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Every week, Kyle Caldwell and guests take a look at how the biggest stories and emerging trends could affect your investments, with practical tips and ideas to help you navigate your way through. Join the conversation, tell us what you want us to talk about or send us a question to OTM@ii.co.uk. Visit www.ii.co.uk for more investment insight and ideas.
Hello, and welcome to the latest On The Money Podcast, a weekly show that aims to help you make the most out of your savings and investments. This week, we're focusing on the topic of stagflation. We're gonna be talking through what stagflation is and what it means for your portfolio. And joining me to discuss this topic is Tom Becket, who is co chief investment officer at Canaccord Wealth. So Tom co leads the firm's asset allocation decisions and multi asset model portfolio construction.
Kyle Caldwell:Tom, thanks for coming in today. Well, thank you for having me. Tom, let's start off with a definition of what is stagflation and why is the threat of stagflation worries professional investors like yourself.
Tom Becket:Yeah. I mean, I I don't know what the exact definition of it is, but I think the way that your listeners and viewers can most understand it is a period of low growth and higher than desirable inflation. Now, obviously, back through history, saggflation is relatively rare. A good example of it would have been in the nineteen seventies, and there we were probably talking about inflation outcomes that were gonna be, well, hopefully, much worse than they are in today's environment, and growth outcomes in terms of recessions much more negative than we're likely to see going forwards from here. But really, the best way to sum it is is higher than desirable inflation and lower than desirable growth.
Kyle Caldwell:And the reason why there is concern about us entering a potential stagflationary environment is due to the conflict in The Middle East. And in particular, it has increased the oil price, which in turn is increasing energy costs on consumers.
Tom Becket:Yeah. I think it's a problem for everybody. We can talk about the root cause of it in a minute, and I think there's probably immediate causes and underlying causes. But the reason it's a problem for everybody is that, you know, people want higher rates of economic growth, people want there to be a better economic situation in terms of their pay packets, and people want the money they're earning to go further. A stagflationary environment affects all of that, and it also makes it much more difficult for central bankers to set interest rates, It makes it much more difficult for them to support the economy.
Tom Becket:It makes decisions for policymakers such as the government much more difficult as well, and in terms of consumers, it probably means we're spending more money on things which are considered stable and less money on things which are discretionary. So in short, Carl, it's a bit of a mess. The reason we're looking down the barrel of a stagflationary situation here in The UK in particular, we can talk about the rest of the world if you want to, but let's focus on The UK and be parochial for a second, is that economic outcomes in The UK at the moment are pretty measly. And that's for a variety of different reasons, but broadly, the country's run out of money. We spent a lot of money on COVID.
Tom Becket:There's less ability for the government to support the economy at a time when the economic cycle is turning down and business and consumer confidence is pretty low. And without a really strong employment backdrop, the likes of you and I are not gonna get significant wage increases, which means we have less money to spend on on other stuff. So at the moment, the economic situation in The UK is not great, but at the same time, we're at the mercy of fluctuating and rising global commodity prices, and let's be honest about it, the price of pretty much everything going up. So it's not a great situation triggered in those small parts, as you said, by the fact that commodity prices have become unanchored because of the war in The Middle East.
Kyle Caldwell:And at the moment, it's only the threat or prospect of stagflation. When will we know if we're in a stagflation environment, and how long could it potentially last?
Tom Becket:Yeah. I mean, I think we're we're we're already seeing signs of a stagflation environment. I mean, inflation in The UK is already uncomfortably high, and it's gonna go higher. And and this is different from the view that we had at the start of the year, And in fairness, to our pretty useless cabal of politicians in The UK and around the rest of the world, some of this is outside of their control. The effects of the Middle East commodity price rises is is problematic, but we were already in a situation where inflation outcomes around the world were on the high side and uncomfortably high in in certain places, and at the same time, the economic cycle outside of The US in some pockets around the world was already pretty low.
Tom Becket:So The UK, I'm afraid, is already demonstrating certain signs of a mild dose of stagflation already.
Kyle Caldwell:You met you touched on interest rates.
Tom Becket:Yeah.
Kyle Caldwell:What can the Bank of England do in terms of its interest rate policy to try and sort of stave off this threat of inflation?
Tom Becket:Yeah. I've been very critical of the Bank of England for much of the last few decades of working in financial markets, and I I think deservedly so. But at the moment, I do have some sympathy for them, even though their communication is is frankly not very good. Because what can they do? They're not OPEC, and even OPEC can't control the price of of oil anymore because their sort of relationships around that are fraying.
Tom Becket:So the Bank of England is in a very difficult position. So, yes, ultimately, they could raise interest rates, and that could potentially help slow the inflationary pulses in The UK economy. But I think inflationary spikes driven by energy prices are different to what we saw coming out of COVID. So people will be trying to use the same playbook as we saw in 2022, but it's a very different situation in The UK for the Bank of England when it was then, even though back then, if you remember, they weren't thinking about thinking about raising interest rates, so they got that one completely wrong as well. But back then, the economy was strong.
Tom Becket:The labor force, backdrop was extremely strong. There was huge amounts of government money running through the economy. Wages were going up, and everyone had all this pent up demand in 2022 because we're coming out of economic hibernation. We all wanted to do loads of stuff at the same time and buy loads of stuff as everyone else at the same time. So the inflationary spike then, was a problem, but driven by economic fundamentals.
Tom Becket:At the moment, the inflation spike we're seeing is really driven by one sector and one sector alone, and that's energy. And that in itself in the longer term could be quite disinflationary, I. E, if we're all being forcing to spend money on our energy bills and not spending money on other stuff, you'll naturally have disinflationary pulses taking place elsewhere. So for example, you know, cinema tickets might go down or airfares might eventually go down because demand is is being suppressed. At the moment, we're just spending more and more money on on energy bills and and petrol at the petrol price.
Tom Becket:So, look, ultimately, it's not a great situation. The Bank of England can't really influence it. I thought putting up interest rates here to try and quell inflation from energy prices would be a mistake and would just lead to further economic misery in the future. So it's a difficult situation, Carl, but one which I'm worried they're gonna compound the problem further by raising interest rates and killing off whatever economic activity is still existing.
Kyle Caldwell:Let's move on to some practical pointers for investors. So firstly, in regard to equities, of course, in any scenario, there's always winners Yeah. And losers. If we do have this period of stagflation, will the more cyclical types of companies, are they the ones that could be more in the sort of loser category? And in the winner category, is it potentially those that are more defensive in nature?
Kyle Caldwell:For instance, they are able to defend price rises. They have products or say of all services that people continually use and are not going to give all.
Tom Becket:Yeah. You could make an argument for that. But at the moment, the Taylor tape is not telling you that. Actually, lot of those dependable defensive growth companies are actually performing really quite badly, and, you know, the first thing I'd say to investors is all is not lost, and you're right. There'll always be winners and losers.
Tom Becket:And what we could be seeing at the moment is the setting of the scene for opportunities to come further on on down the track. So at the moment, really, the market is being driven positively by two different sectors whose earnings are appreciating markedly, and that's energy, no real surprise there, and the technology sector as well, where they've got this sort of economic cycle which is taking place away from other economic cycles in the economy. They're kind of oscillating on their own wavelengths. Within markets themselves, though, there is an argument to be made that staple type companies should be performing better than cyclical companies, but I wouldn't necessarily say there's any evidence for that at the moment. To your point though, if we were to see a situation where inflation remains at uncomfortably high levels for some time to come, whilst at the same time economic activity is suppressed because of us having to spend more money on energy bills, there is certainly the case that for things like, I don't know, toothpaste or staple products, we'd carry on paying for those price rises because we can't do without it, and we would be spending less money on discretionary outcomes.
Tom Becket:So there is very much a case. If this carries on for quite a long time, then we could be in a situation where defensive, dependable companies start to be rerated, and cyclical companies are left behind.
Kyle Caldwell:So in that scenario, would you be more likely to favor the more growth focused fund over a value focused fund? I mean, you look at the returns over five years
Tom Becket:Yeah.
Kyle Caldwell:Number of value funds have performed very well.
Tom Becket:Yes.
Kyle Caldwell:So like the Temple Bard Investment Trust Yep. Artemis Global Income Yep. And some of the ones that focus more on high quality growth companies, they have underperformed quite markedly compared to those value styles?
Tom Becket:Yeah, there was a case to be made for that. I'm not sure it's as clear cut as that, in all honesty. Some of those growth companies or funds focusing on growth companies have underperformed because the starting point was simply too high, and we've seen a re rating of those companies lower. Arguably, you could say they've started to become more attractive, but at the same time, what we're seeing in markets at the moment is a repricing of some of those old economy stocks, which has led to this value driven recovery, and I think given where starting valuations are, there is a case that that could continue. So over the last few weeks and months since the start of the year, there's continued to be a rotation towards areas of the value parts of the market, and typically when they start, they they do carry on for a couple of years.
Tom Becket:So I think it's too early to tell that. I think in answer to your question though, we are gonna see a great deal more bifurcation between winners and losers in various different sectors, and I think we're also gonna see pockets of really quite extraordinary volatility. I mean, we've seen that for the last few years, haven't we, Carl? Mean, last year, the technology sector started the year really badly, collapsed into April, then had one of the strongest ever recoveries on record, And in recent times, we saw the technology sector perform very poorly in March before having a Lazarus style recovery in April and early May. I think that's an indication that there's lots of volatility going on.
Tom Becket:Having too much betting on one theme sector or style in particular would probably be the mistake, but we should expect that bifurcation to be creating opportunity for us all. So the key ultimately, as ever, which
Kyle Caldwell:we talk about a lot on this podcast, is being diversified, including being diversified in terms of investment style?
Tom Becket:Yeah. I would say so because I don't think there's a really obvious way to spot good value at the moment. I would say that markets generally are full but fair, but some of the extraordinary valuation discounts that we'd have seen in things like the value sector a few years ago, they have undoubtedly narrowed in the last few years. One of the ways you can best see that is the fact that the UK FTSE one hundred has been one of the world's best performing indices, and that's quite value orientated, quite old economy, etcetera. And the fact that that's really performed well in the last few years tells you that some of that valuation discount for value has narrowed.
Tom Becket:So I think at the moment, in particular, given there's no obvious screaming value opportunities, it is a case of being really quite diversified and quite balanced.
Kyle Caldwell:In terms of bonds, inflation, of course, is the enemy Yeah. Of bonds as it erodes the purchasing power of the income that bonds generate. So what's your outlook for bonds in a stagflation environment?
Tom Becket:Well, I think the simple fact to mention is that yields have gone up. That is good. The second point has to go down as to how long you think this stagflation episode might last, and how bad might it be. Now the good news is, and you rightly point out that inflation is the enemy to bonds, it's sort of like this kryptonite was to Superman, has the same effect on bond prices, but ultimately you just have to look at where yields are now and try and work out whether or that's good value or not. Let's take The UK ten year gilt, which at the moment is trading about 5.1%.
Tom Becket:It's been around that level for a while, and ultimately that could well be the price for some time still to come. So 5.1%, and you know that every single year you're going to be paid 5.1% from owning that ten year UK government bond. Now a lot might happen in the next ten years. If I'd have told you back in 2019 what would happen for the next seven years, it might have tested our friendship through the threat of incredulity because we would never predict what's happened in the last seven years. So ten years is quite a long time to predict.
Tom Becket:But ultimately, if you think about it as a mathematical contract, you know you're gonna be paid 5.1% per annum for holding that bond. Okay? So what's your inflation expectations during that period? Well, in the last decade, inflation struggled to get above 2% really. That was kind of the ceiling on inflation.
Tom Becket:My suspicion is the old ceiling is now the new floor. Inflation is not gonna fall below 2% on an average basis for some time to come in The UK in the future. Let's So just put a premium on top of that in terms of inflation and say could it be 3%, 3.5%? So amongst friends, let's say it's 3.5% on average for the next ten years. But if you've a bond that's paying you 5.1%, you're making a real return, a return adjusted for inflation, of 1.6, which means the value of your investment now will be worth what it is in the future, the same as is in the future, therefore the same in the future, but with 1.6% on top of that per annum.
Tom Becket:That's not a disastrous situation to find yourself in, and in particular, go back to the end of twenty twenty one when I was just about as negative as these investments as anyone you could find in the industry, the yield was zero, and inflation rates were about to go much, much higher. In fact, got above 10% in The UK. This is a very different starting point in terms of being rewarded or suitably compensated for investing in bonds.
Kyle Caldwell:We've seen lots of demand from customers for low coupon guilt Yeah. Over the past couple of years because the fact that the perspective returns on offer are Yeah. Really attractive. Absolutely. And also there's no capital gains to pay
Tom Becket:Yeah.
Kyle Caldwell:On well, no capital gains tax to pay. Yeah. What would you say in terms of what should people think about in regards to whether to consider a low coupon guilt over a guilt with a much higher coupon?
Tom Becket:Well it would depend entirely on your tax circumstances. So if you're going to buy guilt for your ISA or your SIP portfolio, it doesn't really matter one way or the other. In fact you would buy a high coupon bond because the tax efficiency plays in your favor because ultimately the lower coupon bonds are trading slightly more expensive than the higher coupon bonds with similar maturities because people are using the lower coupon bonds as being tax efficient. It's not a huge amount of difference, but there is a difference. So if you're using an ISA or you're using a SIP, I would just simply look for the tax efficient.
Tom Becket:Or if you paid no tax elsewhere, then again you can consider the higher coupon bonds. They're probably slightly better value. But if you're using money which is taxed, and you're a higher rate taxpayer or a highest rate taxpayer in particular, the opportunity set is absolutely still there, and you could argue it's even more attractive now than it was beforehand because we've gone from a situation in short dated bonds where there were two interest rate cuts expected by us and by the rest of the market, including one in March, where obviously that didn't take place. Now forget the two interest rate cuts. Markets are factoring in three interest rate hikes between now and the end of the year.
Tom Becket:Well, as per our earlier conversation, if the Bank of England does that, we've got big problems from an economic perspective, and I suspect interest rates to be a lot lower in a couple of years' time if they did that. But in terms of the effect on short dated bonds, what it's meant is that your yield opportunities become more attractive. So at the moment, you can get a roughly 5% -ish type return from a low coupon short duration bond, which if you were to round that up to a tax equivalency, if you're a 45% taxpayer, is somewhere around eight and a bit percent. Well, if you look at the wealth management industries, net returns over the last twenty years on an annualized basis, it's about five and a bit percent from a portfolio that's got 60% in equities. So actually, this is still a really good opportunity to invest money in a tax efficient way, and get money which is relatively risk free.
Kyle Caldwell:Of course, there are lots of different types of bond funds out there as well. But given those perspective returns that are on offer, I suppose, you know, a lot of people might take the view that I don't need to necessarily own a bond fund if they're willing to go away and do the homework, research, and learn about individual guilds?
Tom Becket:Yeah. Totally. But, I mean, it'll depend on on on on the person watching this video or listening to the podcast to make their own decisions on that basis. And bond funds can be relatively complicated, and bond maths is something that you do need a bit of research on. But you should be able to find lots of information written about these sorts of bonds, which will make it easier to understand.
Tom Becket:But ultimately, I just wanna point out why we remain a bit more optimistic than perhaps the current market environment would suggest, and I want to take you on a brief history lesson. If you go back to the end of twenty twenty one, when perhaps our PR department was less keen to put me onto shows like this, we're talking about a situation where it was really quite hard to make money. So you had bond yields in government bonds that were 0%, as mentioned previously, but in fact, that was actually not a bad return by comparison to $18,000,000,000,000 worth of bonds around the world that had a negative yield. And someone watching this might say, what on earth is a negative yield? That's when you pay someone for the privilege of lending them money.
Tom Becket:The yield you're getting is less than zero, and people look that and go, that's just completely crazy, but that's where were at the end of twenty twenty one. If you want to take a bit more risk and invest in a high quality corporate bond, you might have got a return of somewhere based on The UK index of about a one and a half percent annual income payment. That's almost nothing. And ultimately, after various different fees of platforms and funds, that is probably nothing. And if you adjust it for reflection, it's worth nothing, but let's not go there.
Tom Becket:And if you wanted to take a lot of risk in bond funds back then, could probably get a return between 35%, which are about the lowest yields ever in history. Well, as we sit here today, those equivalent yields are almost five for a government bond, six for a corporate bond, and if you take some risk in fixed interest, you can find equity star returns of seven to 8%. So again, I appreciate it's difficult out there. The environment is challenging. There is the threat of stagflation.
Tom Becket:There's forget the threat of pretty much anything this year, Carl. Let's be honest about it. But ultimately, the mathematics are starting to work in your favor.
Kyle Caldwell:I also wanted to ask you about alternative assets. So in terms of potential hedges against inflation, one the that's most often touted is commodities. Yeah. What's your view on that? I mean, they have historically proven to be a hedge, but it's not always the case that when stock markets are volatile, the assets like gold will necessarily protect you.
Kyle Caldwell:I mean, we've seen that early this year. It didn't play out for gold.
Tom Becket:Yeah.
Kyle Caldwell:Gold did not prove to be its defensive asset in that scenario.
Tom Becket:No. If you don't mind, I'm gonna separate broad commodities and gold into two separate stories because I think they are now separate stories. You're And right to say that commodities are not always protective in market downturns, and a lot of this just depends on what the market downturn actually is. So if you go back to 2008 as an example, the really big financial crisis that I that I worked through, Bonds performed well, equities performed poorly, and commodities performed poorly because that was an economic shock, a depressing economic factor with no real positivity, and so then, therefore, with no economic growth, commodity prices came down quite considerably. 2022, another big market shock.
Tom Becket:Bonds went down aggressively. Equities went down aggressively because interest rates were gonna go have to go up aggressively. But because of the nature of the conflicts in the in the war in Ukraine, commodity prices went up very significantly because it was an inflationary shock, and the prices of all commodities went up. There is a reason behind this history lesson in a minute, and we'll get into the present state now. And that's that in the situation that we're in now, as the situation we're seeing is once again inflationary, and economic growth around the world is measly but not disastrous, and commodity pressure points are appearing everywhere, commodity prices are appreciating at the same time as we're seeing bonds under pressure and equities being quite volatile.
Tom Becket:So again, it goes down to the nature of the shock. So you can't always predict that commodities are gonna do well in these situations, but if your concerns are about greater inflation, then commodities are a diversifier. But a lot of your watchers and listeners would say, well, hang on a sec. My positions in gold this year started really well and have gone really bad recently. So the gold price went from $2,000 a few years ago when no one liked gold, no one cared about gold, to 5 and a half thousand when everybody loved gold.
Tom Becket:There was a huge speculative mania. I heard that gold became the new Bitcoin apparently, which probably tells you when we're slightly worried about the level of speculation when you get to that point. And, then when we started to see the war in Ukraine, we saw a major pullback in gold from roughly 5 and a half thousand to 4 and a half thousand. To your point, it did no protection whatsoever. In fact, the biggest surprise through the whole Iranian war conflict has been the poor performance of gold.
Tom Becket:But I think it makes sense because ultimately, gold has gone from being a safe haven asset to more of an asset of speculation. Therefore, when people started to take less risk, the gold price sold off because people sold gold to perhaps try and cover their losses elsewhere, whilst the energy prices performed particularly well. So in our portfolios, we are keen proponents of broad commodities. I particularly like the energy complex. I really like industrial metals, and I'm very positive on soft commodities.
Tom Becket:At the moment, I'll be a bit more neutral on gold because it's no longer got the real speculative froze we saw a few weeks ago or a few months ago, but I think at the moment, there's probably still that can get more washed out. And I think we get better inflation protection in the stagflation environment through broad commodities.
Kyle Caldwell:I wanted to end by asking you for sort of final thoughts on, you know, if if if you had clients that came to you and said, look, I'm really concerned about the threat of stagflation, what would you say to them?
Tom Becket:Well, I I I would probably take them on a journey through the turbulent twenties so far. And if you think about the last seven years and everything that we've we've we've dealt with and have been had to invest through, Again, I think if you've made those predictions in 2019, people would have thought you were crazy. And ultimately, through this decade, you've carried on making, despite the best efforts of central bankers, politicians, and various other geopolitical lunatics around the world, you've ended up with similar returns to that which we saw in the previous decade, it's just with a lot more volatility. And I would just say to people that, yes, the threat of stagflation is high, but not all is lost. There are plenty of ways that you can protect your portfolio against stagflation, and in the volatility that we're being presented, you should treat it as a friend, not as an enemy.
Tom Becket:Volatility breeds opportunity. I like it when the stock market goes down 10 to 15%, not because our clients get in touch being very happy, but more because it's creating the seeds for the next round of opportunities in markets, just like we saw in '22, like we saw in '18, like we saw in 2008. Know, this will breed opportunity. So in our portfolios, you look at them now, I'm very optimistic on the outlook for inflation linked bonds. I like the yields that we're getting on government bonds.
Tom Becket:I like the yields we're getting on broad bonds. I like commodities. I like things like mortgage backed securities. I like areas of the equity market which are still offering quite diversified inflation backed opportunities such as utilities and infrastructure and healthcare. All of those sectors to me look to be quite good value.
Tom Becket:So I think I would say to clients, a broad diversified approach is right. There are opportunities in financial markets to protect against stagflation, and I would have embraced those investments which are already starting to price in that stagflation environment.
Kyle Caldwell:Well, Tom, when it comes to my investments, as you know, I'm quite a bearish sort of outlook. But I think after the conversation there, I'm now a little bit more optimistic.
Tom Becket:Well, as you know, by by by leaning, I would also be quite bearish. I think ultimately, it does pay to be protective of clients' assets. But at the moment, I think you have to be honest. There's a lot of bad things going on out there, but there's lots of ways to benefit from it as well.
Kyle Caldwell:Well, thanks for your time today, Tom.
Tom Becket:Thank you.
Kyle Caldwell:So that's it for our latest episode of our On The Money podcast. We always love to hear from listeners. If you've got an idea of a future topic you'd like us to cover on the podcast or you have a question that you'd like one of the team to answer, then do get in touch by emailing otm@ii.co.uk. In the meantime, you can find plenty of analysis related to funds, investment trusts, and ETFs on the Interactive Investor website, ii.co.uk. And, hopefully, I'll see you again next Thursday.