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Suanne Kowal Connelly, author of Parenting Through Puberty, reveals when to start talking about puberty, how to start the conversation, and the important topics to discuss. Suanne also explains how to use techniques from Motivational Interviewing to improve your effectiveness during these talks.
Full show notes
Watching teenagers going through puberty can feel like a serious loss of control. Not only are you seeing your teen go through intense physical changes, but you’re bearing witness as their personality evolves every single day. One day you wake up and they’re not only taller than you, but hanging out with kids you’ve never met and using slang you don’t understand! The social and emotional changes going on inside them are like nothing they’ve ever felt before—and like nothing you’ve ever had to deal with as a parent.
These changes are occurring because teenagers going through puberty are preparing themselves for independent adult life. You want your teenager to ride this evolutionary wave and become a functional, autonomous adult—but allowing them to have independence is terrifying! What do you do when your teen begins staying out late with their friends, driving, forming romantic relationships, and making their own decisions?
As our teenagers are going through puberty, it’s important to talk to them about values and behavior so they can become strong, happy adults. It can be hard to have these talks, but they are so valuable when it comes to protecting teens’ well-being! We want teenagers going through puberty to be independent and make their own choices, but without guidance, they might end up making choices they regret.
Today’s guest is Dr. Suanne Kowal Connelly, author of Parenting Through Puberty: Mood Swings, Acne, and Growing Pains. She’s helped kids and parents as a pediatrician for over 30 years, and sits on several counsels for the American Academy of Pediatrics. She’s not only an academic professional in the field of child development, but has also been at the wheel herself as the mother of three adult sons.
A Doctor and A Mom!
In fact, Dr. Connelly originally decided to write a book about teenagers going through puberty when she noticed a certain disparity between her experiences as a mother and a pediatrician. As a mom, she would constantly hear other mothers brag about how successful or healthy their kids were. In her practice, however, she found that the majority of parents tended to be insecure about their child’s physical, social, mental and emotional progress; things that they couldn’t control. As a doctor, Suanne discovered what worries parents the most about teenagers going through puberty. As a mother, she realized just how afraid adults are to talk about those worries.
Knowing that many parents were embarrassed to discuss these anxieties, she decided to become a public voice that could offer solutions to common worries. She resolved to use her knowledge from years of working with teens as a health professional and a mother to help put parents everywhere at ease.
In this episode, Dr. Connelly shares tips on how to help parents with teenagers going through puberty navigate the physical aspect of these changes, and so much more. She starts by answering the common query about when parents should step in and begin having conversations with teenagers about their developing bodies.
A Secret Tell-Tale Sign of Puberty
Interestingly, Suanne says the best time to start talking to teenagers about puberty is when you notice a change in their foot size! She explains that teenagers grow from the outside in, and their feet and hands are generally the first to get bigger. When you observe a change in the size of your kid’s feet, this means they are in the beginning stage of teenagers going through puberty.
So, your teenager has outgrown their third pair of sneakers this month and you’re off to the shoe store again. It might be time to finally address their physical transformation. You want to reach out to them...but you’re not quite sure how to talk to teenagers going through puberty.
As a doctor, Suanne gives “the talk” every day. It’s not the same “talk” you might be thinking of, in which parents give their teens information about the birds and the bees. Instead, this “talk” is more of an interview. It’s the time of a pediatric exam when the doctor takes a teen or pre-teen aside from their parents and asks them about substance use, sexual activity, and social life, among other things. Delivering these talks for so many years has helped Suanne understand how to talk to teenagers going through puberty.
And she’s here to share them with you!
The Big Question
I start by asking Dr. Connelly the million dollar question: how do we start these conversations with teenagers going through puberty? Instead of asserting yourself to start a conversation about puberty teenage years, Dr. Connelly recommends asking your teenager for permission first. Asking your teenager if they’re comfortable talking about what’s going on with them helps you seem more approachable. It also allows them to feel comfortable, like they have a certain control over the conversation. They’ll be more receptive to talking about themselves and their experiences if they’ve agreed to do so first.
Motivational Interviewing
This is part of an approach to counseling called motivational interviewing. This emerging technique is highly recommended by the American Association of Pediatrics, and is one of the most promising methods for counseling of any kind—but especially for having tough talks with teenagers going through puberty. It stresses the practice of empathy, a lack of judgment, and positive reinforcement.
It may sound complicated, but it's actually very simple! I’ll walk you through the basics.
Say you want to talk to your teen about the dangers of smoking or vaping.
Start out by asking your teenager if they would be open to a conversation on the subject. By asking them first, you’re sending them the message that the two of you are on the same level and providing a safe space. You’re showing them respect and in doing so, gaining trust.
If they agree to a discussion, you can ask them some questions about smoking: do they smoke or vape? Do their friends smoke or vape? How do they feel about the idea of smoking overall?
The next thing to focus on when responding to these questions is positive reinforcement. If your child says that their friends smoke and vape but they don’t, praise them for their ability to maintain their integrity in the face of peer pressure. That’s not easy, and they should be recognized for their strength of character. But at the same, refrain from judging or scolding your teenager as much as you can because negative reinforcement is not as healthy.
But how do you positively reinforce behavior you don’t agree with, such as smoking? You don’t. You want to hold off on judgment and use empathy instead. In many cases, teens get into smoking due to peer pressure, a force that parents like Suanne can totally relate to and empathize with. Many parents can feel pressured from other parents to conform to certain ideas about raising children. And I think everyone has felt pressured to change an opinion based on what coworkers and friends might think.
Teachable Moments
So how can we judge our kids for being susceptible to something we’re so susceptible to ourselves? Instead of judging our teens, Suanne suggests that we look at these instances as teachable moments. In the same way that negative reinforcement isn’t very effective, expressing disappointment or anger at your teen won’t do much to help them make better choices in the future. Instead, use missteps as learning opportunities. Your teenager will likely find themselves in the same situation again, but this time they’ll know what to do. If they can learn from the mistake they made, they can stop themselves from falling into the same trap in the future.
In the episode, she continues to break down the concept of motivational interviewing and shares a lot of ideas about how to talk to teenagers going through puberty.
Tune in now to hear more about:
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Full show notes
Watching teenagers going through puberty can feel like a serious loss of control. Not only are you seeing your teen go through intense physical changes, but you’re bearing witness as their personality evolves every single day. One day you wake up and they’re not only taller than you, but hanging out with kids you’ve never met and using slang you don’t understand! The social and emotional changes going on inside them are like nothing they’ve ever felt before—and like nothing you’ve ever had to deal with as a parent.
These changes are occurring because teenagers going through puberty are preparing themselves for independent adult life. You want your teenager to ride this evolutionary wave and become a functional, autonomous adult—but allowing them to have independence is terrifying! What do you do when your teen begins staying out late with their friends, driving, forming romantic relationships, and making their own decisions?
As our teenagers are going through puberty, it’s important to talk to them about values and behavior so they can become strong, happy adults. It can be hard to have these talks, but they are so valuable when it comes to protecting teens’ well-being! We want teenagers going through puberty to be independent and make their own choices, but without guidance, they might end up making choices they regret.
Today’s guest is Dr. Suanne Kowal Connelly, author of Parenting Through Puberty: Mood Swings, Acne, and Growing Pains. She’s helped kids and parents as a pediatrician for over 30 years, and sits on several counsels for the American Academy of Pediatrics. She’s not only an academic professional in the field of child development, but has also been at the wheel herself as the mother of three adult sons.
A Doctor and A Mom!
In fact, Dr. Connelly originally decided to write a book about teenagers going through puberty when she noticed a certain disparity between her experiences as a mother and a pediatrician. As a mom, she would constantly hear other mothers brag about how successful or healthy their kids were. In her practice, however, she found that the majority of parents tended to be insecure about their child’s physical, social, mental and emotional progress; things that they couldn’t control. As a doctor, Suanne discovered what worries parents the most about teenagers going through puberty. As a mother, she realized just how afraid adults are to talk about those worries.
Knowing that many parents were embarrassed to discuss these anxieties, she decided to become a public voice that could offer solutions to common worries. She resolved to use her knowledge from years of working with teens as a health professional and a mother to help put parents everywhere at ease.
In this episode, Dr. Connelly shares tips on how to help parents with teenagers going through puberty navigate the physical aspect of these changes, and so much more. She starts by answering the common query about when parents should step in and begin having conversations with teenagers about their developing bodies.
A Secret Tell-Tale Sign of Puberty
Interestingly, Suanne says the best time to start talking to teenagers about puberty is when you notice a change in their foot size! She explains that teenagers grow from the outside in, and their feet and hands are generally the first to get bigger. When you observe a change in the size of your kid’s feet, this means they are in the beginning stage of teenagers going through puberty.
So, your teenager has outgrown their third pair of sneakers this month and you’re off to the shoe store again. It might be time to finally address their physical transformation. You want to reach out to them...but you’re not quite sure how to talk to teenagers going through puberty.
As a doctor, Suanne gives “the talk” every day. It’s not the same “talk” you might be thinking of, in which parents give their teens information about the birds and the bees. Instead, this “talk” is more of an interview. It’s the time of a pediatric exam when the doctor takes a teen or pre-teen aside from their parents and asks them about substance use, sexual activity, and social life, among other things. Delivering these talks for so many years has helped Suanne understand how to talk to teenagers going through puberty.
And she’s here to share them with you!
The Big Question
I start by asking Dr. Connelly the million dollar question: how do we start these conversations with teenagers going through puberty? Instead of asserting yourself to start a conversation about puberty teenage years, Dr. Connelly recommends asking your teenager for permission first. Asking your teenager if they’re comfortable talking about what’s going on with them helps you seem more approachable. It also allows them to feel comfortable, like they have a certain control over the conversation. They’ll be more receptive to talking about themselves and their experiences if they’ve agreed to do so first.
Motivational Interviewing
This is part of an approach to counseling called motivational interviewing. This emerging technique is highly recommended by the American Association of Pediatrics, and is one of the most promising methods for counseling of any kind—but especially for having tough talks with teenagers going through puberty. It stresses the practice of empathy, a lack of judgment, and positive reinforcement.
It may sound complicated, but it's actually very simple! I’ll walk you through the basics.
Say you want to talk to your teen about the dangers of smoking or vaping.
Start out by asking your teenager if they would be open to a conversation on the subject. By asking them first, you’re sending them the message that the two of you are on the same level and providing a safe space. You’re showing them respect and in doing so, gaining trust.
If they agree to a discussion, you can ask them some questions about smoking: do they smoke or vape? Do their friends smoke or vape? How do they feel about the idea of smoking overall?
The next thing to focus on when responding to these questions is positive reinforcement. If your child says that their friends smoke and vape but they don’t, praise them for their ability to maintain their integrity in the face of peer pressure. That’s not easy, and they should be recognized for their strength of character. But at the same, refrain from judging or scolding your teenager as much as you can because negative reinforcement is not as healthy.
But how do you positively reinforce behavior you don’t agree with, such as smoking? You don’t. You want to hold off on judgment and use empathy instead. In many cases, teens get into smoking due to peer pressure, a force that parents like Suanne can totally relate to and empathize with. Many parents can feel pressured from other parents to conform to certain ideas about raising children. And I think everyone has felt pressured to change an opinion based on what coworkers and friends might think.
Teachable Moments
So how can we judge our kids for being susceptible to something we’re so susceptible to ourselves? Instead of judging our teens, Suanne suggests that we look at these instances as teachable moments. In the same way that negative reinforcement isn’t very effective, expressing disappointment or anger at your teen won’t do much to help them make better choices in the future. Instead, use missteps as learning opportunities. Your teenager will likely find themselves in the same situation again, but this time they’ll know what to do. If they can learn from the mistake they made, they can stop themselves from falling into the same trap in the future.
In the episode, she continues to break down the concept of motivational interviewing and shares a lot of ideas about how to talk to teenagers going through puberty.
Tune in now to hear more about:
- How our puberty talks with girls often begin too early
- How the internet has changed how teens are informed
- How to set limits and stick to them
- Talking to your children about their brains
- Vaping and E-cigarettes
- Why it’s important to take teenagers at face value
It may seem like parenting teenagers going through puberty is just too hard. Have no fear, however, as Dr. Connelly is ready to help you through a very confusing time!
Creators & Guests
What is Talking To Teens: Expert Tips for Parenting Teenagers?
Parent-teen researcher Andy Earle talks with various experts about the art and science of parenting teenagers. Find more at www.talkingtoteens.com
Andy: You have this book, Parenting Through Puberty, and you talk about your experiences as a pediatrician and how that has influenced your philosophy of how to deal with teenagers. one of the chapters is on the talk that pediatricians have the first time that the parent leaves the room, and it's the one-on-one with the adolescent. And so, 30 years of talking to teenagers and having to, in a very short period of time, be able to get through with them about some of these really critical issues, the sex and the drugs and the stuff that parents don't know how to talk to teenagers about. So, I'm super excited to talk to you about how to do that and what you've learned works during those types of conversations. But I guess to start, what was it that inspired you to say, "Hey, I have all this stuff and I need to write it down and put it into a book."?
Suanne: Well, the whole idea of writing this book came from a period of my life many, many years ago. I have three sons, they're all grown now. when my first boy was a baby and first crawling and starting to walk, we started to go to the park, I started to hang out at the park with him, which I've always loved being outdoors. while I sat at the park, I would Marvel, because usually sometimes we would befriend other people, but sometimes we'd just sit there by ourselves and I would just listen, and I would hear all the moms talking, and I would be very, very amazed at the conversations, which always seemed to be about whose child did what better. It was all about one-upmanship.
Andy: Yeah, or first, or who was the earliest one to start this or...
Suanne: It was always a one-upmanship type of conversation. So, I'd listen and just chuckle to myself. Then I go to my office, get into the room with possibly the same person from the park, close the door, and all it was about were the worries, the worries that they had, what concerned them. It was never about telling me that their child was the best. It was all about what they were scared about, what they needed to have more clarification on, should they worry, is this really a big deal, isn't it a big deal? "I don't think my child's first, is that okay?" I really was, I think, very effected by that when we have our happy face on and what we say behind closed doors to someone that we know has the expertise to guide us. I held that in my heart all these years, thinking that it would be great to write about the worries that parents have and their kids.
Suanne: And so this book really centers tremendously around the worries that I know parents and their adolescents have, and trying to address those issues along with all of the other layers of things that I'm trying to accomplish in the book.
Andy: Sure. It starts out, the first part of the book is really just about like how the body is changing and you go through the five stages of puberty for males versus females. It's fascinating, and it strikes me that as I read it, I realized that other parenting books that talk about teenagers don't cover this at all, they don't really talk at all about the body, and there's so much going on when you read this book, it brings you back to when you were going through all this. And really like, "I guess that was pretty dramatic." And now that I think about that, I guess that was pretty hard. And these kinds of things that we now have had to figure out, and they're maybe not as hard for us anymore because we've now been doing them for 30 years or whatever. But when you're a teenager and it's a first time having to deal with it and you don't understand what's happening to your body.
Andy: So, I thought this was so cool. I always try to think about how when it's time to do something, because I think it's so easy to just let it go and never talk about it or never do it unless you set yourself a little trip wire or say, "Hey, when I see this happen, then I'll know it's time to..." Even if it's like, "When my kid turns 10 years old, I'll know it's time to start talking about X," or whatever. Right. So, part of what I was trying to find in your book was those times, like, I guess, if you have a teenager, how do you know when it's time to start talking about how their body is changing?
Suanne: So, those mockers, I think that's a great way of putting it, having little markers for when it's time, because it's quite interesting that parents often get it wrong. Like, for instance, I talk about, in the book, when a girl starts to change and the mother notices that the girl is starting to develop. She immediately wants to talk about, "Let's talk about when you get your period." And the period comes years after the beginning of development. So, the first change in girls from a physical standpoint that matters towards getting your period is breast development. And it's generally from the time breast development starts, which is called breast budding, and it's really just like a knot under the nipple, like a firm node that you feel. From the time that happens to the period, it's about two years on average. But I find another a lot of moms, as soon as they see anything's happening, they want to start talking about it.
Suanne: Well, their kids, they might be eight years old, eight and a half years old, getting their period quite normally at 10 or 10 and a half, and their moms want to talk to them. There isn't an eight year old around who wants to talk about this or understands this. So, that's a funny thing. One of the markers I think parents could use that is at least helpful in terms of maybe not talking about everything, but talking about body changes and what's happening is your foot size. I think most parents can relate to that. There is a time when the shoe size in boys and girls changes much more drastically than any other time, because quite amazingly, we grow from the outside in, we grow from our feet and hands back into the core. The core is the last to grow in our growth spurt. Some parents, if their child is a pianist, plays an instrument, they would also notice that their on the keyboard is different, but that's not the common thing that parents would say, because-
Andy: Because you're buying the shoes, so you...
Suanne: You're buying the shoes the piano, right?
Andy: Right.
Suanne: Parents notice that because for boys and girls, that growth velocity is really the big part of puberty, they are going to be shooting up now. That's that part that everybody notices the kids just start becoming ginormous, everything starts changing. So, that Harold's the beginning of it. And it's a good six months before things really get going. So, you could start to have that conversation when the shoe size changes, you could start talking about how the body is changing, how it's going to be changing more. You may have noticed that it did change already, because it is different for boys and girls, so I can't give a cookie-cutter answer, but the shoe size changing in both boys and girls is the beginning of the growth spurt. So, I think that's a great time if you want it to have like a marker. This would be a good time to talk about puberty. What is puberty? What's going to be happening? What's going to be happening to your body? What's going to be happening to your mind? And really getting excited about it. Some kids may not be interested, but I think that's a great time.
Andy: I feel like I learned about all of this in fifth grade. I was like, "Whoa, I didn't even know this existed." So, I wonder if kids today would have the same experience as me, because I didn't have the internet. I was able to get all the way to fifth grade and not have been exposed to these things. In terms of being real with what kids are exposed to today, I wonder if they would have the same experience, and I wonder if you need to be more proactive and engage with kids or prepare them a little or test where they're at or what they know about. Or how do you approach that when they're young?
Suanne: I think that's another great dilemma, and I think the answer to that is you really have to know your own child. I think it really pays to ask your child and to ask them in a way, the best way that you can, that allows them to answer honestly. So, not to come at them, going down their throat, with, "Let's have this puberty talk." Some kids may love that, and some kids really might really shriek away from that, and absolutely not want to speak about it or want to engage in that manner. I think that when you approach kids, when you do it in a very open, honest, and non-confrontational really allow the child to make the decision, you really get a lot more bang for your buck. I think it's a great point to ask the question, 'Should parents be proactive?' And I think the basic answer is yes, but I think the way you ask the child is very important. For instance, rather than insisting on having the talk, using a technique adapted from motivational interviewing, you ask permission, you ask permission.
Andy: What would that look like then? I mean, you would wait for a time when you're alone and like a little private moment or like in the car or something like that, or...?
Suanne: Exactly.
Andy: So, what could you say to test the waters and use that little motivational interviewing approach there?
Suanne: I think what I would do is you're just having a quiet time, the car is a great place because you're nobody's really looking at each other, you have a little separation while you're still very intimate, and that makes everybody a little less nervous.
Andy: Yes, you don't feel like you're being grilled as much or something, like you're on the spot.
Suanne: Yeah. Not sitting at the kitchen table with you attacking me. You haven't like jumped on my bed and you're there and I can't get rid of you. But we're just in the car, we're driving somewhere. And you would basically ask a question, you would say, "I've noticed that you started to change, that your body has started to change. I think you're starting to go into puberty. I'm not sure, but from what I know, your foot sizes is bigger. And the point is that I would like to know if you would be willing or would you like to have a conversation with me about the changes that are going on in your body and that are going to be coming? Because there's lots of things we could talk about. Is that something you'd like to talk to me about?"
Suanne: If the child says, "Sure that great," then you can go for it. If the child says, "Oh God, no, I don't want to talk to you about that." Then you table it for now and you say, "Sure, that's no problem. We don't have to talk about it now. Maybe another time. Would it be okay if I asked you at another time if you want to talk about it?" Hopefully, they say, yes. If they say, "Don't ever ask me again," that would be terrible. But...
Andy: But then would you respect that, if they did say, "Don't ever ask me again."? You probably have to, at some point, overrule that if there's a situation.
Suanne: Yeah. If you would come back maybe a couple of months later, ad maybe you would say, "I know you said never to ask you again, but could I ask you again, if that'd be all right?" I think when you ask permission, I have found that motivational interviewing is a game-changer, in terms of the response, both from the kids and their parents. When you ask permission from someone, my goodness, you just level the playing field, you become a facilitator, you become a partner in the conversation. It changes the dynamics of the conversation. It is so incredible how much more you can engage with someone, not just the kids, but their parents as well when you do it from that perspective. And I love that technique, I'm still really a student of that technique, I'm really learning how to use it properly. But the American Academy of Pediatrics talk about the evidence-based science behind using MI for things like discussing obesity and trying to get families to engage in change, positive change, also in terms of discussing substance use and so on.
Suanne: It's been very, very useful. And I've just used it in a lot of other engagements to see if that opens the door any better. And I just find it's incredible. I find people, kids and parents alike, basically, got their head down, half in their phone, half with me, and then I ask this question, and just the fact that I'm asking this question, they perk up and they look right at me and I have their full attention. And it's unusual for anybody to say, "Nah, I don't want to talk about that." I mean, usually the kids, if I'm alone with them, or the parents, if we're talking as a group, say, "Okay, that's fine."
Andy: Yeah, right. It's a Rite of passage. It's like, "Wow, my parent is starting to see me as more of an adult now and wants to talk to me in a deeper way."
Suanne: Or on the same level, "They're not talking at me, they're not talking down at me."
Andy: "They're not talking down to me," or, "They want to like welcome me into the club a little bit."
Suanne: Exactly.
Andy: Yeah.
Andy: So, I thought this was really cool that you talked about motivational interviewing so much in the book because, like you say, it's the pretty much the go-to for therapists, especially when you have a short amount of time to get through to somebody about risk behaviors and stuff like that. As a researcher, we do alcohol interventions here in our lab. So we've done a lot of group-based motivational interviewing and that kind thing, and it's really effective. So, I love this summary that you had on page 18 of your book, which was a motivational interviewing checklist that classic book on this Gropnik and Miller's motivational interviewing book is like 500 pages long. So, you got about a one page here,-
Suanne: Textbooks, right?
Andy: Yeah, which is impressive. You got open-ended questions, affirmation, reflection, and summaries. Could you walk us through an example of how you would use this with a teenager. This example in the book is about marijuana use and trying to the teenager about that. How would that look?
Suanne: I would say to the teenager, "Is it okay if we talk about the use of different substances that kids get into?" The teenager would say, "Sure, go ahead." And I would say to the teenager, "So, Charlie, can you tell me a little bit about how you and your friends... What you like to do together?" And he would start to discuss things, and maybe he would talk about his experiences, and I might say so. "In having fun with your friends, Charlie, do you get involved in smoking cigarettes? Do you get involved in smoking substances other than tobacco, like marijuana?" And he answers me and says, "Yeah. When I hang out with my friends, they like to smoke weed, but I really don't like it, so I really don't get into that, but my friends do."
Suanne: That's my open-ended question, is to ask him some things about what he does, and he tells me that. And I say to him as an affirmation, "Well, Charlie, I see that you spend time with your friends, and a lot of people are smoking around you. And I can imagine that that must be tough on you sometimes to sit there and not be smoking. And I think that that shows a lot of maturity on your part to be able to do that. Do you think that you'll be able to continue the relationship this way?"
Suanne: So, that's basic an affirmation for me that he's doing a good job, I understand what's going on, I understand that he's possibly in a bad place a little bit with this, but what I've neglected to do with him is I've neglected to say something, "Wow, that is awesome, that you're able to sit there and not smoke."
Andy: Right. Yeah. You did it in a very specific way saying, "Wow, that's very mature."
Suanne: But I didn't really go over the top with, "Wow, that's." Why, because in MI, you're not supposed to be the leader of the conversation. So, it's not about me having a higher level than you, and I'm giving you my affirmation that you're doing such a good job. I'm on the same level as you, because once you bring it to that escalated level, now, again, you're not the facilitator, you're not the partner in this conversation. You are the parents that...
Andy: You're not impartial anymore.
Suanne: You're not really impartial anymore.
Andy: You've introduced a judgment by saying, "Good job."
Suanne: Right. So, you're supposed to stay away from that. Then in terms of the reflection, Charlie may go on and talk a little bit about, "Well I think I can continue to stay away from weed. I don't really want to do it. I like my friends. They seem to respect me. I respect them. Everything's working out. So, I think it's going to be okay." At that point, my reflection might be, "Well, I really do see this as an interesting situation that you have with your friends, and you have certain things that you feel strongly about, they have things they feel strongly about. Somehow right now I can see that the whole situation is working for you. I can see that going forward. I think you, again, showed a lot of maturity in being able to say, 'I want to stick to my guns' and I hope that you're able to do that." That would be my reflection of what he's doing and how things are going.
Suanne: Then basically at the end of our conversation, I would summarize everything we've spoken about. So, "I'm really glad we had this talk, Charlie. I'm really glad you opened up with me. I'm really glad that you were able to share with me your relationship with your friends and some of the dilemmas that you have. And I see that you really are really developing in a very good way. I think you're doing very well in all of the things you're trying to accomplish as an adolescent. I definitely see that going forward, there may be some challenges for you, but I applaud all the things you're doing, and I hope that you'll be able to come back and talk to me with anything that comes up that I might be able to help you with. But I think that from what I understand, you're doing a very good job in keeping yourself healthy and safe in a tough and challenging environment." Something like this.