 2079 years, the most fundamental research conducted by competent scientists for the verification of the chronological sequence of the Pharaoh's rains. And the order of dynastic succession had also proved the necessity of allowing for simultaneous and parallel rains that would greatly reduced the summary reigning time of the 30 <inaudible> dynasties.
Despite all these scientific discoveries made in this error of Egypt technology, the numeric data condition remains extremely unsatisfactory to this day. The situation hasn't improved to the present day, modern tables date, the beginning of the reign of menace differently to approximately 3,100 BC, roughly 3000 BC. The fluctuation span for this date amounts to 2,700 years.
If we consider other opinions, those of the French Egyptologist, for instance, the situation becomes even more complex can pull in, gives the dating as 58 67 BC Lao sewer 57, 70 BC Mariet 5,004, BC Chavez, 4,000 BC Meyer, 31 80 BC Palmer, 2224.
The discrepancy between the datings of Champollion and Palmer equals 3,643 years. No commentary is needed. We discovered that generally Egyptology, which had poured some light over the perpetual darkness, it had covered the ancient age of Egypt only came into existence 80 years ago as Sean tipi de Las sauce wrote at the end of the 19th century.
He also said that,
Speaker 0 (43m 3s): Yeah,
Speaker 3 (43m 6s): It has been the private domain, very very few researchers, a lack and alas, the results of their research have been popularized into much haste. Thus many erroneous views had come into existence, which resulted in the inevitable sobering when Egypt holiday became a lot less Vogue and the excessive trust in the results of the research was lost to this day.
The construction of the Egyptian chronology remains impossible. The situation with the list of Kings compiled by Sumerian priest is even more complex. It was a historical skeleton of sorts, one that resembled our chronological tables, but sadly, this list was a little utility by and large. The chronology of the King list makes no sense. According to the prominent archeologists L Woolley, furthermore, the dynastic will sequence have been set arbitrarily.
We see that the great antiquity ascribe to these lists today contradicts modern archeological information. Let us give just one example that we consider representing enough telling us about the excavations of what we consider to be the most ancient Royal Sumerian supporters data roughly to the third millennium before Christ wooly mentions a series of findings of golden toiletry, which was toiletry and a little tired golden wood.
They wouldn't have golden toiletry. Come on, George you with the program. All right, which was of Arabic origin and belonged to the early 13th century. According to one of the best experts in the field, woolly patronizingly calls the experts mistake a forgivable one since no one had thought such advanced art could have existed in the third millennium before Christ.
Unfortunately the development of the entire critical concept and the propagation of the hypercritical current of the late 19th, early 20th century froze due to the sheer lack of objective statistic methods at the time ones that could provide for the independent and objective verification of the previous chronological identifications.
The problem in dating the ancient sources, Tacitus and poke you Cicero and bars, scissor vitreous. And Alberti the framework of the global Skalla Jerian chronology was constructed as a result of the analysis of the chronological indications given by the ancient sources. It is natural that the issue of their origin should be of interest in this respect, modern histography manifests the paucity of evidence in what concerns, the Genesis of such ancient manuscripts.
The general observation is made that the overwhelming majority of these documents surface during the Renaissance, Epic that allegedly superseded the dark ages, the discovery of manuscripts often happen under circumstances that for bade the analysis, which could allow the critical dating of such findings in the 14th century to prominent historians, Hoke, Hart, and Ross published the results of their research, proving that the famous ancient Roman history by Cornelius Tacitus was really written by the well known Italian humanist Pogue eel broccolini.
The publications occurred in the years, 1882 to 1885 and 1878. Readers may turn their attention to 21, which covers this problem. Exhaustively. We should just note that we deem the history by Tacitus to be an edited original. That is a partial forgery and not a complete one. However, the events related there in have been misdated and transposed far back in time, The history of the discovery of Tacitus books really provokes a great many questions.
It was pogie who discovered and published the opuses of quintillion <inaudible> Flocka's a Scania's pen. Deanna's Noni is Marcel is Probus some tractates by Cicero Lucretia's Petronius plow dis Tertullian, Marcel Nylas Kelborn the circumstances of these discoveries and their datings have never been related in detail.
See more about the history of tacit his books in chronological chapter seven in the 15th century, famous humanists, such as Manwell Christ solarise chimi stoke plead time, the scenario one of Nicea, and some others came to Italy. They were the first ones to familiarize Europe with the achievements of the ancient Greek thought Byzantium gave the West almost all of the known ancient Greek manuscripts auto new Bower wrote that the major part of the manuscripts that our knowledge of the Greek science is based upon consists of Byzantine copies made 500 to 1500 years after the death of their authors.
According to Scala Jerry in history, the entire bulk of the classical ancient literature only surfaced during the Renaissance. In most cases, detailed analysis shows us that the obscene curity of the literatures and the lack of documentation concerning its passage through the so-called dark ages leads. One does suspect that none of these texts had really existed before the Dawn of the Renaissance.
For instance, the oldest copies of the so called incomplete collection of Cicero's texts are said to have been made in the ninth through 10th century, a D however, when instantly finds out that the original of the incomplete collection had perished a long time ago in the 14th to 15th century, there is a surge of interest in Cicero.
So finally, about 1420, the myelin is professor Gasparino. <inaudible> decided to undertake a rather procurious endeavor of filling the gaps in the incomplete collection with his own writings, for the sake of consequential reality. That's nice to him. Isn't it. However, before he could finish this volume of work, a miracle occurred a four Lorne manuscript with the complete text of all their rhetorical works of Cicero becomes unearthed in a parochial Italian town by the name of Loti bar Aziza and his students eagerly embrace a new discovery, arduous, the decipher its ancient script, and finally produce a readable copy.
Subsequent copies constitute the actual complete collection. Meanwhile,
Speaker 0 (52m 21s): The <inaudible> happens.
Speaker 3 (52m 26s): It's the original of the collection. The manuscript of D becomes abandoned since no one wants to confront the textual difficulties. It presents, and finally gets sent back to D where it disappears without a trace. Nothing is known of what happened to the manuscript since 1428, the European phylo gists still lament the loss,
Speaker 0 (52m 53s): Okay.
Speaker 3 (52m 53s): Said, dentally the reverse or so-called Arabic reading of the name <inaudible> gives T S T S R B without vocalizations, which is close to the continent root of the name, Cicero figures, 1.28 and 1.29 show to ancient miniatures from a book by Cicero that was allegedly published in the 15th century.
In figure 1.28 Cicero is portrayed from the left riding the track tape on the old age in figures, a 1.29 Cicero is depicted from the right side, pinning out the track tape on friendship. We see a typically medieval setting Cicero and his interlocutors are awaring medieval clothes, which means that the author of the miniatures in the 15th century or later apparently did not doubt Cicero to have been his historical contemporary DaVita 13 assessorial by <inaudible> is also only available as relatively recent copies.
All of them hail back to the only ancient manuscript that is presumed to have been in Einhard's possession in the alleged a year eight 18 a D his Vita Karoly magni is supposed to represent a diligent copy of the biographical schemes of SU Tonia is today the original document known as the folder, manuscript did not reach our time.
And neither did the first coffee's the oldest of Sue Tony. His copies is hypothetically the ninth century text that was only brought to light in the 16th century. Other copies are dated to the post 11th century epoch in the skeletal Jerian chronology. The fragments from DVRs illustrate this by Sue Tonia is also appeared very late.
The alleged dating of the latest fragment is the ninth century 80. This manuscript was discovered by POGIL broccolini in Germany in 1425. The Herzfeld manuscript did not survive nothing but several pages from the Tacitus part remained, but about 20 of his copies did survive. Those were made in Italy.
In the 15th century, the dating of the ancient sources was performed in the 16th through 17th century out of considerations that are perfectly nebulous to us nowadays day architecture era by the Truvia. This was discovered as late as 1497, according to in a more resolve the astronomical part of the book quotes the periods of heliocentric planetary circulations with the utmost precision Vitruvian is an architect who was supposed to have lived in the first and second century knew these periods better than Copernicus the astronomer.
Furthermore, his error in what concerns the circulation of Saturn differs from the modern value of the period by a ratio of 0.00007. The error ratio for Mars is 0.006 and Emir 0.003. For Jupiter.
We should Mark the Magna eloquent parallels between the books of the ancient Vitruvian and those of Alberti the prominent humanist of the 15th century. See figure one 31 cannot fail to notice a certain semblance of the names, owl BA verti and VI Truvia bus bearing in mind.
The frequent inflection of the sounds B and V alberdi is known as a prominent architect. The author of the fundamental theory of architecture that is very similar to the theory of the ancient Vitruvian, as well as the ancient Vitruvian. The medieval alberdi was the author of a voluminous track tape that included mathematical optical and mechanical knowledge, as well as from his theory of architecture, the title of the middle of the evil Opus of Al birdies, the 10 books on architecture coincides with its ancient analog by Vitruvian.
Nowadays, it is supposed at the ancient for Truveris had been his ultimate ideal that he emulated in the creation of his track tape. Alberta's volume is written in the archaic manner. Accordingly the specialists have long ago, compiled tables comparing fragments of the works by Alberti and Vitruvian, which sometimes coincide word for word historians. Explain this fact in the following manner, all of these numerous parallels unveil the Hellenistic Roman atmosphere that has thoughts evolved in.
So the book of the ancient Vitrue views fits into the medieval atmosphere and ideology of the 15th century, absolutely organically. Furthermore, the majority of Alberta's medieval constructions are an emulation of the ancient style. He creates a palace made to resemble a Roman amphitheater in its entirety. So the leading medieval architects feel Italian towns with ancient edifices and are nowadays considered an emulation of the classical age, but this by no means implies, they were considered as such in the 15th century.
The books are also written in the manner that will be made archaic much later. It is only after all of this in 1497, a D that the book of the ancient architect Vitruvian appears occasionally coinciding with a similar book of the medieval Alberti word for word. One feels that the architects of the 14th and 15th century did not consider their endeavors to be an emulation of the classical age.
They were the classical age. The emulation theory was to evolve much later in the works of the scholar jerene historians, who were forced to explain the numerous parallels between the classical age and the middle ages. One observes a similar situation with scientific literature. It would be expedient to remind the reader of how the acquaintance of the European scientists with the works of Euclid Archimedes.
And Apollinaris occurred since, as we can see the middle ages where the time when the revival of the achievements of ancient science took place, <inaudible> an expert in the history of science writes that not a single solitary copy of Euclid's elements has reached our times. The oldest manuscripts we know of is a copy made in eight 88.
There is a large number of manuscripts that date from the 10th to the 13th century figure 1.3, one shows a page from a deluxe edition of Euclid's geometry dated 1457. It contains a picture of a panoramic view of Rome. It is most remarkable that the book by the ancient Euclid contains a picture of the medieval Rome and not the ancient one.
One can clearly see a Christian Gothic cathedral, right in front. The commentators say that such Christian monuments as era coil are depicted here, one gets a clear implication that Euclid was really a medieval author. I G bash makeover an expert in the history of mathematics informs us that even before the publication of the Latin translation of the Erath Medica by the ancient Dai Fontus, the European scientists have been using the algebraic methods of dial Fontus remaining unaware of his works, IgG bash Macola assesses the situation as somewhat paradoxical.
The first edition of the era Medica is dated to 1575, a D if Ptolemies Alma guessed was instantaneously continued by Copernicus. That has remind the reader that the surge of interest in the Alma Gus publication immediately proceeded the era of Copernicus dial Fontus OPAs must have been continued by affirming the history of both manuscripts and printed additions of the ancient Archimedes follows the pattern already known to us.
According to I in villas off ski, all of the modern additions of Archimedes have been based on the last manuscript of the 15th century and the Constantinople Palem set that was found as late as 1907. It is assumed that the first manuscripts of Archimedes reached to Europe quite late in 1204. The first translation is supposed to have been made in 1269.
And the complete text found in 1884, the 14th century, the first printed edition allegedly appeared in 1503 and the first Greek edition only in 1544, the works of our committees entered scientific circulation. After that, on figure 1.32, you can see an ancient portrait of Archimedes from his book opera dating to the alleged 14th century.
We see a typical medieval scientist in his study. The commentators could not fail to have marked S the study is represented in the Renaissance fashion conical sections by the ancient <inaudible> was not published until 1537. Furthermore Kepler, who was the first to discover the significance of conical sections ellipses in astronomy did not live to see the publication of the complete works of Apollonius.
The next three books were first published in a Latin translation, a translation yet again in 1631. So the body of work of the ancient Apollonius only got to be published in its entirety after the discovery of the objects that this ancient track tape deals with in capitalism epoch, by the way, could the works of the ancient.
Apollonius just be an edited version of the pole. Copernicus. The name Apollonius is almost identical to Polonius a pole, a native of Poland or Polonia. The astronomer Copernicus was the immediate precursor of the astronomer Kepler Copernicus 1473 to 1543, Kepler 1571 to 1630.
Well, there, we have it, ladies and gentlemen, we're slogging our way through here. We're trying to make some sense out of these ancient manuscripts and this rapscallion names, calendar that took it upon himself to change the dates for everything who am I to judge that guy probably was under a lot of stress, probably had the church breathing down his neck. Hey man, got to get this stuff, right?
It's going to match these dates. The church of that time, the multinational corporations of today, Hey, just do it like this. They probably had people in charge that had no idea what the hell they were doing. Anyways. It's getting late where I love you guys. Thank you for sticking, sticking to it and giving me the great feedback. I really enjoy learning this stuff. I hope you enjoy it too. Any questions? Just drop them in the comments.
Hope everyone is doing well
Speaker 0 (1h 8m 16s): For this particular time in history. Also feel free to look up my podcast. It's true. Life. T R U E capital L I F E one word. That's an interesting stuff in there as well in a podcast format available on Spotify or anywhere you can find pockets. I love you guys. Hope you're doing well.