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Join the University of Minnesota Extension Crops team in addressing all your crop-related questions this growing season, from soil fertility, agronomics, pest management and more. We will tackle issues as they arise to help you make better crop management decisions this season.
Well, good morning, and welcome to the University of Minnesota Extension Field Notes webinar program. Before we get started this morning, I'd just like to mention a few quick tips here on our webinar presentation today. We have an opportunity for you to have answered questions in terms of ask those questions, and we have a q and a box that you'll see at the bottom of your screen. We also reserve a chat box area for technical questions as well. At the conclusion of today's webinar, when you log off, there's a quick three question survey.
Dave Nicolai:We'd like you to fill that out, give us a little guidance for, future webinars in terms of crops activities here for the rest of the season. With it, I'd like to mention today that these sessions are brought to you by our sponsors, University of Minnesota Extension, and generous support from, farm families throughout the state of Minnesota, specifically the Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council, along with the Minnesota's Corn Research and Promotion Council. We're happy that you joined us today for today's webinar on early season, crop growth and, early to mid season insect management as well. My name is Dave Nicoline with the University of Minnesota. I'm an extension educator in field crops.
Dave Nicolai:With that. Our guests today are Matt Farr. Matt is a extension crops educator located out of the Mankato Regional Office and Doctor. Bob Cook. Bob is extension insect specialist in terms of, soybeans, and also can answer some questions today.
Dave Nicolai:We're gonna be talking about, a number of other crops as well. Bob is also the interim head of the University of Minnesota Entomology Department as well, so he's wearing two hats this summer as well. So with that, I'd like to turn the program over to Matt. And I think, Matt, you're currently muted right now, but if you want to pop on and talk a little bit about crop growth, where we are. I know that we've got some good rain in a lot of Minnesota.
Dave Nicolai:I know in the Rosemont Research and Outreach Center, we had 1.58 inches recorded yesterday. So how's that benefiting our crops, and how are things looking?
Matt Pfarr:Thanks, Dave. Glad to be with you this morning. We have had an exciting growing season so far. I have had a hard time talking about how good the crops look in some areas because I don't wanna bring on any bad juju, if you will, or jinx us at all because of of the strength of the crop. Again, we have had areas of, where it continue to be somewhat dry.
Matt Pfarr:And certainly after this last storm, areas that had too much rain again as you look into Central Minnesota, north of kinda my home farm in Sibley County and and the city of Arlington. Wanted to talk a little bit about corn and soybean development and some of the things around herbicide management, disease control, and nutrient management here today. So if we wanna start with corn, I would say the update is that we are wrapping up corn spray, of course, and our corn labels on herbicides allow for some extended heights of application, but it doesn't always mean it's advised, based on phytotoxicity or weed control, again, of some of these herbicides in corn. What I view it as is the ability to spray when we're delayed by weather or when we need those second post passes. So there's a great Minnesota Crop News article that doctor Sarangi put out last last year, our weed specialist.
Matt Pfarr:It was titled updated corn growth cutoff stages for post emergence herbicide application. Right? And from reviewing that article in preparation for the call, now that we have reached and surpassed the v eight growth stage in corn or 30 inches tall, most applications of common herbicides like glyphosate, liberty, enlist, and dicamba would require the use of drop nozzles to keep the concentrated herbicide spray out of the corn world. And so when I'm done with my presentation here, I'll be sure to drop the links to those crop news articles that talk about cutoff stages for herbicide in the chat for the meeting here. And then, you know, if we wanna talk about fertilization in corn, there's a lot of side dress going on right now for corn.
Matt Pfarr:Constant activity was seen over the last week with wide drop rigs for self propelled sprayers going out and again into this last, you know, inch plus rain event. So with the benefit of clearance, these sprayers can really travel up and through tasseling. But you wanna keep in mind that University of Minnesota research and our extension recommendations would show that 80% of the total corn, the nitrogen needs really need to be in place by v ten to v twelve, which again is happening about right now, that ten to twelve caller stage. And that is needed to adequate adequately supply demand of nitrogen to this growing corn plant because we're entering kind of the hockey stick period where we've had the leg phase, and we're gonna be really increasing our growth here over the next month. And we're gonna be taking up, you know, maybe a pound of nitrogen per acre per day or so forth or more.
Matt Pfarr:I've really taken to, what Brad Carlson says, you know, one of our nutrient management specialists about nitrogen in corn. The corn doesn't really care a bit about the four r's like we do, again, being kind of for fertility, that's the right time, the right place, the right form, the right amount. Really, corn only cares that the nitrates there right now in sufficiency to meet the physiologic high demand that we just discussed. So this year, we had a high carry in for nitrates after a dry fall in 2025 and a pretty dry spring this year that led to earlier planting in the fields. In fact, from the nitrate, from the field day that was just had for Waseca, the s rock, I was told there was little difference between, like, the zero and check some of the corn plots versus the full rate and and, again, that's as recently as last week.
Matt Pfarr:So not showing a lot of deficiency of nitrogen even without the application of fertilizer. Of course, that will change here in the coming weeks as we hit that rapid growth stage. Let's talk a little bit about disease. I know we'll have doctor Malvik next week, to talk about crop disease. I I just dabbled a little bit in what we're seeing right now as of June 24.
Matt Pfarr:I always recommend the Crop Protection Network website for looking at crop disease, and then from there, you're gonna go to the tools drop down menu. I started with the crop lookout interactive map to see what disease has been reported as of today. Luckily, there's no southern rust of corn reported so far in two thousand twenty six. Maybe we're setting up for a better year in terms of rust in Minnesota. That's been a very lately come disease to the area.
Matt Pfarr:However, there is some ramping up of tar spot. In fact, one of the articles at the bottom of the Crop Protection Network website talked about how much tar spot has really been blowing up across Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska. So in a sense, it's kind of on our doorstep. However, most reports recently have been coming out of Nebraska for tar spot, verifications. Once you've kind of zeroed in like I did on tar spot as maybe being an interest for Southern Minnesota, you know, I went to the tools drop down menu again and looked at the crop risk tool.
Matt Pfarr:A lot of seed and genetics companies are promoting these risk tools. And so I wanna make people aware that the Crop Protection Network, which again is the result of nationwide, land grant university research, has its own crop risk tool. So I put in the ZIP code for Mankato, and I asked it to pull up the risk on tar spot. And what it told me was that tar spot is only prevalent when corn has the tenth leaf stage up through the milk stage or r three of reproductive development. And so we, of course, have to have tar spot spores prevalent during the right crop cycle growth stage.
Matt Pfarr:You're gonna consider a corn fungicide application, and again, we have to be scouting for the disease and looking at the environment, we should be aware that the prophylactic use of fungicides on corn is not advised by University of Minnesota Extension. So the use of any crop protection product is only gonna pay when the disease is present at levels to cause crop loss greater than the cost of the product, again, the fungicide product and the application. So that's how you're gonna determine your return on investment. Tar spot in recent years has been the disease favored by elevated precipitation and humidity, again, but not too much of that wetness factor, and very comfortable in cool temperatures from 70 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit. So for this reason, I often think of tar spot as a Goldilocks disease.
Matt Pfarr:Again, not too dry, not too wet, not too cold, not too warm. And we'll keep an eye on it, of course, with the consideration that damaging levels of tar spot have historically been observed in Southeastern Minnesota where it was first found around the year 2018 or '19, and but not as much in Central And Western Minnesota yet. So keep an eye on tar spot, and we'll continue to update that from the extension side of things. Matt, Any questions on corn, Dave? That's what
Dave Nicolai:I Yes. Actually, I I I do. I I have one, and we talked about it before we started. We had, you know, this weather front come through, and there were some areas in Minnesota, not not everywhere, that actually had some hail damage. And there's also some wind damage.
Dave Nicolai:Let's just review real quickly about regrowth potential. I mean, we can have defoliation and there's there's hail charts and and and so forth. But can you just touch on a little bit in terms of where's our growing points here on corn and soybeans right now and what's our regrowth potential?
Matt Pfarr:I would agree we should touch on that because I got a couple of pictures last night from near Glencoe, Minnesota where there was some pretty decent damage to corn and soybeans. Again, haven't evaluated these farms myself, but the corn growing point luckily is only an inch or two above the soil surface at this point. Again, the growing point is what's gonna push all the new tissues. So new leaf growth and ultimately the cob and the tassel are inside that growing point developing at the moment. We certainly don't want to, we certainly don't want it to to rush out and make any applications, let's say, of fungicides at this point because our greatest risk is probably bacterial infection.
Matt Pfarr:And we certainly don't want to write off a crop that's been hit by hail or other, you know, act of god before we give it a week or two to sort itself out. That being said as well, after an inch or two of rain, we can't traffic a field anyway for, like, a week or two. And so we're gonna get into July before there'd be a chance to even do field work. And so we're kinda set with the crop as we have it right now. So there is hope, even after a hailstorm if crop can look poor, whether it's corn or soybeans, as long as the growing point is intact, we have a chance to regrow that crop and still salvage some yield off that farm.
Dave Nicolai:Quick comment on soybeans, in terms of hail damage.
Matt Pfarr:Well, they're a little bit tougher in that they have a lot of growing points. You know, if they're at about a v four to v five stage right now, any point where they have a connection of the trifoliate, to the stem, but the petiole, they're gonna have a place to regrow there. They have axillary tissue, all the way down to where the cotyledons were attached, and the unifolia leaves above that. So any one of those points, if that's intact and we don't have damage on the stem that's gonna kill that plant below the lowest growing point, we can have regrowth from soybeans. And I think their ability to to regrow is is is quite excellent.
Matt Pfarr:I can think back to last year. We had widespread hail in my area, around that July 6 time point. It was a Monday after the July 4 holiday. And we had, I thought, probably the worst timing because we're almost a tassel for corn, and the beans were almost fully floured, right, and fully vegetative. And, we didn't recover as well, from that particular hail event.
Matt Pfarr:But we're a little on the earlier side with this one. I think we have a chance. If we have, growing points, we don't have too much stem damage, we can catch back up here, Dave.
Dave Nicolai:Okay. Actually, we had a couple questions come in. And, on one of the questions, I'm I'm actually gonna take you off the hook, Matt, because we're going to have Dean Melvik on next Wednesday along, with Jeff Kolter answer this, but, I'll probably try to answer best as I can and and you can answer the second one. One of the questions was about an early, sampling air sampling for spores for early warning diseases like southern rust, and there is a effort going on in the state of Minnesota, with an with an outside provider to develop that across the state. I haven't seen the results yet on a spreadsheet.
Dave Nicolai:I talked to doctor Dean Malefic about that, but these are more sophisticated air samplers, battery, and they're solar based charging the battery. But the bottom line is they collect tubes, they're gonna collect these every week. And for right now, they send them out to a lab in in Berkeley, California with that. So that's just getting started, in terms of that, but they're they're putting these out on every place from, say, for example, outfit like a Rosemont Research and Outreach Center, all of our outreach centers, and also on St. Paul campus and other locations as well.
Dave Nicolai:So, hopefully, we'll have a little bit more information, next week. But looking at Southern Rust, Tar Spot, and also, maybe even the possibility of of, white mold down the line here, with that. So that's in the works. Then there was another question. I'm also going to let Dean maybe talk more about this.
Dave Nicolai:Someone noticed that on the fungicide return on investment calculator on the crop protection network, didn't have any data directly in there from the was part of the dataset, but I think it is indirectly with that. But again, maybe, Matt, that might be something that we have Dean talk a little bit more about next week.
Matt Pfarr:Sure. And and we still have to use it it's the best we have. It's university replicated data, and we haven't had the consistent presence of the disease. Even tar spot year over year has not been consistent even in South Southeastern Minnesota to have kind of a three year dataset going. Now the nice thing about fungicides and corn is fungicides are fungicides, corn is corn, whether it's here or at Purdue in Indiana or the research that happens in Ontario.
Matt Pfarr:So the crop protection network is you know, maybe if we're not looking at the calculator, let's look back at just the the sheet that's gonna give us recommendations by, product, active ingredient, and control level of the different fungal diseases in corn, whether that's tar spot, whether that's northern, whether that's great leaf spot, all of those can be sort of, accounted for. So use those resources. The Crop Protection Network is still the best we have, for this particular topic. Now I don't wanna steal time from Bob. I had a couple of soybean comments.
Matt Pfarr:I don't know if, Bob, if you wanna give me a couple more minutes or Okay. He's he's not He's saying that's just fine. Alright. So let's talk about soybeans. I was almost hoping to avoid it because June is a tough month, right, for soybeans.
Matt Pfarr:It's almost like, could we not look at them, but we certainly have, considerations and applications we're doing. So the second herbicide post passes are are happening now. We definitely wanna be targeting weed control in soybeans at four inches or less. I really think waterhemp, two inches or less, is a great target because there's less growing points to kill with contact herbicides like Liberty. I wanted to bring up the herbicide label cutoffs in soybeans as well, just like I did in corn.
Matt Pfarr:For list soybeans, the cutoff, is up to bloom. Okay? So excuse me. Yep. So list soybeans, but we're talking about Liberty herbicide, glufosinate, up to bloom.
Matt Pfarr:So 50% or more of the soybean plants showing a flower were at r one or bloom. That's the end of our label application for liberty and glufosinate. Right? So that's clear. Now if we talk about Enlist or two four d, that herbicide covers up to r two or full flower.
Matt Pfarr:So once we start to see flowers at the upper two nodes and 50% or more of the plants, we need to dial back the Enlist applications in soybeans. And then finally, glyphosate or Roundup gives us the longest coverage that goes through r two. So until we see 50% or more of the plants with pod development, you can still apply glyphosate or Roundup. So I will also share the link, to the soybean herbicide growth stage cutoff document as presented by extension wheat scientists, doctor Devlin Sarangi and his team. It was current as of 2025, mid summer last year.
Matt Pfarr:And then the only other thing that, we wanna talk about in June is always IDC in soybeans and high calcareous soils. Right? The symptoms are caused by unmet iron needs, which causes chlorosis in the newest trifoliates of the plants. So with time, soybeans will typically work their way through IDC. The time that they were under duress and the severity of the chlorosis symptoms will ultimately determine the yield impact.
Matt Pfarr:And your management tools are ultimately genetics across every acre that's affected by iron deficiency chlorosis based on high calcareous soils. You can also prescriptively apply iron chelate fertilizers across high calcareous soils to sort of give a buffer of fertility there as an infraural product. And then IDC, of course, fairly easy to spot in prairie pothole country as rings around the historical potholes where we had evaporation during the summer that would leave behind these calcium salts. And, of course, as we get up West Of Minnesota and into the Red River Valley, can have IDC, you know, fence for the fence for across very large fields, because of the uniformity of those Lacuste Stream soils. So any anyway, that's something that happens every year.
Matt Pfarr:And sometimes when folks drive across a county line or into even another township that they don't historically drive in June, they go, okay. What happened over here to these beans? And it's it's IDC this time of year. So that's what I had, Dave. I appreciate the opportunity to kinda give an update for South Central Minnesota today.
Dave Nicolai:Alright. Thank you, Matt. We're gonna just switch right over to Bob. Bob, you wanna unmute yourself there. And I know we're a little bit early on the the soybean aphid infestation, but it's never too early to think and plan and and and how you're gonna look and scout.
Dave Nicolai:So, take it away and talk about some other things here that we, discussed a little bit earlier. So the floor is yours.
Bob Koch:Alright. Thank you, Dave. Yeah. I'm just gonna give a quick overview of, you know, a little bit of what we're seeing out in the fields. Again, we're not seeing anything at, you know, concerning levels yet.
Bob Koch:So it's really I think my presence here on this call today is just kind of a a reminder that the fields are beginning to be colonized by some of these insects, and we're gonna wanna start scouting for them pretty soon. Dave, you mentioned soybean aphids. They're certainly out in many of our fields, but the numbers and everything that we're seeing remain very low, way below thresholds. And in some of the fields, those numbers are actually decreasing, which might be due to some of the, rainfall events that we've had knocking those populations down. As the season progresses, again, we wanna be scouting on a regular basis, looking at plants throughout the field, estimating number of aphids on those plants, and relating it to that threshold of 250 aphids per plant.
Bob Koch:And, again, that's the trigger point where we wanna be lining up the insecticide application. That's not where we're getting yield losses. That's well below the point where we're expected to see a yield loss. But the whole idea is if we treat at two fifty, we're gonna knock the population down before it gets to that damaging level, and it gives the good insects, predators, parasitic wasps a chance to have their effect on the aphid population before we go in with an insecticide. So speaking of insecticides, just to remind folks, we've got pyrethroid resistant soybean aphid populations out in many of our fields.
Bob Koch:We've been seeing that over the last, what are we going on? You know, multiple years now across a broad geography. The last couple years, we've got data from Rosemont, Minnesota, so Southeast Minnesota, showing that applying some of these products might not only give you poor performance of of, the insecticide, but it can actually create aphid problems where we've seen more aphids in some of these insecticide treated plots than in the untreated plots. So last year, it was with the pyrethroid lambda cyhalothrin. And by the end of that study, we had 10 times more aphids in the plots treated with that pyrethroid compared to the untreated plots.
Bob Koch:And in 2024, so the year prior to that, we saw a similar phenomenon, more aphids in the treated plots than in the untreated plots, but that was with one of the, mixtures, a formulated mixture of, imidacloprid and beta cyclothrin. So what we think is happening there is the aphids are resistant to the, pyrethroid, so the that application is not killing off the aphids, but that is a broad spectrum insecticide. So it's likely killing off the predatory insects like lady beetles, lacewings, and the, tiny parasitic wasps. So just, again, a caution to to, make sure we're using these insecticide applications only when we really need to, and the only way we can know that is by scouting and using the thresholds. We've got a few newer insecticides that I think more folks are getting some experience with nowadays, things like Saphena, Transform, and Savanto.
Bob Koch:Our research is showing that those products still work very well on aphids. Even, pyrethroid resistant aphids, they'll do a good job controlling, and the added benefit is that these newer products are less toxic to some of these good insects, again, the predators and parasitic wasps. Any other thoughts about if it's
Dave Nicolai:Are are they are these new products a little bit different mechanism of action, mode of action than some of these older pyrethroid chemistry per se? Is is that part of the package they're bringing?
Bob Koch:Yeah. So yep. They're they're acting on the insects differently. So products like, Civanto and Transform are gonna be acting more more similar to how the neonicotinoids kill the aphids by affecting the the chemical messages going between the nerve cells. And then, Saphena, that product acts on the stretch receptors in the joints of the insects, like in their leg joints, their internal joints, and essentially, it disorients them, and they stop feeding immediately.
Bob Koch:But the thing to keep in mind is it doesn't kill them immediately. You might see after an application that aphids are lingering on those saphena treated plants longer than you might expect. But just remember that that those saphena treated aphids are not feeding. They're like little zombie aphids wandering around, and they're eventually gonna starve to death or desiccate on the plant or fall off. So in my mind, an an aphid that's not feeding is as good as a dead aphid.
Dave Nicolai:You you mentioned about scouting, and we know that obviously, and we talked about it at the beginning here that it rained yesterday. Mhmm. And we had, you know, close to a 1.6 inches at at Rosemont. In if keeping that in mind, when you're out in a field situation with that, do you really need to be able to go to a lot of different points in a in a field, like, say, example, a 40 or 80 acre field to get a comprehensive idea, especially when you have rain factored in here and we could have populations going up and down? Any quick comments about doing a little higher level of accuracy here?
Bob Koch:Yeah. I mean, ideally, we wanna get a good representative sample of that field. Right? You know? So which requires, you know, getting plants spread throughout the field ideally.
Bob Koch:I know some of our fields are huge and, you know, time is limited, so we don't always get those nice representative samples. But do what you can. Right? You don't wanna base that decision just on on one spot. You know, Dave, you brought up a good point to get in with the rain where if if you if you had a field that was getting near threshold levels, and, again, I I'm not aware of any like that, but you get a big rainfall event, you might wanna go back out and take another look at that field before deciding to treat because the rain could have helped you out.
Bob Koch:But once the plants get bigger, the canopy starts closing. Those aphids are a little more protected from the rain and wind. So I think these storms have more of an effect early in the season than they do later in the season.
Dave Nicolai:Yeah. We might mention it's not that their rain is washing them off, but there's a disease implication here, that can affect the aphids, you know, directly with that moist wet environment and so forth. So they're gonna they're gonna suffer from impact in terms of situations that would happen with a higher moisture in terms of disease that affects them directly.
Bob Koch:Yeah. You can get kind of the double whammy. Right? The direct effect of the rainfall and the wind knocking the aphids off the plants, but then those wet humid conditions can be, favorable for some fungal diseases that affect the aphids. Yeah.
Dave Nicolai:Now real quick about our diseases and some of them are concern of Southwestern Minnesota in the corner of the state moving up here, gall midge and so forth. You know, it's generally not over, but any comments about what to look for? We're always on the lookout here. I know the growers and the growers association are concerned about it, but comments there?
Bob Koch:Yeah. So so soybean gall midge is a new pest. And when I say new, again, this isn't just new to Minnesota. This is new to science. It was first discovered and and received the scientific name in 2019.
Bob Koch:Right now in Minnesota, it's across much of the southern half of the state from the border with the Dakotas and now all the way over to the Wisconsin border. Last year, we found it in Ramsey County, Dakota County, and Chisago County. The year before that, we found it in Hennepin County. But the heaviest infestations have been limited to Extreme Western Minnesota, especially Southwest Minnesota, like Rock County. Some of these other areas, we have to work pretty hard to find it.
Bob Koch:So, again, I'm I'm not mentioning this to scare people into spraying their fields. It's just something to be on the lookout for. And what to look for for this insect would be dead and dying or dead and wilting plants on the edge of the field. And if you were to see that, take a closer look at those plants, look at the the base of the stem, and if you see kinda darken the lesions at the base of the stem, peel back some of that tissue and see if you can find the bright orange colored larvae. So the larvae are are very distinctive with that bright orange color inside the stems, and they typically, like I said, colonize the edge of the field coming from adjacent fields that were soybean last year, and then as the season progresses, that infestation will move farther into the field.
Bob Koch:From some of our research over the last several years, you know, we typically start seeing noticeable infestations in early July. But if if you're trying to survey for it or look for it, I think it it gets easier as the season progresses, as the populations build over time and as that injury to plants kinda accumulates over time.
Dave Nicolai:Okay. One quick question that goes back to soybean aphid that just came in here. In terms of soybean growth stages, from your standpoint, is there any recommendations that we can give in terms of what growth stage on soybeans is the best time to start sampling for soybean aphid and how long, and for how long, I should say. Okay?
Bob Koch:Yeah. That's a that's a good question. Yeah. The aphids aren't they they can colonize pretty much any growth stage. You know, we'll see them begin colonizing fields from, you know, very early seedling stage, and they can persist until the leaves are starting to fall from the plants.
Bob Koch:You know? So I typically would recommend, you know, starting to scout around this time of year kinda regardless of of plant stage and to continue that scouting until you get into r six. Aphids typically early in the season seem to prefer the earlier planted fields, And then later in the season, it seems like they they prefer the the later planted fields. Right? So early in the season, they're going after the bigger beans, it seems like, and later in the season after the after the smaller beans.
Dave Nicolai:But you would you would continue until early August, or what was your comment there? Or mid August?
Bob Koch:You know, honestly, I I I wouldn't base it on the calendar. The agent's not paying attention to the calendar. I'd base it on plant growth stage. And, you know, Bruce Potter and Ian McCray have some data that, you know, show yield losses or impacts even into early r six. Right.
Bob Koch:So I'd certainly, you know, keep scouting through them. A lot of the literature will say to scout through r '5, and that's, you know, when the that 258 of the threshold is valid through that stage. And if you're doing regular scouting and using that threshold, you should be able to prevent problems in r six. The challenge with r six is is things get a lot more tricky. We don't have a a research based threshold for that stage.
Bob Koch:We know it takes more aphids then to cause problems, and you've got issues with preharvest intervals, and you're getting closer to the time when the aphids are naturally gonna be leaving the plants. So I we typically just recommend, you know, that regular scouting through r five, and, hopefully, you can avoid any issues in r six where it gets tricky.
Dave Nicolai:Well, thank you very much. We each, reached the end of our time here today. Thanks, Matt, for putting a lot of good information in the chat. If you haven't had a chance to look at that, please do. A lot of good links about cutoff stages, and situations with that.
Dave Nicolai:So and from a herbicide standpoint and good comments on hail damage as well as iron chlorosis with that. Thank you, Bob, for the update on the aphids and mybs there. We wanna mention that we will be continuing these programs next week. It will be, I believe, July 1 is on Wednesday, and we have slated some talks with Jeff Coulter, University of Minnesota Extension, corn specialist along with Doctor. Dean Melvick.
Dave Nicolai:He'll get more specific in some of those questions we probably weren't able to answer here in terms of the of the network here and, the ROI on on fungicides. It'll be hitting up on some of that. So please tune in for that because I think it'll be very timely. Our crop will be farther along, and we'll be thinking about, you know, management and especially for a couple of those different scenarios going going forward. So we appreciate that and we wanna again thank of the for University of Minnesota Field Notes, our sponsors, which were our which are, I should say, the Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council along with the Minnesota Corn Research and Promotion Council.
Dave Nicolai:Again, when you log off, you can have an opportunity to fill out this short survey, Give us a little bit more, information, with that, and we are recording, these, and we usually, spin off a crop news article a little bit later with some of the notes from today's sessions along with other podcasts and so forth. So thank you again for attending. We do appreciate your attendance here with that, and we look forward to seeing you next Wednesday again for Field Notes program starting at 08:00. Have a good day.